Gameplay of ''Pokémon''

The gameplay of the Pokémon video game series involves the capturing and training of a variety of fictional creatures called "Pokémon" and using them to battle other trainers. Each successive generation of games builds upon this concept by introducing new Pokémon, items, and gameplay concepts. Some of the general concepts were featured elsewhere before being introduced in the games; double battles appeared in the anime long before appearing in the games, and Pokémon abilities are similar to the Pokémon Powers introduced in the Pokémon Trading Card Game, which also introduced Shiny Pokémon different colors of that type of the original Pokémon

Game structure

Each of the games in the handheld Pokémon RPG series, from the first games in 1996 to the latest ones in 2016, takes place in a particular fictional region of the Pokémon world, and begins with the player receiving a Starter Pokémon from that region's Pokémon Professor. By traveling around the world, capturing and evolving Pokémon, and defeating other trainers in battle, the player increases the size and strength of his or her Pokémon collection. A major subplot of each game is to defeat a criminal organization trying to take over the world through the misuse of Pokémon. These organizations include Team Rocket, Team Magma and Team Aqua, Team Galactic, Team Plasma, Team Flare, and Team Skull/Aether Foundation.

Various facilities can be found throughout the Pokémon world such as Pokémon Centers, PokéMarts, and Gyms. Pokémon Centers will heal a player's Pokémon for free, and they house PCs where players can organize their collection of Pokémon, store and withdraw items, and have their Pokédex rated. Here, players can also link up with other game cartridges or cards to battle or trade (the woman the player can talk to that is found on the same floor as the nurse, but ever since Gold and Silver,a second floor was added to all Pokémon Centers just for this purpose, with the floor removed in X and Y due to the addition of the "Player Search System"). PokéMarts are shops where players can buy items with the money they win during battles; certain cities may have specialized shops, like a pharmacy or a department store. Periodically, a town will contain a Pokémon Gym, which houses a powerful trainer known as a Gym Leader. Victory against him/her grants the player a Gym Badge and typically advances the plot. After collecting eight Gym Badges, the player may challenge the region's Elite Four and Champion; defeating the Champion finishes the main story. Gyms are non-existent in the latest games, instead they are replaced by trial captains, who give out a special Z-crystal when defeated. Defeating all trial captains allow the player to challenge the Elite Four, as per usual.

Completing the main storyline opens up other features in the games; this is primarily done by allowing passage into otherwise inaccessible places. Afterward, the game remains virtually open-ended, with the ultimate goal of the player being to obtain at least one member of each of the different species of Pokémon, thus completing the Pokédex. With the exception of the first generation and second generation, once all species of regional Pokémon are captured, the player may then update his Pokédex to the National Pokédex, with the new mission of capturing all Pokémon from the previous series (that is, from Bulbasaur to the last Pokémon in that generation's Regional Pokédex, aside from several event-exclusive Pokémon such as Jirachi and Hoopa). The number of Pokémon increases with each game generation, starting from 151 in the first series to 802 in the latest series.

Starter Pokémon

List of starter Pokémon by main series game

Game	Starter Pokémon
Red/Green/Blue/FireRed/LeafGreen	Bulbasaur	Charmander	Squirtle
Yellow	Pikachu
Gold/Silver/Crystal/HeartGold/SoulSilver	Chikorita	Cyndaquil	Totodile
Ruby/Sapphire/Emerald/Omega Ruby/Alpha Sapphire	Treecko	Torchic	Mudkip
Pokémon Diamond/Pearl/Platinum	Turtwig	Chimchar	Piplup
Black/White/Black 2/White 2	Snivy	Tepig	Oshawott
X/Y	Chespin	Fennekin	Froakie
Sun/Moon	Rowlet	Litten	Popplio

One of the reoccurring aspects of the Pokémon series of role-playing games is the choice of one of three different Pokémon at the start of the player's adventures. These trios are often labeled Starter Pokémon. The starter Pokémon, in chronological order, are Bulbasaur, Charmander, Squirtle, Chikorita, Cyndaquil, Totodile, Treecko, Torchic, Mudkip, Turtwig, Chimchar, Piplup, Snivy, Tepig, Oshawott, Chespin, Fennekin, Froakie, Rowlet, Litten and Popplio. Players have the option to choose one of three different types of Pokémon: a Grass-type, Fire-type and Water-type, though many starter Pokémon are dual-typed or evolve to be dual-typed.^[1] These Pokémon are supposedly indigenous to their regions, yet otherwise unattainable except through trading with another game, leading to their rarity. Afterward, the player's rival will always select the Pokémon whose type is "super effective" against the player's Starter Pokémon except in Sun and Moon. In the Black, White, X and Y versions, where the player has multiple rival characters, both of the alternative Pokémon are chosen.

The exception to this concept is Pokémon Yellow, in which players are given a Pikachu, the Electric-type mouse Pokémon famous for being the mascot of the Pokémon media franchise, who walks along behind them.^[2] The rival trainer receives an Eevee, a Normal-type Pokémon. The Eevee will evolve into one of its three different evolved states depending on how the player fares in his battles with the rival in the beginning of the game.

Pokémon Gyms

Pokémon Gyms (ポケモンジム, Pokémon Jimu) are buildings situated throughout the Pokémon world, where Pokémon Trainers can train or compete to qualify for Pokémon League competitions. Although the internal organizations of Pokémon Gyms may vary, all specialize in one certain type of Pokémon, and all are manned by a Gym Leader (ジムリーダー, Jimu Rīdā), a formidable Trainer that acts as a boss. Pokémon Gyms can be found in most towns and cities in the Pokémon world.

When an official Gym Leader is defeated, the challenger wins a Badge (バッジ, Bajji), which serves as proof of a Trainer's skill and is a key part of advancing the plot. The gym leaders from the first game (Red, Blue, and Yellow) are, in chronological order, Brock, Misty, L.T Surge, Erika, Sabrina and Koga (there is a controversy on which of these two are actually 5th or 6th ), Blaine and Giovanni. Victory also earns the challenger a unique Technical Machine that allows the player to teach his or her Pokémon a unique move from the Gym and the ability to control traded Pokémon at a certain maximum level (if the level exceeds this maximum, the Pokémon will not obey the player's commands). It also usually enables the player to utilize the overworld effects of one of the various hidden machines such as the ability to cross bodies of water with the move Surf or the ability to remove some trees from paths by means of the move Cut. In order to qualify for the Pokémon League, a Trainer must collect eight Badges. In the video games, a region only has eight Gyms, although the anime asserts the existence of others (such as Gary Oak having acquired ten Badges, but had not defeated the Saffron City and Viridian City Gym Leaders). It is said that Pokémon are more likely to follow the advice of Trainers with more Badges; some Badges also allow the Trainer to use higher-level traded Pokémon. For example, when the player beats the first Gym Leader, traded Pokémon up to level 20 will always obey the trainer, whereas previously, they may not have obeyed orders when fighting in Pokémon battles.

After a player defeats the eight Gym Leaders, he or she can travel through Victory Road, which is often the final route, and then proceed to the games' Pokémon League and take on the Elite Four (四天王, Shitennō) and the region's Pokémon League Champion (チャンピオン, Champion), and ultimately win the game.

In Sun and Moon, however, there are no longer any Gyms and Gym Leaders. Instead they have been replaced by Trials and Trial Captains. Though a similar concept, a trial is not necessarily a battle. A trial usually presents the player with a task that must complete to summon the 'Totem Pokémon', a more powerful version of a certain species of Pokémon. Once the player has summoned and defeated the Totem Pokémon, they receive a Z-crystal, an item that allows a Pokémon to unleash an extremely powerful move. Completing all of these trials lead to a 'Grand Trial', which is a straight battle against a 'kahuna', the strongest trainer on the island. Completing all the Grand Trials allows the player to challenge the recently built Pokémon League. After defeating the Elite Four, the player must then defend their title as Alola's First Champion by defeating Professor Kukui.

Pokémon Battles

Battles between Pokémon are the central game mechanic of the Pokémon video game series. They are used to train Pokémon to become stronger, as competition and to reach certain objectives within the game. Battling can also be done between human players via a link cable, wireless technology, or Internet.

Pokémon uses a turn-based system. When the player challenges a trainer or encounters a wild Pokémon, the screen changes to a battle scene with the opposing Pokémon, their respective HP bars, and an option menu. At any time, the player may carry up to six Pokémon (ordered by the player) in his/her active party; the top Pokémon in the lineup is automatically sent into battle. At the start of each turn, both sides can choose to attack, use an item, switch the Pokémon for another, or attempt to flee from battle (the last not an option in battles against other trainers or some situations). If both sides attack, the one who goes first is determined by Speed, although some moves, items, and effects can override this. If either side chooses any other option, that action is performed before the attacks.

Each Pokémon uses moves to reduce the respective opponent's HP to zero, at which point the Pokémon faints (ひんし, hinshi). If the player's Pokémon wins, it receives experience points; when enough have accumulated, the Pokémon's level increases. If the player's Pokémon faints, he/she may use another Pokémon or flee; (the latter being only possible in wild Pokémon battles) if the player has no usable Pokémon left in his/her or her party (i.e., if they have all fainted), he/she loses the battle, loses half (before FireRed and LeafGreen) or some (since FireRed and LeafGreen) of his/her money, and returns to the last Pokémon Center he/she visited.^[3] The amount of money lost since FireRed and LeafGreen depends on the number of badges and the level of the highest-leveled Pokémon the player currently has.

Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire introduced Double Battles (ダブルバトル, Daburu Batoru), in which the opposing teams battle with two Pokémon at a time. Though the basic mechanics remain the same, moves may have multiple targets; some affect the ally as well as the opponents. Additionally, some abilities work only in Double Battles. Multi Battles (マルチバトル, Maruchi Batoru) were also introduced, with two players vs. two players. The third generation games only included Double Battles against other trainers, but Diamond and Pearl introduced Double Battles with wild Pokémon if the player is accompanied by an NPC (non-player character). Black and White got rid of this limitation and introduced a special Type of tall grass where wild Pokémon appear in pairs.

Black and White also introduced Triple Battles^[4] and Rotation Battles.^[5] In Triple Battles (トリプルバトル, Toripuru Batoru), both teams send out three Pokémon at once. Pokémon on the left side can attack all Pokémon on the field except those on the right side (excluding certain long-range moves), and vice versa. In Rotation Battles (ローテーションバトル, Rōtēshon Batoru), both sides send out three Pokémon at once, but only use one at a time. The Pokémon which is battling can be switched out with the other two without using up a turn.

Pokémon X and Y introduced three new battling mechanics. Sky Battles (スカイバトル, Sukai Batoru) are performed against hard-to-find Sky Trainers and can only be performed with Flying Pokémon or Pokémon with the Levitate Ability. These are also stated to be particularly difficult. Horde Encounters (群れバトル, Mure Batoru, "Group Battle) are wild Pokémon encounters of up to five at once, requiring the use of moves that hit multiple targets to make things easier.^[6][7][8] Another battle style that was introduced was Inverse Battles. Inverse Battles are like normal battles, but the entire type chart is inversed. This means that an attack which would normally be supereffective would now be not very effective and vice versa. There are usual strengths and weaknesses thorough the games series, such as Fire being super effective against Grass.

Pokémon Sun and Moon also introduce a new battle type, the SOS battle. In these battles, the opposing Pokémon may call for an ally, whom may or may not appear. These ally Pokémon have a higher chance to have good EV's and be shiny.

Pokémon types

A Pokémon's Type (タイプ, taipu) is an elemental attribute determining the strengths and weaknesses of each Pokémon and their moves, offsetting each other in rock-paper-scissors relationships. The game's primary example of this elemental relationship is that between the Grass, Fire, and Water Types: a Grass is weak to Fire, Fire to Water, and Water to Grass, with each resistant against the others. Elemental relationships where Pokémon are immune include Ghost Types immune to Normal and Fighting moves. These weaknesses, resistances, and immunities can be combined if a Pokémon has two Types. For example, a Ground and Flying Pokémon would be immune to Electric moves, as its weakness as a Flying Type is negated by its Ground Type; however, such a Pokémon would be doubly weak to Ice moves, as both Ground and Flying are weak to Ice, and the Pokémon would receive four times as much damage. Some Pokémon abilities can change these interactions, such as Levitate making Pokémon immune to Ground Type moves.

In the original Red, Green, Blue, and Yellow games, there are a total of 15 Pokémon types, including all those listed above as examples, as well as Poison, Psychic, Bug, Rock, and Dragon. Two new Types were added in Gold and Silver, Dark and Steel, bringing the total to 17 for the next 14 years. The games also featured an unknown Type ("???" Type) which was used only for the move Curse until that move's typing was changed to Ghost in Black and White. The console RPGs Colosseum and XD featured a unique move Type known as Shadow but it could not be used outside of the console games. Shadow Pokémon can be considered to be of this type, but they still retain their regular typing as well. In Pokémon XD, Shadow moves are super effective against non-Shadow Pokémon and not very effective against Shadow Pokémon. X and Y introduced a new 18th Type: Fairy. It is 2x effective against Fighting, Dragon, and Dark, and 1/2x effective against Fire, Poison, and Steel. Fairy is resistant to Fighting, Bug, and Dark, weak to Poison and Steel, and immune to Dragon. In addition, in Pokémon X and Y, the Dark and Ghost types became neutrally effective against the Steel type.

Pokémon moves

Like the characters in many role-playing video games, Pokémon are able to learn a wide variety of moves (技, waza). These moves may inflict damage, induce status problems, restore health, or perform actions that in some way affect the overall battle. All moves have a Type, Power (威力, Iryoku), Accuracy, and amount of Power Points (PP). The moves that one Pokémon may learn are different from another depending on the species of Pokémon; even those that evolve from others do not necessarily learn all the same moves that their predecessors learn. Each Pokémon may only know a total of four moves at any one time. Moves may be learned through leveling up, using TMs and HMs, breeding, and move tutors (NPCs that teach moves).

Each move is classified as one of the 18 Pokémon types. The effectiveness of a move is dependent on how susceptible the target Pokémon's Type is to the move's Type. Common phrases associated with this aspect are "It's super effective!" (damage is at least doubled), "It's not very effective..." (damage is at least halved), and "It doesn't affect [defending Pokémon]..." (damage and all effects are negated). A Pokémon with the same Type as the move it uses will receive a 50% bonus to its damage, referred to as a "Same-Type Attack Bonus" (STAB) in game jargon. Moves are further defined as "Physical" or "Special", determined by the fictional means the move lands; Physical moves are those that would make physical contact, such as punches or bites, while Special moves generally involve elemental control, such as breathing fire or manipulating the wind. Prior to the Diamond and Pearl games, entire Pokémon types were deemed "Physical" or "Special" rather than individually. The general strength of and resistance to these moves are determined by the various statistics a particular Pokémon has. There are also "Status" moves, that deal no direct damage and inflict status changes on the defending or attacking Pokémon. A Status "???" Type move existed prior to Black and White, until it was classified amongst the then 17 existing Types. Certain moves are also "Direct Attacks", which are affected by certain abilities, held items, and the moves "Spiky Shield" and "King's Shield". A damage-inflicting move will remove a certain number of Health Points from the target Pokémon based on weakness, resistance, and the statistics of the target. Other factors include items held by either Pokémon as well as their abilities.

Each move has a specific Accuracy (命中, Meichū), which determines the chance of hitting the target Pokémon, in tandem with the user's accuracy and the target's evasiveness. Very powerful moves, such as those that are "one-hit KOs" (moves that instantly defeat the target Pokémon if successful), will often have very low Accuracies; moves with 100% Accuracy ratings may occasionally miss due to changes in the user's accuracy and the target's evasiveness. A small number of moves will always hit the target, regardless of relative changes in accuracy.

The PP (power points) of a move indicate how many times a Pokémon may use that move. As with Accuracy, a powerful move is often offset by having a low amount of PP. Once a Pokémon uses up all the PP for a certain move, it can no longer use that move. If a Pokémon expends all the PP for all of its moves, it then resorts to a move called Struggle. However, in the first generation games, the game does not reduce the PP of Pokémon controlled by non-player trainers, enabling those trainers to use powerful moves an abnormal number of times.

Many moves are coupled with some sort of effect beyond inflicting damage. Many of these secondary effects include a chance that the move will induce a certain status effect (状態異常, jōtai ijō): Paralysis (まひ, Mahi), Burn (やけど, Yakedo), Freeze (こおり, Kōri), Poison (どく, Doku), or Sleep (ねむり, Nemuri). Each negatively affects how the afflicted Pokémon performs in battle. For example, many Electric Type moves have small chances of Paralyzing the target. Some moves have negative side-effects for the user, such as forcing the player to wait a turn before or after use, or causing recoil damage. One move, Splash, is noted to neither inflict damage nor inflict a status condition.

Certain moves can also be used in the world in order to bypass certain obstacles (e.g. small trees), to quickly travel between previously-visited locations, to escape dungeons, or to even heal Pokémon. Usually, Pokémon will learn these moves with the use of the HM items and will be able to use them in the aforementioned ways after certain badges are obtained.

Z-Moves

Z-crystals are special crystals that can be found all throughout the islands of Alola, its very similar to mega evolution but instead it activates a god like move. It is activated when a bond between Pokémon and trainer is strong(which is Bull crap) henceforth a Z-move.

Pokémon abilities

Pokémon Abilities (特性, Tokusei) are special attributes which were introduced in Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire. Specific species of Pokémon have one to three possible Abilities with individual Pokémon exhibiting one Ability each, which, unlike the moves it knows, can never change (except sometimes during evolution).

Most Pokémon use their Abilities in battle. Abilities can strengthen a Pokémon's own statistics or weaken a foe, inflict status effects such as paralysis or poisoning, or perform one of many other effects. For instance, a Bulbasaur uses its Overgrow Ability to power up its Grass-Type attacks when it has low HP, and when Arbok is sent into battle, it will use its Intimidate Ability to lower the opposing Pokémon's Attack statistic. Other Abilities render some Pokémon impervious to certain Types of attacks, such as the Levitate Ability rendering a Pokémon like Carnivine immune to Ground-Type attacks. Some Abilities also grant immunities or resistances, such as Lapras' Water Absorb restoring its own HP when hit by Water-Type attacks or Arcanine's Flash Fire negating Fire-Type attacks and boosting the power of its own attacks once hit. A Pokémon with the Lightning Rod Ability, such as Marowak, will keep its partner safe from Electric-Type attacks in a double battle by drawing the electricity away from it. Not all Abilities are helpful and may be implemented to hinder a Pokémon. For example, Slaking, which would otherwise be extraordinarily powerful, has the Truant Ability, which only allows it to attack every other turn.

Some Abilities come into effect outside of Pokémon battles. For example, Pokémon with the Pickup Ability, like Meowth, will sometimes retrieve items off the ground. Also, starting from Pokémon Emerald, a handful of Abilities that were once only used in battle have effects outside of battle as well. For example, a Pokémon with the Ability Intimidate will cause the player to encounter lower-level wild Pokémon less often.^[9]

Pokémon Black and White introduced Hidden Abilities, which initially could only be found on Pokémon primarily acquired from the Internet-based Pokémon Global Link, either through the Pokémon Dream World feature or through promotional releases. There are also rare instances of Pokémon with their Hidden Abilities available in the main game, either as a special encounter or as an in-game Trade with an NPC. Black 2 and White 2 introduced the game mechanic of Hidden Grottoes (隠し穴, Kakushi Ana); special trees dotted around the Unova region can be interacted with, and once inside the player might find either an item or more rarely a Pokémon that has its Hidden Ability. Some other Pokémon in Black 2 and White 2 are also obtainable with their Hidden Abilities, but they are also special encounters. In addition, the Pokémon Dream Radar 3DS Download Software game released to accompany Black 2 and White 2 enables for the capture of Pokémon with their Hidden Abilities that can be transferred to the main games.

Stats

All Pokémon have six statistics (colloquially called "stats", known as "Attribute" (能力, Nōryoku) in Japan) which affect their performance in battle. These are HP, Attack, Defense, Special Attack, Special Defense, and Speed. The value of a stat is known as the base stat, as seen when using a stat-increasing item such as carbos. In the first generation games, Special Attack and Special Defense were combined into one statistic called Special.

• HP (short for Health Points): A Pokémon faints when its HP reaches zero, and it cannot be used in battle again until it is revived at a Pokémon Center, or with a special item. However, they can still use moves in the field. In the Pokémon universe, Pokémon never die as a result of battling.
• Attack (こうげき, Kōgeki): Determines the strength of a Pokémon's physical attacks. The definition of what constitutes a physical attack has changed throughout the game's history. Up until Diamond and Pearl, physical attacks were of those Pokémon types logically associated with physical damage, which include Normal, Fighting, Ground, Steel, and others. However, in Diamond and Pearl, each damaging attack is individually classified as Physical or Special. This means that certain moves like the Fire-type move Fire Punch, which was previously a Special attack, are now affected by the Attack statistic.
• Defense (ぼうぎょ, Bōgyo): Determines the Pokémon's defense against physical attacks.
• Special Attack (とくこう, Tokukō): Similar to Attack, determines the power of a Pokémon's special attacks.
• Special Defense (とくぼう, Tokubō): Similar to Defense, determines the Pokémon's defensive power against special attacks.
• Speed (すばやさ, Subayasa): After battle commands are entered, the Speed statistics of the participating Pokémon are compared. With some exceptions, the Pokémon make their moves in the order of fastest to slowest.

There are also two other statistics, Accuracy (命中率, Meichūritsu) and Evasiveness (回避率, Kaihiritsu), which are not affected when Pokémon level up. No Pokémon has innately higher Accuracy or Evasiveness than any other, but these statistics can be modified by Abilities, items, or moves. Increasing Accuracy makes a move more likely to hit, while increasing Evasiveness makes the opponent's move more likely to miss. A Pokémon's Accuracy, the opponent's Evasiveness, and the Accuracy value of a given move affect whether or not that move will hit. Evasiveness was called "Evade" in the first generation and "Evasion" in the second.

In Pokémon Red, Blue and Yellow, the Special Attack and the Special Defense stat were one, named the "Special" stat. However, the two stats were split starting from Pokémon Gold and Silver, and have stayed that way.

Not only do these statistics affect the battle, but the battle can affect the statistics. Many Pokémon moves and items exist which can temporarily, or even permanently, raise and lower each one.

When Pokémon level up, their statistics increase, as determined by the Pokémon's base stat values, effort values, Pokémon Nature, and individual values. These variables working in tandem provide each individual Pokémon with its own unique stats.

Base stat values

Base stat values (種族値, shuzokuchi) determine the natural statistical strengths of the various Pokémon species. Every Pokémon is assigned a number in each stat; the higher the number, the higher the stat can potentially be. While these values may greatly vary between species, they are the same for each member of that species. It is the difference among species which explains why all Aerodactyl will have a higher Speed than any Snorlax of the same level; however, it is the combination of other factors that causes some Snorlax to be faster than others. Adding up all the base stat values for a certain species generates the Base Stat Total, which players use to determine approximately how strong that Pokémon is.

Effort values

Effort values (努力値, doryokuchi, EVs) are hidden values that affect the strengths of a Pokémon in particular statistical areas. Differing effort value levels between two Pokémon can create a significant difference in the two Pokémon's statistical strengths. When a Pokémon battles and defeats an opponent, they gain experience points, also known as EXP, and also receive a number and type of EVs according to the defeated Pokémon's species. Every defeated Pokémon gives at least one EV to each of the Pokémon that fought it. Certain factors, like holding the Macho Brace item, can increase the rate at which EVs are gained in battle. In Pokémon Gold and Silver, a condition known as Pokérus (ポケルス, Pokerusu) was introduced that has a small chance of appearing on a player's Pokémon after a battle with a wild Pokémon; it also doubles the rate at which EVs are obtained permanently. Pokérus will be gone from a Pokémon after a certain amount of days, and the Pokémon will be immune to the condition, which will prevent the Pokémon from acquiring it again. In addition, consuming vitamins will give Pokémon EVs; however, Pokémon will refuse vitamins after reaching a certain value threshold. In Pokémon Black and White, nutritional wings was introduced, and unlike vitamins, each wing only gives one EV and can be given to a Pokémon until they reached the maximum amount of EVs for each stat and the combined maximum total of EVs. Certain berries also exist which increase a Pokémon's Friendship, but in turn decrease EVs. There is a limit on the number of EVs Pokémon can have, both for each individual stats and combined across all stats, which prevents stats from increasing in a never-ending manner. The total limit allows for maximum Effort Values in two stats simultaneously.

In the first (Red, Green, Blue, and Yellow) and second (Gold, Silver, and Crystal) generation games, a similar system usually referred to as Stat Exp. was used. As with Effort Values, there is a limit to how much Stat Exp. a Pokémon can have in each stat; however, unlike Effort Values, there is no limit to the total Stat Exp. a Pokémon can have across all stats, meaning that a Pokémon can have maximum Stat Exp. in every stat. Also of note is that, in order for Pokémon from the first generation (where there was only one Special stat) and the second generation (where there are both Special Attack and Special Defense stats) to be forward and backward compatible for trading, Stat Exp. was not tracked separately for Special Attack and Special Defense in the second generation games. Instead, the Special Stat Exp. value was used to calculate both separated Special stats.

In Pokémon X and Y, a minigame known as Super Training (スパトレ, Supatore) is introduced that allows players to more accurately manage the effort values. A soccer minigame has been featured which is involved in this new mechanic, and the player can earn training bags to continue the training. The Pokémon's Base Stats can also be viewed in the Super Training interface, which includes an "Effort-o-Meter" to allow the player to see the maximum capability of increasing the Pokémon's effort values.^[10][11]

In Pokémon Sun and Moon, a graph of a Pokémon's EVs along with its base stats can be seen by pressing the Y button while viewing the summary of a Pokémon. A sparkling stat shows that the Pokémon had obtained the maximum amount of EVs for the stat. Pokémon can gain EVs passively through a feature called "Poké Pelago".

Pokémon natures

Pokémon Natures (性格, Seikaku) were first introduced in Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire. Each Pokémon has a Nature, randomly assigned when it is generated, which cannot be changed. A Pokémon's Nature affects the rate at which some of its stats increase: out of the twenty-five possible Natures, twenty will increase one stat's growth rate but decrease another's. The other five modify the same stat in both increases and decreases, and thus the Pokémon's overall growth is unaffected. Natures also determine which flavor of PokéBlocks/Poffins that Pokémon likes and dislikes.

Individual values

Individual values (個体値, kotaichi, IVs) are essentially a range in power for each statistic, which determine a Pokémon's maximum potential. These values are randomly generated along with each Pokémon when it is encountered or bred, and set in stone for the rest of the game. These hidden values are why even Pokémon that seem identical and have been raised the same way still may have different stats. IVs range from 0 to 31, and their Generations I and II predecessors, "determinant values", ranged from 0 to 15.

Items

Pokémon items can be bought throughout the entire adventure. Some can be found in random poké balls just lying around, gifted to you by someone else, or bought at the shop. They can be simply be x-attacks or potions to mega stones and revives.

Recovery items

Many items received in the game are used to heal Pokémon in and out of battle, much like a Pokémon Center does. Potions and drinks restore HP. A range of items cure various Status conditions, such as Antidotes for Poisoning and Awakenings for Sleep. Revives restore a Pokémon back to health after it has lost all of its HP. Ethers and Elixirs restore the Pokémon's PP to varying rates.

Technical and hidden machines

Technical machines (わざマシン, Waza Mashin, TMs) and hidden machines (ひでんマシン, Hiden Mashin, HMs) can be used to teach unique moves to Pokémon that they would otherwise not learn by increasing in Level. TMs are commonly found in the field, in shops, and as rewards for defeating a Gym Leader, but up until the fifth generation, could only be used once. HMs are very rare, but can be used as many times as desired. HMs are often vital to game progression as they have important overworld effects accessible after defeating a particular Gym Leader. For example, Pokémon who learn the HM move "Surf" can transport the protagonist over water, which is necessary to reach island locations. When a Pokémon learns an HM move the move cannot be deleted or replaced, unless the player uses the services of the Move Deleter NPC. Some Pokémon can learn TMs or HMS that their pre-evolutions or evolutions can't. Two prime examples are Kirlia, who can learn Dazzling Gleam and Swords Dance, with both of its evolutions learning one but not the other, and Gyarados, who can learn Surf when its pre-evolution can't.

Key Items

Key Items are rarer than regular items and are usually given to the player rather than found. These include fishing rods which are used to find water-dwelling Pokémon, a bicycle which allows the protagonist to move around faster, a dowsing machine, and keys which open locked doors leading to important areas. These items cannot be thrown away, sold, or given to a Pokémon.

Holding items

Starting with Pokémon Gold and Silver, each Pokémon is able to hold a single item. Items carried by Pokémon can do a range of things; berries can be consumed by the Pokémon during battle to restore health or boost stats, while other held items can enhance the offensive or defensive power of a Pokémon. Some items only have an effect once and then are used up, while the effect of other items is permanent. Just like moves, some items, particularly powerful ones, have negative side-effects to compensate their power (such as the Life Orb, which boosts the damage of the holder's attacks by 30% but also takes 10% of the holder's maximum HP upon attacking). Some items will cause a Pokémon to evolve when held under certain conditions. Initially this was limited to items held while trading, but Pokémon Diamond and Pearl introduced items that cause evolution when held under other conditions. Most items have no effect at all when held, and some items, such as hidden machines and Key Items, cannot be held.

Catching Pokémon

Because each player begins the game with only one starter Pokémon, capturing is one of the most fundamental aspects of Pokémon, and the primary method of recruiting new Pokémon to the player's party.

In a battle against a wild Pokémon, the player may, instead of defeating it, choose to capture it by using (“throwing”) one of many different types of Poké Balls. The odds of success vary, but are increased if the target Pokémon's HP is low, if the target is affected by a status-altering effect like sleep or paralysis, and if a stronger or specially-suited Poké Ball is used.

If the capture is successful, the captured Pokémon's data is added to the Pokédex, the player may give the Pokémon a nickname, and the Pokémon is added to the player's party. However, if the player's party is filled to its maximum of six Pokémon, the captured Pokémon is instead sent to one of many boxes accessible via PC. In the first and second generation games, if the current PC box is full, the player will be unable to capture any new Pokémon until he or she accesses a PC and switches to a different box. In all other versions, new Pokémon are automatically transferred to the next available box.

There are some Pokémon (mostly Legendaries) that can only be obtained through special events like local game store distributions where you get a certain item, take it to a specific place in the game, and call it forth or by just going in and receiving it via Mystery Gift.

Poké Ball

The Poké Ball (Monster Ball (モンスターボール, Monsutābōru) in original Japanese language versions) is a spherical device used by Pokémon Trainers to capture wild Pokémon and store them in the player's inventory when not active. Upon contact, the balls draw a Pokémon inside and then close automatically. Wild Pokémon are able to resist and break free; however, weakened Pokémon and those with status conditions are less able to struggle and therefore more easily captured. Legendary Pokémon will resist being caught much easier, and will often require many Poké Balls or more powerful Poké Balls in order to catch them. If the player attempts to capture a non-player character's Pokémon, the opponent will block the Ball to prevent its theft, stating that it is illegal to capture a Pokémon already owned by a trainer.

As depicted in the anime and manga series, the Poké Ball, when not in use, is the size of a golf ball and, with a press of the central button, enlarges to the size of a baseball. The Pokémon is released for battle by throwing the ball; when retrieving a Pokémon, a beam of red light converts the Pokémon into energy to reclaim it. Poké Balls are explained as being incredibly comfortable for Pokémon, so much that they would willingly enter one without any sort of encouragement.^[12] The Pokémon Voltorb, Electrode, Foongus, and Amoonguss are often mistaken for Poké Balls, due to their shape and color schemes which highly resemble Poké Balls.

Various types of Poké Balls exist. Introduced in Pokémon Red and Blue, are, in order of progressing strength, the Poké Ball, Great Ball (Super Ball (スーパーボール, Sūpā Bōru) in Japan), Ultra Ball (Hyper Ball (ハイパーボール, Haipā Bōru) in Japan), and the Master Ball (マスターボール, Masutā Bōru), which has a 100% success rate against any Pokémon that can be captured, and of which typically only one is available in the game. In Pokémon Gold, Silver, Crystal, HeartGold and SoulSilver, there are fruits called Apricorns, which, when given to Kurt in Azalea Town, make one of seven special types of Poké Balls, depending on the Apricorn's color. The seven kinds of Poké Balls Kurt can make (and the seven color apricorns they are made out of) are Level (Red), Moon (Yellow), Lure (Blue), Friend (Green), Love (Pink), Fast (White), and Heavy (Black). Beginning in Pokémon Ruby, Sapphire, and Emerald, other specialized balls appear, including the Timer Ball, which becomes more effective as the number of turns in the current battle rises, and the Net Ball, which has a better chance of catching Water and Bug-type Pokémon, among others. In addition, in several games there exists an area called the Safari Zone in which only Safari Balls can be used; these cannot be used elsewhere in the game. Other Poké Balls that exist are the Heavy Ball (useful for catching heavy Pokémon), the Heal Ball (heals the caught Pokémon's health and status), the Luxury Ball (similar to the Friend Ball, in that the caught Pokémon bonds more quickly with its trainer), the Dusk Ball (useful for catching Pokémon at night or in caves), the Nest Ball (useful for capturing Pokémon at a lower level than your own Pokémon), the Repeat Ball (useful for capturing Pokémon you have previously caught), the Lure Ball (useful for Pokémon encountered by fishing) and the Dive Ball (useful for capturing Pokémon encountered while diving). There are also special kinds of Poké Balls (Cherish Ball and Premier Ball) that can only be obtained through special distribution events.

In the Nintendo GameCube RPGs, Pokémon Colosseum and Pokémon XD: Gale of Darkness, the player is able to capture non-player character Pokémon through the use of the Snag Machine which turns Poké Balls into Snag Balls. Snag Balls are capable of capturing any Pokémon (with the same strength limitations as the standard Poké, Great, Ultra, and Master Balls), and they are developed by the antagonists to steal Pokémon where they are not common in the wild. Snag Balls can also be used by the player to capture the specific Shadow Pokémon who have been tainted by the antagonist group and that the player is required to purify for game completion.

UGO.com listed the Poké Ball eighteenth on their list of "Our 50 Favorite Video Game Power-ups" citing how everybody runs to get it in the Super Smash Bros. series.^[13]

Pokédex

The Pokédex (ポケモン図鑑, Pokémon Zukan, lit. "Pokémon Encyclopedia") is an electronic device designed to catalog and provide information regarding the various species of Pokémon. The name Pokédex is a portmanteau of Pokémon and index.^[14] In the video games, whenever a Pokémon is first captured, its height, weight, species type, and a short description will be added to a player's Pokédex. Each region has its own Pokédex, which differ in looks, species of Pokémon catalogued, and capabilities such as the ability to sort the list of Pokémon based on alphabetical order, or display the Pokémon's height compared to the player character. The "National Dex" allows all Pokémon from other regions to be catalogued. The Nintendo 3DS application Pokédex 3D Pro features all of the Pokémon with all of its forms and each one has its own animation.

In the anime, the Pokédex acts as a portable reference tool, able to give information about a certain species of Pokémon even if a trainer has not seen or caught it before. It can also give detailed descriptions of various trainer tools, and it acts as a form of identification. The Kanto and Johto versions of the Pokédex are nicknamed Dexter and voiced by Shinichiro Miki in Japan, Eric Stuart in the 4Kids English dub, and Bill Rogers in the Pokémon USA English dub. The Hoenn and Sinnoh versions are named Dextette (although the Hoenn character May once called her Pokédex "Dexter" during the Battle Frontier saga) and voiced by Megumi Hayashibara (Hoenn) and Tomoko Kawakami (Sinnoh) in Japan, Rachael Lillis in the 4Kids English dub, and Michelle Knotz in the Pokémon USA English dub. The Unova Pokédex is voiced by Unshō Ishizuka in Japanese, and by Marc Thompson in English.

Pokémon evolution

Evolution (進化, shinka) is a sudden change in form of a Pokémon, more akin to a metamorphosis than actual evolution, and is usually accompanied by an increase in stat values. The player can choose to halt evolution at any time before the animation is finished by simply by pressing the B button, unless the evolution was intentionally initiated using an evolutionary stone on the Pokémon. Pokémon whose evolutions are canceled will attempt to evolve again after the condition for evolution is met again, or in the case of Pokémon that evolve by leveling up again. Evolution can occur in Pokémon for several different reasons, the most common of which is gaining enough battle experience. There are many other factors that can determine if, when, and into what, different Pokémon will evolve. The original alternate methods were the use of an item called an Evolution Stone or by trading the Pokémon to another player. Later methods of evolution put into the games include dependence on the Pokémon's friendship, the time of day in the game, carrying a unique item while being traded, the gender, the area in the game where the Pokémon levels up, having a separate specific Pokémon in the player's party, or trading for a specific Pokémon.

The Pokémon Trading Card Game introduced the idea of numerical stages for referring to different points in a Pokémon's evolution. This has translated into colloquial usage among fans of the games. All Pokémon can be placed at one of four evolutionary stages (though no existing Pokémon line includes more than three out of the four stages): Basic Pokémon, Stage 1 Pokémon which evolve from Basic Pokémon, Stage 2 Pokémon which evolve from Stage 1 Pokémon, and Baby Pokémon which are acquired by breeding certain Basic or Stage 1 Pokémon and hatching their eggs. A Pokémon higher up on this evolutionary scale is called an evolved form of the previous stages; a Pokémon lower down on the scale is said to be a pre-evolved form of later Pokémon in the chain. In general, the lower the evolutionary stage that the Pokémon is, the faster it will learn moves.

Leveling up

This is the most common method of evolution across all Pokémon Generations, and involves Pokémon acquiring experience points through battling other Pokémon (both wild and captured). For example, Caterpie evolves into Metapod at level 7, and Metapod evolves into Butterfree at level 10.

Evolutionary stones

Evolutionary stones are a game mechanic introduced in the Generation I games. Particular Pokémon favour particular evolutionary stones, and using one on the correct Pokémon will cause it to evolve. The stones are often littered throughout the games, though in the case of Red, Blue, FireRed and LeafGreen, the Fire, Water, Leaf and Thunder stones could be purchased in the Celadon City Shopping Centre. Initially five evolutionary stones were introduced into the game, including the Water, Thunder, Leaf, Moon and Fire stones, though Generation II saw the introduction of the Sun Stone, allowing Pokémon like Gloom to evolve into Bellossom and Sunkern into Sunflora. Generation IV saw the introduction of more evolutionary stones, the Dusk, Dawn and Shiny Stones. Generation VII saw the introduction of the most recent evolutionary stone, the Ice Stone.

Trading

This method of evolution was first introduced in Generation I, in which players would trade Pokémon. Limited to a particular few, like Machoke who evolves into Machamp and Kadabra into Alakazam when traded. Additional evolutionary trading requirements exist like Shelmet and Karrablast, who only evolve when the opposite is traded. And the presence of held items, like the case of Seadra needed to hold a Dragon Scale to evolve when traded into Kingdra, was introduced in Generation II.

Friendship

Friendship (なつき度, Natsuki-do, lit. "Degree of Emotional Attachment"; nicknamed by players "Happiness") is an attribute that can rise or fall based upon several conditions and events. This aspect, introduced in Pokémon Yellow, was what determined Pikachu's stat growth and affected the outcome of certain NPC events (such as receiving Bulbasaur in Cerulean City). In Pokémon Gold and Silver it is a means to evolve several Pokémon with the focus on taking care of the Pokémon, rather than merely worrying about it leveling up. When a Pokémon like Chansey or Golbat has a very high Friendship, it will evolve after the next time it levels up. Also, most baby Pokémon (itself a mechanic introduced in Gold and Silver) evolve by leveling up with a certain Friendship rating. To further exploit this mechanic, two moves base their Power upon the amount the Pokémon either likes or dislikes its trainer—Return and Frustration. In addition, there are several herbs, cheap restorative items that "have a bitter taste" and will lower the Pokémon's Friendship, as well as several berries that lower a stat but raise Friendship.

Affection

In Pokémon X and Y, a new feature known as Pokémon-Amie (PokéParler (ポケパルレ, Pokeparure) in Japan) is added that allows players to more directly interact with Pokémon to foster the friendship. This minigame utilizes the touchscreen to allow players to pet and feed their Pokémon sweets and utilizes the Nintendo 3DS's forward-facing camera to allow the player to play a game with their Pokémon by matching their facial expressions. Pokémon interacted with via Pokémon-Amie will act differently in battle, turning to their trainer to await orders and express emotions. The more you interact with your Pokémon in Pokémon-Amie, the better it will do in battle. This is measured through the affection stat, which the player can access from the Pokémon-Amie menu.^[15][16] Eevee must have high affection to evolve into Sylveon.

Mega Evolution

Mega Evolution (メガシンカ, Mega Shinka) is a new mechanic introduced in Pokémon X and Y, which further increases the abilities of specific Pokémon. If the player character is in possession of an item called the Key Stone (キーストーン, Kī Sutōn) and a Pokémon who almost fully evolved is holding a Mega Stone (メガストーン, Mega Sutōn), that Pokémon will Mega Evolve into final form for one-evolution families and second/true final form for two-evolution families, sometimes possessing a different typing or Ability. This effect is only active in battle should the player activate the items.^[17] Mewtwo was the first example of a Pokémon capable of Mega Evolution, with Mega Mewtwo appearing in a special episode of the television series and the film Pokémon the Movie: Genesect and the Legend Awakened. It has also been demonstrated that different Mega Evolutions will appear in the two different game versions. The Mega Mewtwo shown in the anime was revealed to be Mega Mewtwo Y, exclusive to Pokémon Y, and a Mega Mewtwo X was later revealed. A Charizard appearing in the television special Pokémon Origins was shown to be Mega Charizard X, completely different from another Mega Charizard (designated Mega Charizard Y) shown in earlier promotions for the video games.

Primal Reversion

Primal Reversion (ゲンシカイキ, Genshi Kaiki) is a new mechanic introduced in Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire, which strengthens the stats and the abilities of certain Pokémon.^[18] It has been called the reverse of Mega Evolution, since the Pokémon reverts to its older, primal form. The two Pokémon that can use Primal Reversion (Kyogre and Groudon) have increased stats and a different ability. For the Pokémon to activate Primal Reversion, it must hold its respective orb. Unlike Mega Evolution, where the option to Mega Evolve appears as part of the move selection process, Primal Reversion is instantly activated when the Pokémon enters the battle. Additionally, there is no limit to how many Pokémon can use Primal Reversion in a battle, as opposed to the limit of only having one Mega Evolution per battle.

Rare Pokémon

Legendary Pokémon

"Legendary Pokémon" (伝説のポケモン, Densetsu no Pokémon) is a term of art; a Legendary is not simply an individual Pokémon about which legends are written, but differs from regular Pokémon in key ways. Currently the group is distinguished by being the only one member of its given species which can be captured per game. Since the Gold and Silver versions of the games (with the exception of FireRed and LeafGreen), the main series' game package features one Legendary, usually the Pokémon most involved in the main storyline of that game. Legendaries are exceptionally powerful, difficult to capture and are unable to reproduce through breeding, with most not being part of an evolutionary chain. Certain Legendary Pokémon colloquially termed "Runners" or "Roaming Pokémon" randomly move around the world map and flee from battle, making them even harder to obtain.^[19]

Mythical Pokémon

"Mythical Pokémon" (幻のポケモン, Maboroshi no Pokémon) is a separate group that consists of Pokémon that cannot be obtained through standard gameplay without the intervention of an external mechanic. These Pokémon are usually placed at the end of their respective games' Pokédex and can only be obtained through distribution events set up by Nintendo. The first of these Mythical Pokémon was Mew, who was programmed into the Red and Green games as a secret character by Sheigiru Morimoto without any knowledge of the other members of the development team, and was not announced until several months after the games' release in a special promotion. Since then, the games have continued to feature Pokémon that cannot be obtained through standard gameplay, but the programming that allow their capture within the games can be activated by special items (or other Pokémon) given out by Nintendo. The first of these such items was the GS Ball in Crystal, which was distributed to players in Japan through the mobile phone connector, allowing them to encounter Celebi. Like Legendaries, Mythical Pokémon are extremely powerful and difficult to capture, are not part of an evolutionary line and cannot breed, with the exception of Manaphy.

Shiny Pokémon

Palette-swapped Pokémon, referred to by players as shiny Pokémon, were first introduced in Gold and Silver as a way to demonstrate the new color-capabilities of the Game Boy Color system. Encountering a shiny Pokémon is extremely rare; the probability of encountering one under normal conditions is 1 in 8,192 (1 in 4,096 from the sixth generation onwards). There are only a few major exceptions to this rule, being the Red Gyarados present in Pokémon Gold, Silver, Crystal, HeartGold, and SoulSilver and also the black Haxorus, the blue/yellow Gible and the pink Dratini present in Pokémon Black 2 and White 2. There are various other ways of increasing the chance of getting a shiny Pokémon. In second-generation games, breeding a shiny Pokémon with a regular Pokémon has a higher chance (1 in 64) of producing a shiny Pokémon. In Diamond, Pearl, Platinum, X, and Y, the Poké Radar can be used to "chain" Pokémon of the same species, improving the odds of a shiny Pokémon with each link (up to 40 links, when the odds are 1 in 200). Since Generation IV, breeding Pokémon that originated in games of two different languages (such as English Platinum and German Pearl), the resulting Egg will have a chance of 1 in 1,638 (Generation IV games) or 1 in 1365 (Black and White onwards) to be a Shiny Pokémon. Additionally, an item introduced in Black 2 and White 2 called the Shiny Charm increases the probability to 1 in 2,730 (affecting the abovementioned method as well, increasing chances to 1 in 1,024). However, this item is only accessible long after completing the game, as the player must have completed the National Pokédex (bar event-exclusive species such as Mew). However, beginning from Black and White, certain Pokémon are 'Shiny-Locked', thus meaning the player cannot obtain a shiny variant of these Pokémon in normal gameplay.

Shiny Pokémon are not necessarily better than regular Pokémon, although in Gold, Silver, and Crystal, they have better-than-average of the Generation II version of individual values known as DVs, or "determinant values". Because these games base shininess on DVs, a small number of Pokémon from first-generation games will become shiny when traded to second-generation games, even though first-generation games do not recognize shiny Pokémon. In the third generation, however, "shininess" is determined by another value, and shiny Pokémon are not stronger than any other Pokémon in battle. Most fans consider shiny Pokémon to be collectors' items since they are so rare.

The term "shiny" was initially a term invented by the Pokémon fan community due to the flash of stars appearing as a Pokémon enters a battle, implying a sheen or crystalline property to the colors of the Pokémon. The term "shiny Pokémon" was not officially acknowledged in English games until two lines of NPC dialogue in Pokémon Black and White, but it has been used in the anime and in a few strategy guides before this. It also was a widely used slang term in Japan, existing as the word hikaru (光る, shining); Ken Sugimori uses hikaru in the title of a piece of artwork featuring a shiny Charizard. The alternate term "Alt. Color" (色違い, Iro Chigai) appears among the options the player can choose when filling out forms in the third generation of games.

Beginning with Pokémon Diamond and Pearl, players can use the Masuda Method (named after director Junichi Masuda, who implemented the mechanic) to increase their chances of obtaining a shiny Pokémon. When players breed two compatible Pokémon from different real-world regions, the chances of their offspring being shiny increase.^[20]

Shiny Pokémon have appeared in the anime, including (but not limited to) the aforementioned red Gyarados and a Noctowl that protagonist Ash Ketchum captures and is then featured throughout several seasons. A pink Butterfree was also featured in an episode of the first season of the anime, but this alternate coloration is not what appears in the subsequent video games where the shiny feature has been implemented.

Connectivity

Pokémon trades

Trading is an important aspect to the Pokémon games, being the crux upon which much of the franchise is based. This is because the slogan, and consequently the goal, “Gotta Catch ‘Em All,” is logistically impossible without trading. Each game released in a generation has certain Pokémon that are exclusive to that version. For example, in Pokémon Red players can catch the Pokémon Ekans and its evolved form, Arbok, while both are absent in the wild in both Pokémon Blue and Pokémon Yellow. Other Pokémon are only available when offered up as a choice. The most obvious example is the choice between three starter Pokémon at the beginning of the game. The only way to get the other two is by trading. Another aspect of trading, in-game trades with NPCs, allows players to acquire Pokémon otherwise unavailable. For example, the only way to get a Jynx in Pokémon Red and Blue (other than trading with another game cartridge) is through an in-game trade. The other way that trading is made instrumental in gameplay is that many Pokémon, like Haunter and Machoke, cannot evolve into their final forms without being traded. Gold and Silver built upon this idea with the advent of holding items; some Pokémon only evolve when given certain items to be held and then trading them. Pokémon that previously did not evolve could now become more powerful, like Onix and Scyther, which starting from the second generation games evolves into Steelix and Scizor (respectively) by holding the item "Metal Coat" and being traded. Black and White introduced a new mechanic where two Pokémon (Karrablast and Shelmet) can only evolve (into Escavalier and Accelgor respectively) when one is traded for the other.

Before the concept of breeding was introduced, players would sometimes have to settle for merely trading Pokémon back and forth between game cartridges or cards. This was because certain Pokémon a player owned (e.g. the starters) were often the only one they had. The game's Pokédex does not monitor whether a player still owned a specific Pokémon, only whether they had ever owned it.

Trading between games on the Game Boy and related systems is accomplished through a Game Link cable that attaches to ports found on all Game Boy incarnations. The size of the ports varies between consoles, so several hybrid cables have been created that allow, for example, linking between the original Game Boy and the Game Boy Color. Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen include a special wireless dongle which plugs into the game link port for local wireless communication. On the Nintendo DS, DS Wireless Communications is used instead.^[21] Diamond and Pearl also introduced the Global Trade Station (or GTS), a place where people all around the world may trade Pokémon using the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. In the GTS hall, the player can input their own location and pinpoint the locations of other players they have interacted with. The Nintendo WFC records this data when they trade successfully with someone over the GTS or in their Pal Pad.^[22]

Mystery Gift

Mystery Gift, a means by which players can receive items from other people, was introduced in Pokémon Gold and Silver and has appeared in every handheld Pokémon game since. To use Mystery Gift, the feature must first be activated in a specific way.

In Gold, Silver, and Crystal, if two players line up the infrared ports on their Game Boy Color units and activate Mystery Gift from the intro menu, each will receive an item. This process also sends a record of each player's party Pokémon to the other player's game for a daily event in Viridian City in which they can battle the other player's Pokémon (controlled by the computer). Players can use Mystery Gift an unlimited number of times, but only once per day with each person. In addition, a player of Pokémon Stadium 2 with a Gold, Silver, or Crystal cartridge plugged into the Transfer Pak can use Mystery Gift with a girl in White City. A Mystery Gift can also be received by connecting with a Pocket Pikachu 2 GS.

In Ruby and Sapphire, Mystery Gift is replaced with Mystery Event. This feature utilizes the now defunct e-reader accessory. Using special e-cards the player could obtain special items such as rare berries or the Eon Ticket. In FireRed, LeafGreen, and Emerald, Mystery Gift is a means to obtain special items at Nintendo's promotional events (through the use of the Wireless Adapter), which allow the player to catch otherwise unobtainable Pokémon, such as Mew and Deoxys.

Pokémon Diamond and Pearl expanded Mystery Gift to include a variety of transferring options. After enabling Mystery Gift, players may obtain items via wireless or Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, and may also transfer them to friends. Wireless connection also allows the player to transfer items from Pokémon Battle Revolution. Currently, Mystery Gift via Nintendo WFC has only been implemented in Pokémon Platinum and Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver. However, this was changed when the shiny Pichu was distributed to all version games via WFC. Also, with the creation of the Pokéwalker, in Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver, came another way to Mystery Gift. By pressing the connect button on two Pokéwalkers and pointing them at each other, both Pokéwalkers will receive an item, which the player will receive upon connecting with his or her game.

Pokémon Bank

Introduced in Pokémon X and Y, the Pokémon Bank (ポケモンバンク, Pokémon Banku) is a cloud storage service, available from December 2013, which allows players to store up to 3,000 Pokémon online. Players can deposit and withdraw Pokémon from both physical and downloaded versions of Pokémon X and Y, allowing players to exchange Pokémon between the two versions without the need for a second system. Additionally, an application called Poké Transporter (known as Poké Mover (ポケムーバー, Poke Mūbā) in Japan), allows players to upload Pokémon from Pokémon Black, White, Black 2, and White 2 to the Pokémon Bank, after which they can be imported into X and Y. The service requires an annual fee, and there are plans to continue to utilize it for future Pokémon titles.^[23]

Intended for release on December 27, 2013, Pokémon Bank was postponed due to unforeseen traffic levels on the Nintendo Network service.^[24] Pokémon Bank was fully released on the Nintendo eShop on January 22, 2014 in Japan, February 4, 2014 in Europe, and February 5, 2014 in North America.

As of an Update released on January 24, 2016, Pokémon Sun and Moon have also gained compatibility with Pokémon Bank. The update allows players to send their Pokémon from their core sixth generation games to Sun and Moon, though when transferred, they cannot return to the older games, presumably to prevent Seventh Generation Pokémon, or Pokémon with moves from that generation, from entering the games. Additionally, the Poké Transporter was also updated to allow players to transfer Pokémon caught in the Virtual Console editions of Pokémon Red, Blue, and Yellow to Pokémon Sun and Moon. The update also added a new in-app National Pokédex, presumably to make up for the lack of one in Sun and Moon.^[25][26][27]

From March 3, 2016 up until October 31, 2016, players with access to Pokémon Bank could have received Regirock, Regice and Registeel, each with a Hidden Ability.^[28]

From January 24, 2017 to October 2, 2017, players with access to Pokémon Bank can get a Mewnium Z.^[29]

Pokémon breeding

Pokémon breeding was introduced in Pokémon Gold and Silver. Pokémon can be bred in-game at a Daycare Center (育て屋, Sodateya). These are businesses generally run by an elderly person or couple (NPCs), which raise Pokémon Trainers' Pokémon for a fee. If two compatible Pokémon are left there, they will eventually produce a Pokémon egg (タマゴ, tamago), which the trainer can pick up for free. After being carried by the trainer for some distance, the egg will hatch into a young Pokémon, usually of the lowest stage in its mother's evolutionary line. All legendary Pokémon except for Manaphy and Phione cannot breed.

Some Pokémon have pre-evolutions that are hatched from an egg. These eggs are normally obtained by breeding Pokémon caught in the wild, but sometimes are given as gifts to the player character by NPCs. Known as "Baby Pokémon", these Pokémon are unable to breed but have evolutions that can breed baby Pokémon. For new Baby Pokémon introduced after Gold and Silver, the parent can only produce these Pokémon when holding a certain item.^[30]

Compatibility

Compatibility is usually restricted to one male and one female. In addition, Pokémon species are assigned to Egg Groups (タマゴグループ, Tamago Gurūpu), which determines their breeding compatibility with other species. Pokémon may belong to up to two Egg Groups; in order to breed, they must share at least one Egg Group. How fast two compatible Pokémon breed depends on how well they get along (a hidden calculation based on various factors). Nearly all Pokémon species, even those that are all-male or genderless, are able to breed with the shape-shifting Pokémon Ditto. The egg produced will yield a hatchling from the non-Ditto Pokémon's evolutionary line. Two Ditto cannot breed to produce another Ditto.

A select group of species cannot breed at all, which includes most legendary Pokémon, Nidoqueen and Nidorina (but not Nidoran♀), Unown, and all "baby" Pokémon. This is called the "Undiscovered" egg group. Although some legendary Pokémon (such as Heatran and Cresselia) have genders, they still cannot breed. An unusual circumstance involves the relation of the legendary Pokémon Manaphy and Phione: both can breed with Ditto to create an egg which hatches into Phione, yet Phione does not evolve into Manaphy. Manaphy itself is obtained from an egg from Pokémon Ranger games but will never breed to produce a Manaphy egg.

Inheritance

Pokémon hatched from eggs can inherit (遺伝, iden) stats from their parents. The Pokémon inherits the quality ("Individual Value" or "IV") of a random number of stats (maximum of 3) from each parent, with the hatched Pokémon's other stats being random.^[31]

Moves can also be inherited through breeding. Moves that a newly hatched Pokémon begins with are divided into three categories: Learned Moves, Inherited Moves, and Hereditary Moves or "Egg Moves". Learned Moves are moves that the Pokémon would have naturally at its starting level; Inherited Moves are those that the Pokémon would be able to learn at later levels or through TMs; and Hereditary Moves (タマゴわざ, Tamago Waza), inherited from the father (or either parent beginning in Pokémon X and Y), are those that the Pokémon would not be able to learn normally. The Pokémon can learn the move on this occasion as it receives the move from a parent of a different species. Upon birth, the young Pokémon's move slots are filled with Learned Moves. However, if there are any Inherited or Hereditary Moves available for the Pokémon to learn, they replace the Learned Moves.^[31][32]

Battle facilities

In addition to the Pokémon Gyms and other battles to advance the plot, side games and post-game areas have been introduced in subsequent editions of the Pokémon games that extend the gameplay.

First introduced in Pokémon Crystal, the Battle Tower (バトルタワー, Batoru Tawā) is a game feature accessible outside of the main storyline where the player faces several trainers in succession with a limited set of their Pokémon and receive prizes in the form of otherwise rare items. The Japanese version of Crystal which had a mobile phone adapter allowed for players to challenge other players to Battle Tower fights. The next Battle Towers appear in Ruby and Sapphire, which is similar to the Crystal Battle Tower, and in Diamond and Pearl, which has a boss character and a point system similar to the Battle Frontiers.

The Battle Frontier (バトルフロンティア, Batoru Furontia) was introduced in Pokémon Emerald, replacing the Battle Tower as found in the Ruby and Sapphire games. In addition to having its own Battle Tower with the same rules as the previous ones, the Battle Frontier adds several other game mechanics that make battles unique in the end game. Examples include the Battle Palace's prohibition on choosing what moves the Pokémon uses and the Battle Factory's random rental Pokémon. Instead of prizes, the player is awarded Battle Points (BP) which can be traded for rare items or TMs. The Diamond and Pearl Battle Tower uses this same system, and it is replaced by a Battle Frontier in the Pokémon Platinum game. The HeartGold and SoulSilver games also have a Battle Frontier, identical to that of the Platinum version, where the Battle Tower was found in Crystal. After a series of battles in each venue, players encounter Frontier Brains (フロンティアブレーン, Furontia Burēn) who are challenged in the same fashion as all other battles, and the player will either earn a Symbol (シンボル, Shinboru, Emerald) or a Commemorative Print (きねんプリント, Kinen Purinto, Platinum, HeartGold, SoulSilver) for winning. The Frontier Brains can be challenged a second time to more advanced versions of the Symbols or Prints (advancing from Silver to Gold). The Frontier Brains have very powerful Pokémon, often including Legendary Pokémon, making a victory even more difficult than in the main storyline.

Emerald also features Battle Tents (バトルテント, Batoru Tento), which allow the player to encounter some of the unique battle mechanics of three of the Battle Frontier venues. Rather than Battle Points, the player is awarded with an item that is rare or expensive.

The Battle Subway (バトルサブウェイ, Batoru Sabuwei) is unique to the Black and White games and serves as the games' Battle Tower, taking on the form of a subway to match the games' New York City-styled setting. In the same vein as the Battle Tower in Diamond and Pearl and the various Battle Frontiers, players earn BP and after a certain number of battles they challenge one or both of the two Subway Bosses (Subway Masters (サブウェイマスター, Sabuwei Masutā) in Japan), depending on what type of battles (Single, Double, or Multi) the player was competing in.

The Battle Subway returns in Black 2 and White 2, but it is joined by two new sets of areas. The first one introduced in the games is the Pokémon World Tournament (ポケモンワールドトーナメント, Pokémon Wārudo Tōnamento), wherein the player participates in a tournament-style setting with various NPC trainers, set to a particular theme of a level limit, using randomly assigned teams, or using teams downloaded from the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, to earn BP. The more advanced side of the Pokémon World Tournament is a tournament-style setting in battling the Gym Leaders and Pokémon League Champions from all over the Pokémon World, enabling players to challenge characters such as Brock and Misty from Red and Blue, Volkner from Diamond and Pearl, Lance from Gold and Silver, or Steven from Ruby and Sapphire. Also introduced in the games are the Black Tower (黒の摩天楼, Kuro no Matenrō) in Black 2's Black City and the White Treehollow (白の樹洞, Shiro no Judō) in White 2's White Forest. In these facilities, the player must battle a series of trainers without using items, and only relying on Doctor or Nurse trainers to restore their team's health. At the end, the player challenges the leader and later is awarded a rare Pokémon for succeeding.

The Battle Maison (バトルハウス, Batoru Hausu, "Battle House") is introduced in X and Y, and can only be accessed after the player completes the main story. Similar to the Battle Frontier and the Battle Subway, there are different types of battling methods to choose from: single, double, triple, rotation, and multi battles. Then the player is drawn to a tournament where he/she is challenged to numerous battles with random trainers. After winning a battle the player receives one BP (battle point) which can later be used to by items, vitamins, and TMs. After winning 21 battles the player must battle the strongest trainer or referred to as the Battle Chatelaine. It depends on what battle style you choose. If the player beats 50 trainers, they have the chance to battle one of the Battle Chatelaines again. Only this time do they use legendary Pokémon (e.g. Zapdos, Moltres, Articuno). Another similar feature is the Battle Chateau (バトルシャトー, Batoru Shatō), where the player advances through a ranking system based on the French nobility system after battling increasingly difficult trainers, including being able to battle the Gym Leaders, Elite Four members, and Champion in the same system.

In Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire, the Battle Maison returns, but the Battle Frontier, which was featured in the original Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire games is hinted to be in production. The Battle Maison is very similar to the one in Pokémon X and Y, but TMs (Technical Machines) cannot be bought; they are replaced by other items.

The Battle Royal (バトルロイヤル, Battle Royal) is introduced in Pokémon Sun and Moon, which involves four Trainers all battling each other at the same time. After becoming Champion, the player is given access to the Battle Tree (バトルツリー, Battle Tree) on Poni Island. The Battle Tree is similar to the Battle Maison, Battle Subway, and Battle Towers from the previous generations. On the 20th battle of normal challenges and 50th battle of Super challenges, a Battle Legend will be challenged.

Pokémon Competitions

In addition to battling, several Pokémon Competitions have been introduced throughout the series to provide an alternate set of mini-games.

Pokémon Contests

Pokémon Contests (ポケモンコンテスト, Pokémon Kontesuto) are competitions of skill among Pokémon Trainers and their Pokémon partners. Pokémon Contests are different from Pokémon battles, testing talent rather than power. They were introduced in Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire and later appeared in Emerald, Diamond, Pearl, and Platinum.

There are five categories that a Pokémon can be entered into: Beauty, Cute, Cool, Tough, and Smart. In addition, there are four ranks of contests: Normal, Super, Hyper, and Master Rank. To enter, a trainer must go to the contest hall that holds contests of the appropriate rank, and in ranks higher than Normal, the participating Pokémon must have won the contest of the selected category in the previous rank. In Diamond and Pearl, Contests are renamed Super Contests, and the four ranks are named Normal, Great, Ultra, and Master.^[33]

In the first round (called Visual Competition in Diamond and Pearl) the Pokémon is shown to the audience, who then vote on their favorite. Pokémon will gain more points here if they have good condition in the selected category, which can be increased by using Pokéblocks. In Diamond and Pearl, Pokéblocks are replaced by Poffins, and the player can also use the stylus to dress up their Pokémon in certain Accessories (アクセサリー, Akusesarī) to fit the theme of the contest.^[34]

The second round, called Dance Competition, was introduced in Diamond and Pearl. The participating Pokémon join in a dance routine. The leading Pokémon gets rated based on following the rhythm, and the rest of the Pokémon have to mimic the leader's steps. All four participants take turns to be the leader.^[35]

The final round (Acting Competition) comprises a few rounds, and the Pokémon are ordered in sequence based on their performance in the previous round. Each round, the player chooses one Pokémon move to perform before the judge, and in Diamond and Pearl players also choose which of three judges to appeal to. Each move has a category, appeal value, and effect. Using a good combination will gain the Pokémon more appeal points, but using the same attack twice will generally lose the Pokémon points. Moves can have many effects, such as "jamming" previous Pokémon to reduce their appeal, or randomizing the order of appeals in the next round.^[36] After appeals are concluded, the results are shown, and the Pokémon with the most total points wins a ribbon.^[37]

Pokéblocks and Poffins

Pokéblocks (Polock (ポロック, Porokku)), introduced in Ruby and Sapphire, are candy-like treats used to increase the contest condition and Loyalty of Pokémon. Pokéblocks are created from berries in the "Berry Blender" minigame, which can be played by two to four human or computer-controlled players. The types of berries blended by all participants affect the category and effectiveness of the resulting Pokéblock. Pokéblocks are also used in the games' Safari Zone to attract wild Pokémon.

Poffins (ポフィン, Pofin), a type of baked goods, were introduced in Pokémon Diamond and Pearl as replacements for Pokéblocks. Poffins are made by adding a berry to some batter in a pot, and stirring it with a stylus using the Nintendo DS's touch screen. Poffins can be mixed only with human partners and can be done solo or with two to four players wirelessly.

Pokéathlon

In Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver, the contest minigame is replaced with an athletic competition called the Pokéathlon (ポケスロン, Pokesuron). The competitions range from track and field events such as hurdling or a relay race to a snowball fight and a game resembling pachinko.

A Pokémon's stats may be increased by consuming "Aprijuice" ("Bon Drink" (ボンドリンク, Bon Dorinku)) made from fruits known as Apricorns that the player can find throughout the world. By putting a number of Apricorns in a blender and making the player character run a certain number of steps, the Apricorns are mixed into a milkshake-like blend. The process can be repeated multiple times, each time adding more Apricorns to the mixture and running to blend them. The number of times this is done, along with the variety of Apricorns used, affects the type and effectiveness of the resulting Aprijuice. Aprijuice will increase one of five additional statistics that only exist for the Pokéathlon which consist of Speed (unique from the standard Speed statistic), Power, Skill, Jump, and Stamina.

Pokémon Musicals

In Pokémon Black and White, the contest minigame is replaced by the Pokémon Musicals (ポケモンミュージカル, Pokémon Myūjikaru).^[38] Rather than grooming Pokémon with Pokéblocks, Poffins, or Aprijuice, the player's Pokémon is only dressed in Accessories which can be waved around on stage when the Pokémon dances to various pieces of music; the player does not control the Pokémon during this time, other than Appealing with special props. If the audience likes the performance, they give more props to the player in person post-performance. The player can, in fact, control the camera angle during the performance.

Pokéstar Studios

Another minigame is added in Black 2 and White 2 called Pokéstar Studios (Pokéwood (ポケウッド, Pokeuddo) in the Japanese release). The player joins the cast of a movie and participates in a mock battle with a chroma key opponent, all while picking line options that match the script of the film and completing an objective within a particular set of turns. Depending on how well the player performs according to the script (or if the player introduced a twist to the intended ending), he or she receives items from the film premiere's audience and unlocks more movies to participate in.

References