Prime minister

A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.

In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.

The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known as the royal prerogative) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament.

As well as being head of government, a prime minister may have other roles or titles—the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service.[1] Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts. For example, during the Second World War, Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence) and in the current cabinet of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as Minister of Communications, Foreign Affairs, Regional Cooperation, Economy and Interior.

Etymology

The prime ministers of five members of the Commonwealth of Nations at the 1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference.

The term prime minister in its French form, premier ministre, is attested in 17th Century sources referring to Cardinal Richelieu[2] after he was named to head the royal council in 1624. The title was however informal and used alongside the equally informal principal ministre d'État ("chief minister of the state") more as a job description. After 1661, Louis XIV and his descendants refused to allow one of their ministers to be more important than the others, so the term was not in use.[3]

The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. During the whole of the 18th Century, Britain was involved in a prolonged conflict with France, periodically bursting into all-out war, and Britons took outspoken pride in their "Liberty" as contrasted to the "Tyranny" of French Absolute Monarchy; therefore, being implicitly compared with Richelieu was no compliment to Walpole. Over time, however, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century.[4]

History

Origins

The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as "the minister", the "chief minister", the "first minister" and finally the "prime minister".

The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, and the monarch usually presided over its meetings.

When the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse: Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful. Late in Anne's reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power.

Development

In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War (1642–1651), Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689.[5] The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge.[6][7]

A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king's first minister would become the de facto head of the government.

From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole, who held office for twenty-one years. Walpole chaired cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. Under Walpole, the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king, and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public, or resign. As a later prime minister, Lord Melbourne, said, "It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing."

Walpole always denied that he was "prime minister", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783–1801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905.

The prestige of British institutions in the 19th century and the growth of the British Empire saw the British model of cabinet government, headed by a prime minister, widely copied, both in other European countries and in British colonial territories as they developed self-government.[8][9][10] In some places alternative titles such as "premier", "chief minister", "first minister of state", "president of the council" or "chancellor" were adopted, but the essentials of the office were the same.

Modern usage

By the late 20th century,[11][12] the majority of the world's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president. The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America modelled on the U.S. system, in which the president directly exercises executive authority.

Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister.

In republics and in monarchies

The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain,[13] Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland, the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia (1945-1959), Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey). See also "First Minister", "Premier", "Chief Minister", "Chancellor", "Taoiseach", "Statsminister" and "Secretary of State": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, "prime minister".

This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential or semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature.

Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament may force the resignation of the government. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation.

Entry into office

In parliamentary systems a prime minister may enter into office by several means.

While in practice most prime ministers under the Westminster system (including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Malaysia, India and the United Kingdom) are the leaders of the largest party or coalition in parliament, technically the appointment of the prime minister is a prerogative exercised by the head of state. In India, the Prime Ministerial candidate must be a member of parliament either Lok Sabha (Lower House) or Rajya Sabha (Upper House). No parliamentary vote takes place on who is forming a government.
However as the government will have to outline its legislative programme to parliament in, for example, the Speech from the Throne, the speech is sometimes used to test parliamentary support. A defeat of the Speech is taken to mean a loss of confidence and so requires either a new draft, resignation, or a request for a dissolution of parliament. Until the early 20th century governments when defeated in a general election remained in power until their Speech from the Throne was defeated and then resigned. No government has done so for one hundred years, though Edward Heath in 1974 did delay his resignation while he explored whether he could form a government with Liberal party support.
In such systems unwritten (and unenforceable) constitutional conventions often outline the order in which people are asked to form a government. If the prime minister resigns after a general election, the monarch usually asks the leader of the opposition to form a government. Where however a resignation occurs during a parliament session (unless the government has itself collapsed) the monarch will ask another member of the government to form a government. While previously the monarch had some leeway in whom to ask, all British political parties now elect their leaders (until 1965 the Conservatives chose their leader by informal consultation). The last time the monarch had a choice over the appointment occurred in 1963 when the Earl of Home was asked to become Prime Minister ahead of Rab Butler.
During the period between the time it is clear that the incumbent government has been defeated at a general election, and the actual swearing-in of the new prime minister by the monarch, governor-general, or president, that person is referred to as the "prime minister-elect" or "prime minister-designate". Neither term is strictly correct from a constitutional point of view, but they have wide acceptance. In a situation in which a ruling party elects or appoints a new leader, the incoming leader will usually be referred as "prime minister-in-waiting". An example or this situation was in 2016 in the United Kingdom when Theresa May was elected leader of the Conservative Party while David Cameron was still prime minister.

Constitutions

Statue of John A. Macdonald (1815–1891), first Canadian prime minister.

The position, power and status of prime ministers differ depending on the age of the constitution.

Australia's constitution makes no mention of a Prime Minister of Australia and the office only exists by convention, based on the British model.

Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.

The People's Republic of China constitution set a premier just one place below the National People's Congress in China. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: 总理; pinyin: Zŏnglĭ) in Chinese.

Canada's constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister, with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by "convention". In the Constitution Act, 1982, passing reference to a "Prime Minister of Canada" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers.

Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.

Germany's Basic Law (1949) lists the powers, functions and duties of the federal chancellor.

Greece's constitution (1975) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Greece.

India's constitution (1950) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of India.

Ireland's constitution (1937), provides for the office of Taoiseach in detail, listing powers, functions and duties.

Italy's constitution (1948) lists the powers, functions and duties of the President of the Council of Ministers.

Japan's constitution (1946) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Japan.

The Republic of Korea's constitution (1987) sections 86-87 list the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea.

Malta's constitution (1964) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Malta.

Malaysia's constitution (1957) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Malaysia.

Norway's constitution (1814) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Norway

Pakistan's constitution (1973) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Spain's constitution (1978) regulates the appointment, dismissal, powers, functions and duties of the President of the Government.

Thailand's constitution (1932) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Thailand.

The United Kingdom's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said "not to exist", indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer (the last of whom was Balfour in 1905).

Ukraine's constitution (1996) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Ukraine.

Exit from office

Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments. For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion, in 1979. She remained continuously in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet.

Some states, however, do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. (Some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly lost the general election.) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.

In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose supply, most constitutional systems require either:

  1. a letter of resignation or
  2. a request for parliamentary dissolution.

The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate. However, in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution.

Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet).

In Australia, the Prime Minister is expected to step down if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott, Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd.

Titles

In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning "head of the government". In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minister" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno).

Other common forms include president of the council of ministers (for example in Italy, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. In the Nordic countries the prime minister is called Statsminister, meaning "Minister of State". In federations, the head of government of subnational entities such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier, chief minister, governor or minister-president.

The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government "prime minister" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of "premier"), regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as "president" in both the Persian and English languages.

In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.[14]

In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. Between 1921 and 1972, when Northern Ireland was a Majority Rule Parliament the head of government would be known as the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland.In India, the Prime Minister is referred to as Pradhan Mantri, meaning "prime minister". In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as Wazir-e-Azam, meaning "Grand Vizier".

Organisational structure

The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia. In Israel, the Prime Minister's executive office is officially titled the "Prime Minister's Office" in English, but the original Hebrew term can also be translated as the Prime Minister's Ministry.

Description of the role

Wilfried Martens, who served as Prime Minister of Belgium, described his role as follows:

First of all the Prime Minister must listen a lot, and when deep disagreements occur, he must suggest a solution to the matter. This can be done in different ways. Sometimes during the discussion, I note the elements of the problem and think of a proposal I can formulate to the Council (cabinet), the Secretary taking notes. The Ministers then insist on changing game ages. The Prime Minister can also make a proposal which leaves enough room for amendments in order to keep the current discussion on the right tracks. When a solution must be found in order to reach a consensus, he can force one or two Ministers to join or resign.

Lists of prime ministers

Countries with prime ministers (blue) and those that formerly had that position (dark red).

The following table groups the list of past and present prime ministers and details information available in those lists.

Government List starts Parties
shown		 Term given by
years or dates		 Incumbent
Abkhazia1995-datesBeslan Bartsits
Afghanistan1927-yearsAbdullah Abdullah
Albania (List)1912-yearsEdi Rama
Algeria1962yesyearsAbdelmadjid Tebboune
Andorra1982-yearsAntoni Martí
Angola1975-dates(Post abolished)
Anguilla1976yesdatesVictor Banks
Antigua and Barbuda1981-yearsGaston Browne
Armenia1918yesdatesKaren Karapetyan
Aruba1986-datesMike Eman
Australia (List)1901yesdatesMalcolm Turnbull
Austria1918yesyearsChristian Kern
Azerbaijan1918yesdatesArtur Rasizade
Bahamas1967-datesHubert Minnis
Bahrain1970-yearsPrince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa
Bangladesh1971yesdatesSheikh Hasina
Barbados1954yesdatesFreundel Stuart
Belarus1919-datesAndrei Kobyakov
Belgium1831yesdatesCharles Michel
Belize1973yesyearsDean Barrow
Benin1957yesdates(Post abolished)
Bermuda1968yesdatesE. David Burt
Bhutan1952-datesTshering Tobgay
Bosnia and Herzegovina1943-datesDenis Zvizdić
Botswana1965yesdates(Post abolished)
Brazil1847yesdates(Post abolished)
British Virgin Islands1967yesdatesOrlando Smith
Brunei1984nodatesHassanal Bolkiah
Bulgaria1879yesdatesBoyko Borisov
Burkina Faso1971-datesPaul Kaba Thieba
Burundi1961yesdates(Post abolished)
Cambodia1945-yearsHun Sen
Cameroon1960-datesPhilémon Yang
Canada (List)1867yesdatesJustin Trudeau
Cape Verde1975-datesUlisses Correia e Silva
Cayman Islands1992yesdatesAlden McLaughlin
Central African Republic1958-datesSimplice Sarandji
Chad1978-datesAlbert Pahimi Padacké
People's Republic of China (List)1949-datesLi Keqiang
Comoros1957yesdates(Post abolished)
Congo (Brazzaville)1957yesdatesClément Mouamba
Congo (Kinshasa) (List)1960yesdatesBruno Tshibala
Cook Islands1965yesdatesHenry Puna
Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)1957yesdatesAmadou Gon Coulibaly
Croatia1939-datesAndrej Plenković
Cuba1940-datesRaúl Castro
Curaçao2010-datesEugene Rhuggenaath
Northern Cyprus1983yesdatesHüseyin Özgürgün
Czech Republic1993-yearsBohuslav Sobotka
Denmark (List)1848-yearsLars Løkke Rasmussen
Djibouti1977-datesAbdoulkader Kamil Mohamed
Dominica1960-datesRoosevelt Skerrit
East Timor2002-datesRui Maria de Araújo
Egypt (List)1878-yearsSherif Ismail
Equatorial Guinea1963-datesFrancisco Pascual Obama Asue
Estonia1918-datesJüri Ratas
Ethiopia1942yesdatesHailemariam Desalegn
Faroe Islands1946-yearsAksel V. Johannesen
Fiji1966-datesFrank Bainimarama
Finland1917yesyearsJuha Sipilä
France (List)1589-yearsÉdouard Philippe
Gabon1957yesdatesEmmanuel Issoze-Ngondet
The Gambia1961-dates(Post abolished)
Georgia1918yesdatesGiorgi Kvirikashvili
Germany (List)1871/1949yesdatesAngela Merkel
Ghana1957-dates(Post abolished)
Gibraltar1964yesdatesFabian Picardo
Greece (List)1833-datesAlexis Tsipras
Greenland1979-yearsKim Kielsen
Grenada1954-yearsKeith Mitchell
Guernsey2007-datesGavin St Pier
Guinea1972-datesMamady Youla
Guinea-Bissau1973-datesUmaro Sissoco Embaló
Guyana1953-datesMoses Nagamootoo
Haiti1988-datesJack Guy Lafontant
Hungary (List) 1848-datesViktor Orbán
Iceland1904-datesBjarni Benediktsson
India (List) 1947yesdatesNarendra Modi
Indonesia1945yesdates(Post abolished)
Iran (List) 1824-years(Post abolished)
Iraq1920-yearsHaider al-Abadi
Ireland1937yesdatesLeo Varadkar
Israel (List)1948-yearsBenjamin Netanyahu
Italy (List)1861-yearsPaolo Gentiloni
Jamaica1959-yearsAndrew Holness
Japan (List)1885-datesShinzō Abe
Jersey2005-datesIan Gorst
Jordan1944-datesHani Al-Mulki
Kazakhstan1920-yearsBakhytzhan Sagintayev
Kenya1963-dates(Post abolished)
North Korea1948-yearsPak Pong-ju
South Korea (List)1948-yearsLee Nak-yeon
Kosovo1945yesdatesIsa Mustafa
Kuwait1962yesdatesSheikh Jaber Al-Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah
Kyrgyzstan1924-datesSooronbay Jeenbekov
Laos1941-yearsThongloun Sisoulith
Latvia1918yesdatesMāris Kučinskis
Lebanon1926-datesSaad Hariri
Lesotho1965yesdatesTom Thabane
Libya1951-datesAbdullah al-Thani / Fayez al-Sarraj
Liechtenstein1921yesdatesAdrian Hasler
Lithuania1918yesdatesSaulius Skvernelis
Luxembourg1959-yearsXavier Bettel
Macedonia1943yesdatesZoran Zaev
Madagascar1833-datesOlivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana
Malawi1963yesdates(Post abolished)
Malaysia1957yesyearsNajib Razak
Mali1957yesdatesAbdoulaye Idrissa Maïga
Malta1921yesyearsJoseph Muscat
Isle of Man1986-yearsAllan Bell
Mauritania1957yesdatesYahya Ould Hademine
Mauritius1961yesdatesPravind Jugnauth
Moldova1990-datesPavel Filip
Monaco1911n/adatesSerge Telle
Mongolia1912yesdatesJargaltulgyn Erdenebat
Montenegro1879yesdatesDuško Marković
Montserrat1960yesdatesDonaldson Romeo
Morocco1955yesyearsSaadeddine Othmani
Mozambique1974yesdatesCarlos Agostinho do Rosário
Myanmar (Burma)1948yesdatesAung San Suu Kyi
Nagorno-Karabakh1992nodatesArayik Harutyunyan
Namibia1990yesdatesSaara Kuugongelwa
Nepal1953-datesSher Bahadur Deuba
Netherlands (List)1848yesdatesMark Rutte
New Zealand (List)1856yesdatesBill English
Newfoundland1855yesdates(Post abolished)
Niger1958yesdatesBrigi Rafini
Nigeria1960yesdates(Post abolished)
Niue1974-datesSir Toke Talagi
Norfolk Island18962015dates(Post abolished)
Norway1814yesyearsErna Solberg
Pakistan (List)1947yesdates
Palestinian National Authority2003yesdatesRami Hamdallah
Papua New Guinea1975yesyearsPeter O'Neill
Peru1975yesdatesFernando Zavala
Philippines1899yesdates(Post abolished)
Poland (List)1918-datesBeata Szydło
Portugal (List)1834yesdatesAntónio Costa
Qatar1970-datesSheikh Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani
Romania1862-yearsMihai Tudose
Russia (List)1864/1905yesdatesDmitry Medvedev
Rwanda1960yesdatesAnastase Murekezi
Saint Kitts and Nevis1960-datesTimothy Harris
Saint Lucia1960-datesAllen Chastanet
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines1956-datesRalph Gonsalves
Samoa1875yesdatesTuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi
São Tomé and Principe1974yesdatesPatrice Trovoada
Saudi Arabia1953nodatesSalman
Senegal1957yesdatesMohamed Dionne
Serbia1805yesyearsAna Brnabić
Seychelles1970yesyears(Post abolished)
Sierra Leone1954yesdates(Post abolished)
Singapore1959-datesLee Hsien Loong
Sint Maarten2010-datesWilliam Marlin
Slovakia1993-datesRobert Fico
Slovenia1943yesyearsMiro Cerar
Solomon Islands1949yesdatesManasseh Sogavare
Somalia1949yesdatesHassan Ali Khayre
South Africa1910-dates(Post abolished)
South Ossetia1991-datesDomenty Kulumbegov
Spain (List)1705yesyearsMariano Rajoy
Sri Lanka (List)1948-datesRanil Wickremesinghe
Sudan1952yesdatesBakri Hassan Saleh
Suriname1949yesdates(Post abolished)
Swaziland1967-yearsBarnabas Sibusiso Dlamini
Sweden (List)1876yesyearsStefan Löfven
Syria1920-datesImad Khamis
Taiwan (Republic of China) (List)1911-datesLin Chuan
Tajikistan1924-datesKokhir Rasulzoda
Tanzania1960yesdatesKassim Majaliwa
Thailand (List)1932yesdatesPrayut Chan-o-cha
Togo1956yesdatesKomi Sélom Klassou
Tokelau1992-datesAfega Gaualofa
Tonga1876-yearsʻAkilisi Pōhiva
Transnistria2012yesdatesAleksandr Martynov
Trinidad and Tobago1956-datesKeith Rowley
Tunisia1969-datesYoussef Chahed
Turkey (List)1920yesdatesBinali Yıldırım
Turkmenistan1924-dates(Post abolished)
Turks and Caicos Islands1976yesdatesSharlene Cartwright-Robinson
Tuvalu1975n/adatesEnele Sopoaga
Uganda1961yesdatesRuhakana Rugunda
Ukraine (List)1917-datesVolodymyr Groysman
United Arab Emirates1971-yearsSheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
United Kingdom (List)1721yesdates Theresa May
Uzbekistan1924-datesAbdulla Aripov
Vanuatu1980yesdatesCharlot Salwai
Vatican1644-yearsCardinal Pietro Parolin
Vietnam1976yesdatesNguyễn Xuân Phúc
Yemen1990yesyearsAhmed Obeid bin Daghr
Western Sahara1976noyearsAbdelkader Taleb Oumar
Zambia1964yesdates(Post abolished)
Zimbabwe1923-dates(Post abolished)

See also

Lists

References

  1. ↑ Contrary to popular perception, the two posts are separate and need not be held by the one person. The last prime minister not to be First Lord of the Treasury was Lord Salisbury at the turn of the 20th century. 10 Downing Street is actually the First Lord's residence, not the Prime Minister's. As Salisbury was not First Lord, he had to live elsewhere as prime minister.
  2. ↑ Testament Politique du Cardinal Duc de Richelieu, Premier Ministre de France sous le Règne de Louïs XIII
  3. ↑ Ancien Régime in Encyclopédie Larousse ("Après 1661, Louis XIV impose une nouvelle formule, qui joue à la fois sur les ministres et sur les conseils, sans accepter la primauté d'un ministre.")
  4. ↑ "Oxford English Dictionary". Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  5. ↑ "Britain's unwritten constitution". British Library. Retrieved 27 November 2015. The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown.... The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch’s prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from ‘cruel or unusual punishment’.
  6. ↑ Dr Andrew Blick and Professor George Jones — No 10 guest historian series, Prime Ministers and No. 10 (1 January 2012). "The Institution of Prime Minister". Government of the United Kingdom: History of Government Blog. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  7. ↑ Carter, Byrum E. (2015) [1955]. "The Historical Development of the Office of Prime Minister". Office of the Prime Minister. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400878260.
  8. ↑ Seidle, F. Leslie; Docherty, David C. (2003). Reforming parliamentary democracy. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780773525085.
  9. ↑ Johnston, Douglas M.; Reisman, W. Michael (2008). The Historical Foundations of World Order. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 571. ISBN 9047423933.
  10. ↑ Fieldhouse, David; Madden, Frederick (1990). Settler self-government, 1840-1900 : the development of representative and responsible government (1. publ. ed.). New York: Greenwood Press. p. xxi. ISBN 9780313273261.
  11. ↑ Julian Go (2007). "A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945-2000". In Arjomand, Saïd Amir. Constitutionalism and political reconstruction. Brill. pp. 92–94. ISBN 9004151745.
  12. ↑ "How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World". University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
  13. ↑ Although the roles of the Spanish head of government coincide with the definition of a 'prime minister', in Spain the position is in fact referred to as 'the Presidency of the Government'
  14. ↑ "Privy Council Members". The Privy Council Office. Retrieved 19 Sep 2009.

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