Post box

Postbox of the Russian Post in Moscow.

A British Lamp Box post box of the 1940 pattern at Denvilles, Havant, Hampshire.

A post box (British English; also written postbox), also known as a collection box, mailbox, letter box or drop box (American English) is a physical box into which members of the public can deposit outgoing mail intended for collection by the agents of a country's postal service. The term post box can also refer to a private letter box for incoming mail.

History of post boxes

Europe

In 1653, the first post boxes are believed to have been installed in and around Paris.^[1] By 1829, post boxes were in use throughout France.^[2] The first public post boxes in Poland were installed in Warsaw in 1842.^[3]

A post box originally installed in the wall of the Wakefield Post Office is dated 1809 and believed to be the oldest example in Britain.^[4] It is now on display at the new Wakefield Museum.^[5]

In the British Isles, the first red pillar post boxes were erected in Jersey in 1852.^[6] Roadside wall boxes first appeared in 1857 as a cheaper alternative to pillar boxes, especially in rural districts. In 1853 the first pillar box in the United Kingdom was installed at Botchergate, Carlisle. In 1856, Richard Redgrave of the Department of Science and Art designed an ornate pillar box for use in London and other large cities. In 1859 the design was improved, and this became the first National Standard pillar box. Green was adopted as the standard colour for the early Victorian post boxes. Between 1866 and 1879 the hexagonal Penfold post box became the standard design for pillar boxes and it was during this period that red was first adopted as the standard colour. The first boxes to be painted red were in London in July 1874, although it would be nearly 10 years before all the boxes had been repainted.^[7] In 2012 to celebrate Olympic gold medals for Team GB, selected boxes are painted gold. One has been vandalised briefly with graffiti.^[8] One has been painted in the 'wrong' town.^[9]

The first public letter boxes (post boxes) in Russia appeared in 1848 in St. Petersburg. They were made of wood and iron. Because these boxes were lightweight and easy to steal, they disappeared frequently; later boxes were made of cast iron and could weigh up to 45 kilograms.

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  First Paris street letter box from c. 1850.
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  French wall box of the 1977 pattern now on display at the Colne Valley Postal History Museum, Essex.
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  A Dutch "Post-NL" postbox in orange at different heights.
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  Modern postbox in Estonia.

Asia

The post box arrived in the late 19th century Hong Kong and were made of wood. In the 1890s, metal pillar box appeared in Hong Kong and remained in use till the late 1990s. From the 1890s to 1997 the boxes were painted red and after 1997 were painted green.^[10]

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  A public (though unconventional) post box in Japan shaped as tea caddy.
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  Singapore AA style sheet metal mail box in Hong Kong.
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  Japanese post box at the Osaka Central Post Office.
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  post boxes in Taipei, Taiwan.

North America

The United States Post Office Department began installing public mail collection boxes in the 1850s outside post offices and on street corners in large Eastern cities.^[11] U.S. collection boxes were initially designed to be hung or supported, and were mounted on support pillars, lamp-posts, telegraph poles, or even the sides of buildings.^[11] By the 1880s, these pillar boxes were made of heavy cast iron to deter theft or vandalism.^[11] As mail volume grew, the Post Office Department gradually replaced pillar mailboxes with larger free-standing models, though many of the pillar boxes continued in service as late as the 1960s.^[11]

The four-footed, free-standing U.S. Mail collection box was first suggested in 1894, following the successful use of such designs in Canada, and quickly became a fixture on U.S. city street corners.^[11][12]

Unlike Canadian mailboxes, which were painted red,^[13] U.S. mail collection boxes were originally painted in red or green. Beginning in 1909, all mail collection boxes were painted a dark green to avoid confusion with emergency and fire equipment.^[11] Dark green gave way to olive drab green after World War I, when the U.S. Army donated a large supply of olive drab green paint to the Post Office. Olive drab green subsequently became the standard color for all U.S. mail collection boxes until 1955. On 4 July 1955, Postmaster General Arthur Summerfield announced that the Post Office would begin painting all mail collection boxes in red, white, and blue to make them easily identifiable. Subsequently, the Post Office began painting mail collection boxes in red and blue, with white lettering.^[14][15] In 1971 the Post Office (now USPS) changed mail collection boxes to the current USPS Dark Blue with contrasting lettering.^[12][15][16] The coming of the automobile also influenced U.S. mailbox design, and in the late 1930s, an extension chute or "snorkel" to drive-up curbside collection boxes was adopted.^[11]

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  USPS "Snorkel" collection boxes for drive-through access.
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  US post box in front of the Post Office in Conneaut, Ohio.
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  Post box in Markham, Ontario, Canada

Types of post boxes

A British pillar box with two apertures, one for stamped, and the other for franked, mail

A wooden wall box in Burlington House, London.

Varieties of post boxes (for outgoing mail) include:

• Lamp box
• Pillar box
• Wall box
• Ludlow wall box

Some postal operators have different types of post boxes for different types of mail, such as, regular post, air mail and express mail, for local addresses (defined by a range of postal codes) and out-of-town addresses, or for post bearing postage stamps and post bearing a postage meter indicator.

Some countries have different coloured post boxes; in countries such as Australia, Portugal, and Russia, the colour indicates which type of mail a box is to be used for, such as 1st and 2nd class post. However, in Germany and parts of Sweden, because of postal deregulation, the different colours are for the different postal services. Other nations use a particular colour to indicate common political or historical ties.^[17]

Post boxes or mailboxes located outdoors are designed to keep mail secure and protected from weather. Some boxes have a rounded or slanted top or a down turned entry slot to protect mail from rain or snow.^[12][18] Locks are fitted for security, so mail can be retrieved only by official postal employees, and the box will ordinarily be constructed so as to resist damage from vandalism, forcible entry, or other causes.^[12][18][19] Bright colours are often used to increase visibility and prevent accidents and injuries.^[20][21] Entry openings are designed to allow the free deposit of mail, yet prevent retrieval via the access slot by unauthorised persons.^[12][22]

Clearance

Post boxes are emptied ("cleared") at times usually listed on a plate fixed to the box. In urban areas, this might be once or twice a day. Busy boxes might be cleared more frequently to avoid overflowing, and also to spread the work for the sorters. Extra clearances are made in the period leading up to Christmas, to prevent boxes becoming clogged with mail.

Since 2005, most Royal Mail post boxes have had the time of only the last collection of the day shown on the box, with no indication of whether the box is cleared at other times earlier in the day. Royal Mail say they needed to increase the type size of the wording on the plate to help those with poor sight, and so there was not enough room to list all collection times throughout the day. Some post boxes may indicate the next collection time by a metal 'tab'^[23] or dial that can be changed while the box is open. The tab displays a day or number, each number corresponding to a different time shown on the plate.

Some boxes have been used as a dumping ground for used hypodermic needles.^[24] In such cases staff are issued with protective equipment.^[25]

Terrorism and political vandalism

The surviving Manchester pillar box from the 1996 bomb

Scotland

In 1952, a number of post boxes were attacked in Scotland in a dispute over the regnal number adopted by Queen Elizabeth II, which was displayed as the EIIR cypher on the boxes. This included at least one which was damaged in Edinburgh with a home made explosive device.

The compromise was to put the Scottish crown on Scottish pillar boxes, without any reference to the particular reigning monarch. One such example can still be seen today in Hong Kong at Statue Square.

The Troubles

Irish Republicans painting a Royal Mail postbox in Derry for the Green Post-Box Campaign in 2008

During 1939 a number of bombs were put in post boxes by the IRA as part of their S-Plan campaign. When the Provisional IRA blew up the Arndale shopping centre in the 1996 Manchester bombing one of the few things to survive unscathed was a Victorian pillar box dating from 1887 (A type A Jubilee pillar).

In Northern Ireland several red Royal Mail post boxes were painted green by Irish Republicans in early 2009, in order to resemble An Post's post boxes in the Republic of Ireland.^[26][27][28]

United States

Nearly 7,000 USPS collection boxes were removed following the aftermath of the September 11 attacks and the 2001 anthrax attacks in which letters containing anthrax spores were placed in public collection boxes. Since that time, a decrease in first-class mail volume and the onset of online bill payment processing has resulted in lower demand for collection box service in the U.S.^[11]

Colours

Colors of post boxes for standard mailings.
Please help

Symbols

Swedish Royal Post

Irish Post & Telegraphs "P&T" logo

• Australia – a styled red letter "P" on a white circle, "P" standing for "Post".
• Canada – a combination of a bird wing and an aircraft wing in a red circle and flanked by the words Canada Post / Postes Canada. Previously the words Canada, Canada Post, or Canada Post Corporation) were used on post boxes. Until the early 1970s, post boxes had the words "Royal Mail" and the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada.
• Continental Europe – most designs include a Post horn, like those used by postmen to announce their arrival. In Germany the post horn is the only element indicating post services.
• France – the arrow-shaped logo of La Poste.
• Greece – Hellenic Post use the head of god Hermes wearing a winged petasos (summer hat) as their logo. Hermes was usually portrayed as the messenger of the gods
• Netherlands – an orange triangle with "postnl" and a royal crown in it.
• Ireland – from 1922 the Irish harp entwined with the letters "SE" for Saorstát Éireann, then "P&T" Gaelic script for Post and Telegraphs and from 1984 An Post with their wavy lines logo, often on the door as a raised casting.
• Russia – logo of Russian Post (Почта России) written white on blue and black on yellow 1st class mail boxes.
• Japan – a "T" with bar above it (〒).
• United Kingdom – all post boxes display the Royal Cypher of the reigning monarch at the time of manufacture. Exceptions are the Anonymous pillar boxes of 1879–1887, where the cypher was omitted, and all boxes for use in Scotland manufactured after 1952 (including replicas of the 1866 Penfold design) which show the Queen's Crown of Scotland instead of the Royal Cypher for Elizabeth II. Private boxes emptied by Royal Mail do not have to carry a cypher. Royal Mail post boxes manufactured since 1994 carry the wording "Royal Mail", normally above the aperture (lamp boxes) or on the door (pillar boxes). Before this date all post boxes, with the exception of the Anonymous pillar boxes, carried the wording "Post Office".
• United States – the United States Postal Service (USPS) eagle logo, except that boxes for Express Mail use the USPS Express Mail logo.

Gallery of post boxes from around the world

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  Pillar box in Bruges, Belgium
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  Post box at Dubrovnik Airport, Croatia
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  A Czech post box
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  Post boxes in Fåborg, Denmark
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  A post box in Funningur, Faroe Islands
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  Post boxes in Heinola, Finland. Orange 2nd class postbox is very common, blue 1st class mailboxes only at selected places.
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  Post box in Galápagos Islands, 1983
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  French Post Box at Ile de Bréhat
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  French Post Box at Dinard–Pleurtuit–Saint-Malo Airport
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  German mail box with an old Post horn with arrows (stylized lightning bolts) from the Deutsche Bundespost, on the top sign the new post horn from Deutsche Post AG
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  A postbox of one of the many private mail companies in Germany, this one PIN in Berlin^[31]
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  A Guernsey Post type C double aperture pillar box
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  Post box in Budapest, Hungary
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  Post box in Reykjavík, Iceland
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  Post box mounted on an electric pole in Bangalore, India
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  Post box in Chennai, India
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  Post box of Indian Postal Service
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  VR pillar box in Kilkenny, Ireland, painted green with obvious door repair
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  Irish lamp box erected by An Post
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  Italian domestic post box
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  King Edward VII pillar box in Birgu, Malta
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  Queen Elizabeth II wall box in Senglea, Malta
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  Modern MaltaPost post box in Mellieħa, Malta
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  A Polish post box
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  Post box in Kraków, Poland
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  A post box in San Marino
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  Post box in Bratislava, Slovakia
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  A GR Lamp Box at Cape Agulhas, the most southern post box in Africa
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  Swedish post box
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  Post box in Lützelflüh-Goldbach, Switzerland
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  A Ukrainian post box in the city of Dnipro, Ukraine
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  A standardized Brazilian post box, in Belo Horizonte
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  in Al Satwa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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  Post box incorporated into a Type K4 telephone kiosk, introduced in 1927. 10 survive in the UK of this design by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott which also incorporates two stamp vending machines. This red telephone box is in Warrington, Cheshire, England
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  A Victorian wall box of the Second National Standard type dating from 1859, in Brough, Derbyshire, England
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  Post box in Chellaston, Derby, United Kingdom
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  A Victorian hexagonal red post box of the Penfold type manufactured in 1866 outside King's College, Cambridge (not the original location for this box).
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  One of the 150 post boxes erected during the uncrowned reign of Edward VIII
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  British Edward VII Type A pillar box of 1902 by A.Handyside of Derby in front of Mansfield College, Oxford
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  Bukhara, Uzbekistan
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  A standard British lamp letter box mounted on a post in Menai Bridge, Anglesey, Wales
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  Large square pillar box (type A wall box freestanding) in Gloddaeth Street, Llandudno, Wales

See also

• General Post Office
• Post-office box, used for incoming mail
• Stamp vending machine, often attached to post boxes
• United States Postal Service
• 2012 Olympics gold post boxes in the United Kingdom

References and sources

Notes

Sources

Farrugia, Jean (1969). The letter box: a history of Post Office pillar and wall boxes. Fontwell: Centaur Press. p. 282. ISBN 0-900000-14-7. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Post boxes.

Look up post box in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Letter Box Study Group
• Post Boxes of Oxford
• British Postal Museum & Archive
• Colne Valley Postal History Museum