President of Iran

President of Iran

Official standard
Incumbent
Hassan Rouhani
since 3 August 2013
Style Mr. President
His Excellency
Member of Cabinet
Expediency Discernment Council
Supreme National Security Council
Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution
Residence Sa'dabad Palace, Tehran
Appointer Popularly elected
Term length Four years
renewable once
Precursor Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Inaugural holder Abolhassan Banisadr
Formation February 4, 1980 (1980-02-04)
Deputy First Vice President of Iran
Salary $18,947 annually[1]
Website Official website

The President of Iran (Persian: رییس‌جمهور ایران Rayis Jomhur-e Irān) is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The President is the highest popularly elected official in Iran (however, the president is still required to gain the Leader’s official approval before being sworn in before the Parliament, and the Leader also has the power to dismiss the elected president anytime).[2] The President carries out the decrees, and answers to the Supreme Leader of Iran, who functions as the country's head of state.[3][4] Unlike the executive in other countries, the President of Iran does not have full control over anything, as these are ultimately under the control of the Supreme Leader.[5][6] Chapter IX of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran sets forth the qualifications for presidential candidates. The procedures for presidential election and all other elections in Iran are outlined by the Supreme Leader.[7][8] The President functions as the executive of the decrees and wishes of the Supreme Leader. These include signing treaties and other agreements with foreign countries and international organizations, with Supreme Leader's approval; administering national planning, budget, and state employment affairs, as decreed by the Supreme Leader.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] The President also appoints the ministers, subject to the approval of Parliament, and the Supreme Leader who can dismiss or reinstate any of the ministers at any time, regardless of the president or parliament's decision.[18][19][20]

As such, the current long-time Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, ruling Iran for nearly three decades, has been issuing decrees and making final decisions on economy, environment, foreign policy, national planning on population growth, and almost everything else in the country.[9][10][12][13][14][21][22] Khamenei has also made final decisions on the degree of transparency in elections in Iran,[23] and has fired and reinstated Presidential cabinet appointments.[18][19]

The President of Iran is elected for a four-year term by direct vote and not permitted to run for a third term or serve for more than 8 years in the office.

The current President of Iran is Hassan Rouhani, assumed office on 3 August 2013, after the 2013 Iranian presidential election. He succeeded Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who served 8 years in office from 2005 to 2013. Rouhani won re-election in the 2017 presidential election.

Background

Sa'dabad Complex, office of President
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After the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and referendum to create the Islamic Republic on March 29 and 30, the new government needed to craft a new constitution. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, ordered an election for the Assembly of Experts, the body tasked with writing the constitution.[24] The assembly presented the constitution on October 24, 1979, and Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini and Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan approved it.

The 1979 Constitution designated the Supreme Leader of Iran as the head of state and the President and Prime Minister as the heads of government. The post of Prime Minister was abolished in 1989.

The first Iranian presidential election was held on January 25, 1980 and resulted in the election of Abulhassan Banisadr with 76% of the votes. Banisadr was impeached on June 22, 1981 by Parliament. Until the early election on July 24, 1981, the duties of the President were undertaken by the Provisional Presidential Council. Mohammad-Ali Rajai was elected President on July 24, 1981 and took office on August 2. Rajai was in office for less than one month because he and his prime minister were both assassinated. Once again a Provisional Presidential Council filled the office until October 13, 1981 when Ali Khamenei was elected president.

The election on August 3, 2005 resulted in a victory for Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The election on June 12, 2009 was reported by government authorities as a victory for Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the incumbent candidate, although this is greatly disputed by supporters of rival candidates, who noted the statistical anomalies in voting reports and large-scale overvoting in the officially announced tallies.[25]

Ali Khamenei, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Mohammad Khatami, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Hassan Rouhani were each elected president for two terms.

Qualifications and election

The procedures for presidential election and all other elections in Iran are outlined by the Supreme Leader.[26] The President of Iran is elected for a four-year term in a national election by universal adult suffrage for everyone of at least 18 years of age.[27] Candidates for the presidency must be approved by the Council of Guardians, a twelve-member body consisting of six clerics (selected by Iran's Supreme Leader) and six lawyers (proposed by the Supreme Leader-appointed head of Iran's judicial system, and voted in by the Parliament).[28] According to the Constitution of Iran candidates for the presidency must possess the following qualifications:

Within these guidelines the Council vetoes candidates who are deemed unacceptable. The approval process is considered to be a check on the president's power, and usually amounts to a small number of candidates being approved. In the 1997 election, for example, only four out of 238 presidential candidates were approved by the council. Western observers have routinely criticized the approvals process as a way for the Council and Supreme Leader to ensure that only conservative and like-minded Islamic fundamentalists can win office. However, the council rejects the criticism, citing approval of so-called reformists in previous elections. The council rejects most of the candidates stating that they are not "a well-known political figure", a requirement by the current law.

The President must be elected with a simple majority of the popular vote. If no candidate receives a majority in the first round, a runoff election is held between the top two candidates.

Presidential council

According to the Iranian constitution, when the President dies or is impeached, a special provisional Presidential Council temporarily rules in his place until an election can be held. The President automatically becomes the Head of the Supreme National Security Council and the Head of the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution.

Powers and responsibilities

Presidential Guard

Unlike the executive in other countries, the President of Iran does not have full control over anything, as these are ultimately under the control of the Supreme Leader.[31][32] The President functions as the executive of the decrees and wishes of the Supreme Leader.[9][10][12][13][14][33][34][35][36] The President also appoints the ministers, subject to the approval of Parliament, and the Supreme Leader who can dismiss or reinstate any of the ministers at any time, regardless of the president or parliament's decision.[18][19][37]

The President's duties include the following, subject to supervision and approval by the Supreme Leader:

Oath of office

I, as the President, upon the Holy Qur'an and in the presence of the Iranian nation, do hereby swear in the name of Almighty God to safeguard the official Faith, the system of the Islamic republic and the Constitution of the country; to use all my talents and abilities in the discharge of responsibilities undertaken by me; to devote myself to the service of the people, glory of the country, promotion of religion and morality, support of right and propagation of justice; to refrain from being autocratic; to protect the freedom and dignity of individuals and the rights of the Nation recognized by the Constitution; to spare no efforts in safeguarding the frontiers and the political, economic and cultural freedoms of the country; to guard the power entrusted to me by the Nation as a sacred trust like an honest and faithful trustee, by seeking help from God and following the example of the Prophet of Islam and the sacred Imams, peace be upon them, and to entrust it to the one elected by the Nation after me.

Commentary on the presidency in constitution

Former Iranian Presidents in 2005, from left to right, Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Ali Khamenei, Mohammad Khatami and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

Unlike the executive in other countries, the President of Iran does not have full control over anything, as these are ultimately under the control of the Supreme Leader.[38][39] The President functions as the executive of the decrees and wishes of the Supreme Leader.[9][10][12][40][13][14][41][42][43]

The President also appoints the ministers, subject to the approval of Parliament, and the Supreme Leader who can dismiss or reinstate any of the ministers at any time, regardless of the president or parliament's decision.[18][19][44]

The procedures for presidential election and all other elections in Iran are outlined by the Supreme Leader.[45][46]

TIME Magazine noted that presidential elections in Iran change nothing as Supreme Leader Khamenei — and not the President — wields the ultimate power.[47] Tallha Abdulrazaq, an Iraqi researcher at the University of Exeter's Strategy and Security Institute, stated that Khamenei, the longtime Supreme Leader of Iran, always uses the president as a kind of a buffer zone between him and the people. “Anything that goes right, Khamenei then can say 'I am the wise leader who put this guy in charge and he made the right policy decisions.' Anything that goes wrong, he can say ‘we should get rid of this guy. He is not good for the country, he is not good for you.’"[48]

Latest election

Candidate Party Votes %
Hassan RouhaniModeration and Development Party 23,636,652 57.14
Ebrahim RaisiCombatant Clergy Association 15,835,794 38.28
Mostafa Mir-SalimIslamic Coalition Party 478,267 1.16
Mostafa HashemitabaExecutives of Construction Party 214,441 0.52
Invalid/blank registered votes 1,200,931 2.90
Total registered votes 41,366,085 100
Registered voters/turnout 56,410,234 73.33
Source: Ministry of Interior

Living former presidents

See also

References

  1. ↑ حقوق رئیس جمهور و نمایندگان چقدر است؟
  2. ↑ http://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2017/08/03/530545/Iran-Hassan-Rouhani
  3. ↑ (see Article 110 of the constitution)
  4. ↑ http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html
  5. ↑ (see Article 110 of the constitution)
  6. ↑ http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html
  7. ↑ "Leader outlines elections guidelines, calls for transparency". Tehran Times. 2016-10-15. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  8. ↑ Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Accessed 5-23-2008
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Iran's Khamenei hits out at Rafsanjani in rare public rebuke". Middle East Eye.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Khamenei says Iran must go green - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor.
  11. ↑ Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Accessed 5-23-2008
  12. 1 2 3 4 Louis Charbonneau and Parisa Hafezi (16 May 2014). "Exclusive: Iran pursues ballistic missile work, complicating nuclear talks". Reuters.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "IranWire - Asking for a Miracle: Khamenei's Economic Plan".
  14. 1 2 3 4 "Economic issues Iran's foremost problem: Leader". Press TV. 2016-08-24. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  15. ↑ "Khamenei outlines 14-point plan to increase population". Al-Monitor. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  16. ↑ "Iran: Executive, legislative branch officials endorse privatization plan". www.payvand.com. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  17. ↑ Ali Vafadar (1995). The constitution and political change. p. 559.
  18. 1 2 3 4 "Iranian lawmakers warn Ahmadinejad to accept intelligence chief as political feud deepens". CP. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "BBC NEWS - Middle East - Iranian vice-president 'sacked'".
  20. ↑ Amir Saeed Vakil,Pouryya Askary (2004). constitution in now law like order. p. 362.
  21. ↑ "Khamenei outlines 14-point plan to increase population". Al-Monitor. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  22. ↑ "Iran: Executive, legislative branch officials endorse privatization plan". www.payvand.com. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  23. ↑ "Leader outlines elections guidelines, calls for transparency". Tehran Times. 2016-10-15. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  24. ↑ "Assembly of Experts". Retrieved 15 August 2009.
  25. ↑ "Moussavi vows to 'pay any cost' to fight Iran election results". CNN. 2009-06-15. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
  26. ↑ "Leader outlines elections guidelines, calls for transparency". Tehran Times. 2016-10-15. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  27. ↑ http://www.ilna.ir/shownews.asp?code=385408&code1=15
  28. ↑ Bazzi, Mohamad (12 June 2009). "Iran Elections: Latest News". Washington Post. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
  29. ↑ Constitution of Iran Article 115 - Qualifications
  30. ↑ "قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران". Majlis.ir.
  31. ↑ (See Article 110 of the constitution)
  32. ↑ http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html
  33. ↑ "Khamenei outlines 14-point plan to increase population". Al-Monitor. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  34. ↑ Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Accessed 5-23-2008
  35. ↑ "Iran: Executive, legislative branch officials endorse privatization plan". www.payvand.com. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  36. ↑ Ali Vafadar (1995). The constitution and political change. p. 559.
  37. ↑ Amir Saeed Vakil,Pouryya Askary (2004). constitution in now law like order. p. 362.
  38. ↑ (see Article 110 of the constitution)
  39. ↑ http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html
  40. ↑ Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Accessed 5-23-2008
  41. ↑ "Khamenei outlines 14-point plan to increase population". Al-Monitor. 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  42. ↑ "Iran: Executive, legislative branch officials endorse privatization plan". www.payvand.com. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  43. ↑ Ali Vafadar (1995). The constitution and political change. p. 559.
  44. ↑ Amir Saeed Vakil,Pouryya Askary (2004). constitution in now law like order. p. 362.
  45. ↑ "Leader outlines elections guidelines, calls for transparency". Tehran Times. 2016-10-15. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  46. ↑ Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Accessed 5-23-2008
  47. ↑ "Iran's Election Will Change Nothing". Time. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  48. ↑ "Elections won't change much. Iran still belongs to Khamenei". TRT World. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
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