Poitevin horse

Poitevin

Other names	Cheval du Poitou Mulassier Trait Mulassier Poitevin Mulassier Trait Poitevin Mulassier
Country of origin	France (Poitou)
Equus ferus caballus

The Poitevin, also called Mulassier ("mule-breeder"),^[1] Poitevin Mulassier or Trait Mulassier is a draft horse from the Poitou area of France. It is a late-maturing breed with strong bones, known for its calm nature. It is found in many solid coat colors, the result of crossbreeding with several other European draft breeds throughout its history, and is the only French draft horse to be found in bay dun. Today, Poitevins are used mainly for driving, although some are used for riding and equine therapy.

Enthusiasts claim descent from the horses painted on the cave walls of Lascaux, though this has not been verified by scientific studies. Horses have been recorded in the area since at least the 10th century, and the regional type was preferred by magistrates and clergy in medieval times. The Poitevin breed as it is known today began to take shape in the early 17th century, as engineers began draining the French marshes and brought with them their draft horses, which were crossed with native horses. Since early in its history, the Poitevin has been used extensively for the breeding of mules, and although commonly called a draft horse, was not favored for agricultural purposes. During the 19th century, the population of the Poitevin increased, reaching 50,000 pure and crossbred mares by 1867. Crossbreeding with other draft breeds led to concerns about the purity of the Poitevin population, but a small group of breeders worked to preserve the remaining purebred population.

A studbook was created for the breed in 1884, and was closed in 1922. A breeders' association was created in 1923. The first half of the 20th century saw declining populations of horses and mules due to increased mechanization, and, by 1945, Poitevin breeding was oriented towards the production of meat. The population dropped precipitously, and between 1970 and 1990 varied between 250 and 300 animals, with still lower levels seen in the early 1990s. A genetic study released in 1994 showed genetic bottlenecking and a severe risk of inbreeding, and led to the establishment of a conservation plan. Despite a slight increase in popularity at the beginning of the 21st century, the Poitevin is still in danger of extinction, with a slightly downward-trending population.

Characteristics

The head and forequarters

The body of the Poitevin is slender for a heavy horse and longer than other French draft breeds. It stands 15.3 to 17.1 hands (63 to 69 inches, 160 to 175 cm) high,^[2][3] with stallions averaging 16.2 hands (66 inches, 168 cm) and mares 15.3 hands.^[4] The heavy clay and rich minerals of its homeland help it to develop strong bones,^[5][6] and it is late to reach physical maturity, generally around 6 to 7 years.^[7]

The head is long and strong,^[8] with a convex profile^[9] and thick, long ears.^[7] The neck is long and the shoulders are sloping. The chest is broad and deep, the withers prominent, the back long and broad,^[8] and the hindquarters strong. The legs are well developed and powerful,^[7] with large joints.^[8] The Poitevin has large hooves, an advantage in wet environments, as an adaptation to the alternately hard and waterlogged marshes upon which it developed.^[5] The lower legs are well feathered,^[10] and the mane and tail are long and thick.^[7][11] The Poitevin is gentle, calm^[7] and robust.^[9] Historically the breed has been known for its slow movement and disinterest in pulling, although it can produce significant power if necessary.^[12] The breed enjoys human contact, and shows intelligence, although it can also be stubborn. Prolonged effort is its weak point, as the Poitevin sometimes lack endurance.^[7]

The Poitevin is found in a wide variety of colors, which are partly the result of the many breeds that influenced it.^[10] It is the only French draft horse that can be found in bay dun,^[7] a tan body color with black mane and tail and primitive markings. This color likely comes from the Spanish horses that influenced the Flemish horses that later contributed to the breeding of the Poitevin.^[10] The most popular colors are pure black and seal brown (the latter called black pangaré by the breed registry, although these horses are genetically brown, not black with pangaré markings),^[7] which came from the influence of Flemish and Friesian horses.^[10] The breed standard accepts all colors, except for pinto and leopard spotted,^[4] and it is common to see gray, bay and bay roan horses, the last probably being inherited from the Brabant breed.^[10] Chestnut and chestnut roan are also seen,^[9] both being a legacy of Breton crosses in the breed.^[10]

History

The Poitevin breed was created in the marshes of the Poitou region,^[13] especially around Luçon, La Rochelle, Melle and Niort.^[14] It was developed through a mixture of human and natural selection to the marshy area that it inhabited. Although described as a draft horse, it was not selected for draft purposes, and was never popular for that use.^[6]

A Friesian, one of the breeds that contributed to the Poitevin

Remains of prehistoric horses have been found in the Poitou region, with Mesolithic remains (20,000 to 5,000 BC) located near Surgères and Échiré. Some enthusiasts claim that the Poitevin horse is descended directly from these horses, based on physical similarities, and claim a common origin with the Tarpan horse painted on the Lascaux cave walls. However, this has not been confirmed by scientific studies, and numerous claims by other horse breeds of this same relationship have been invalidated by further research.^[4] Other horses were probably brought to the area by migrating Celts, and there is a record from the 10th century of a bishop from Rome asking the Count of Poitou for a mare from the region. These horses, like mules, were a favorite among the magistrates and ecclesiastical personnel in the medieval era, and were sold around Niort, Saint-Maixent, Auvergne, Dauphiné, Languedoc and in Spain.^[15] The number of horses in the area, however, was not well known before the 17th century.^[16]

The Poitevin breed as it is known today began to develop in 1599 when King Henry IV of France^[5] requested that Dutch and Flemish engineers, led by Humphrey Bradley, begin draining the Poitou marshes.^[4] They brought with them Friesian, Brabant and a type of Flemish work horse that was well known in the 13th century.^[17] These horses stood under 16.3 hands (67 inches, 170 cm) and weighed up to 1,200 kilograms (2,600 lb).^[16] They were crossed with native Poitou mares,^[13][18] and this crossbreeding created a large, slow type,^[6] similar to the Flemish work horses of the Dutch marshes.^[16][19] This type was the forerunner of the modern Poitevin breed.^[5][15]

At the end of the 18th century, the French government tried to impose a system of crossing Poitevin horses with lighter-weight Norman and Thoroughbred horses to create cavalry horses. Despite financial incentives,^[4] private breeders protested because they felt that the resulting crossbred horses created poor quality mules upon further breeding. The changes also affected the characteristics of the breed that had been developed for work in its marshy homeland,^[16] including large hooves and a calm manner. Some sources argue that at this point the breed was employed for agricultural and logging uses.^[15][18] Others state that they were not pulling horses, and were instead used almost solely for the production of mules.^[6]

Production of mules

Poitevin mares were crossbred with Poitou donkeys to create the famous Poitou mule, a large, hardy breed. As mules are hybrids, and thus sterile, they can only be created through crossing a donkey and a horse.^[20] The industry of mule breeding in Poitou has existed since at least the 18th century, when it was opposed by the government stud farm administration that was attempting to breed cavalry horses for French troops. At the beginning of the 19th century, the government prohibited breeding mules from mares taller than 11.3 ¹⁄₄ hands (47.25 inches, 120 cm), and threatened to castrate all donkeys in the region.^[16] In the 1860s, equine historian Eugene Gayot described a horse that he called the "poitevine mulassière", and stated that the main purpose of this breed was to produce mares from which to breed mules. He added that this breed was also called the Poitevin. Mares of many breeds were used to produce mules at that point in history, but Gayot noted that the heavy mares from the Poitou marshes produced the best mules,^[21] likely because the Poitevin mares bequeathed to their descendents the same heavy bone structure.^[10]

Although the Poitevin was not the only breed of horse used for the production of mules, the Poitou mule was known worldwide.^[22][23] They were in high demand in the United States from the late 19th century until the beginning of World War I.^[20] During the 1920s, livestock production began to decline.^[24] In the Deux-Sèvres region, especially in the district of Melle, near Luçon and Saint-Maixent, mule breeding began to be concentrated in ateliers (workshops), which were relatively expensive for breeders.^[20][22]

19th century

Poitevin colts and fillies were sold at fairs in Marans, Nuaillé, Surgères, Rochefort, Pont-l'Abbé and Saujon.^[14] In 1867, there were 50,000 pure and crossbred mares.^[25] By the early 20th century, there were tens of thousands of Poitevins in France,^[9] but this period saw the beginning of the breed's decline.^[25] Poitevin colts, which were not used for the breeding of mules, were considered "soft" and less valuable than the major draft horse breed of the 19th century – the Percheron. Some horse dealers purchased young gray Poitevin horses, fed them heavily to make them larger and stronger, and then sold them at the age of four as Percherons. These "Percherons" were transported to areas such as Saintonge, Yonne, Nivernais and Gâtinais.^[26]

An 1877 illustration of a Poitevin

In the early 19th century, the breed was crossed with the Percheron, and with the Boulonnais between 1860 and 1867. During the same time period, crosses were made with the Breton, a practice supported by some breeders and denounced by others.^[4] Farmers in the region also began to add Breton blood into the Poitou mule,^[14] giving that animal a more square head and shorter ears.^[22][27] In the Poitevin horse breed, the crosses resulted in the body becoming longer and lighter, the legs longer and with less bone, and gray becoming more common as a coat color.^[27] In 1860, Eugene Gayot called the mares of the breed "heavy, common, soft and of medium size".^[22] Breeders chose horses with large joints, thick coats^[22] and a high croup, and had a preference for a black coat color.^[14]

In 1861, there were concerns that the old-style Poitevin was becoming extinct, and questions about whether the Poitou mule retained the quality that it previously had.^[28] The large Poitevin mares became rarer, due to large amounts of crossbreeding and a lack of care shown towards breeding stock selection.^[16] Thoroughbreds and Thoroughbred crosses, especially at the stud farms in Saint-Maixent and La Roche-sur-Yon, created the Anglo-Poitevin type, a half-blood used by the army. The continued draining of the marshes also influenced the breed.^[21] Many Poitevins at this point were actually a mix of Breton and old-type Poitevin bloodstock. However, a distinction persisted between the real Poitevin and mixed-blood horses, and farmers who preferred the former preserved the type, which formed the base for the creation of the breed studbook.^[16]

An 1861 illustration of an Anglo-Poitevin

The studbook for the Poitevin horse was created by the Société Centrale d'Agriculture des Deux-Sèvres on June 26, 1884,^[29] with a horse section and a donkey section.^[30] The first edition was released December 31, 1885,^[29] setting the physical criteria for the breeding and ending the practice of promoting crossbred horses as purebreds. It also marked the end of government intervention against the mule breeding industry, although bonuses were paid to encourage farmers to breed purebred horses.^[16] In 1902, a breeding syndicate to promote Poitou mules was created, but disappeared after a lack of advertising by stock breeders. On August 6, 1912, the French government released a decree officially supporting the mule breeding industry, backed by the purchase of mules by the French National Stud and bonuses given to the best stallions.^[31]

20th century

After several revisions, the studbook was closed in 1922 after registering 424 foundation horses. The closing of the studbook brought about additional purebred breeding and selection based on conformation, color and working ability.^[16] In 1923, an association of Poitevin breeders was founded,^[9] but declining livestock production pushed the group to reorganize in 1937 in order to gain more support from the government, through bonuses and subsidies.^[16]

In the first half of the 20th century, the mule breeding industry collapsed with the advent of mechanization.^[9] By 1922, Poitevin foals became difficult to sell,^[25] and the population dropped dramatically as there was no economic incentive for breeding. A continued breeding of mules caused the breed to decline faster than other draft breeds, as purebred horses were not bred as often.^[9][18] By 1945, breed selection was oriented towards the production of meat, as the only remaining economic opportunity for farmers.^[16] The conformation of the breed changed slightly to become shorter, but the Poitevin remained unprofitable for horse meat, as breeders preferred to invest in herds of Comtois and Breton horses, which were faster growing and higher yielding.^[25]

By 1950, there were only about 600 mares and 50 stallions left in the breed. Increasing mechanization and competition with other livestock hurt the Poitevin,^[25] as did a lack of promotion and protection. Between 1970 and 1990, the population of the Poitevin varied between 250 and 300 animals, with an average of 20 new horses entering the studbook each year.^[32] By the early 1990s, population numbers fell to the lowest in history.^[4][33] Sources are unclear on the number of living Poitevins in the early 1990s, but by 1996 one author says there were 64 newly registered foals and 28 approved breeding stallions,^[34] while another gives a total population of 293 horses in 1997.^[35]

Conservation and genetic testing

The breed owes its survival to a small group of enthusiasts, working with the French National Stud.^[9][18] A genetic study performed in 1994 revealed a genetic bottleneck in the mid-1900s, with the entire modern population of Poitevins tracing to one stallion, named Québec, foaled in 1960. There is a significant risk of inbreeding, leading the Unité Nationale de Sélection et de Promotion de Race to promote a plan of managed breeding in 1998.^[18] At the same time, crossbreeding with Friesian and Belgian horses was suggested to increase genetic diversity using morphologically and historically similar breeds.^[9] The French government distributes bonuses to the owners of the best stallions, a program more important to the Poitevin than to other draft breeds because of the significant possibility of extinction.^[36]

The Poitevin had a slight increase in popularity at the beginning of the 21st century,^[9] and could count approximately 100 farms perpetuating the breed.^[20] The association had around 300 members, as well as 83 stallions and 189 mares registered.^[9] However, by 2006, the Poitevin was still considered the most endangered French horse breed, with less than 100 births per year^[18] and a slightly decreasing population.^[37] There is almost no crossbreeding done with outside breeds, in order to maintain the numbers of purebred stock.^[18] In 2008, a second genetic study was conducted in partnership with the Institut national de la recherche agronomique; this study considered the Poitevin and four other French breeds to be endangered. It suggested making these breeds a conservation priority in order to maintain maximum genetic diversity among the French horse population.^[38]

The studbook for the Poitevin is based in Niort,^[36] and the breed is the subject of a conservation breeding plan, the goal of which is to eventually revive the production of Poitou mules. The conservation plan includes an experimental infusion of blood from the Boulonnais, and is followed by 70 percent of breeders.^[37] L'association nationale des races mulassières du Poitou manages the studbook for the Poitevin horse, the Poitou donkey and the Poitou mule, and is recognized by the French Ministry of Agriculture. Its goals are to ensure the selection of breeding stock that meet the physical characteristics expected of the breeds, to maintain the studbooks, and to promote the breeds.^[39] There is a breed show held annually in the Poitou region.^[9]

A stallion shown in-hand at the Paris International Agricultural Show in 2012

The Poitevin breed has very low numbers. In 2011, there were 71 new foals registered with the studbook. The same year, 227 mares were covered, with 171 being bred to Poitevin stallions. There were 33 stallions registered and 80 active breeders. These numbers represent a decrease from the previous year. Over the past decade, the highest number of foals registered was 113 in 2008, and between 80 and 90 foals were registered in the other years.^[40] The majority of breeding farms are located in the Poitou area, including Vendée (especially around Fontenay-le-Comte and Luçon), Deux-Sèvres (especially near Melle), Vienna and Civray, and some in Charente, near Ruffec. There are National Studs located in Saintes and Vendée.^[6][37] There are a few breeders in Maine-et-Loire.^[41]

The breed is accessible to the public at l'Asinerie nationale de la Tillauderie, an experimental farm in Dampierre-sur-Boutonne in Charente-Maritime,^[9] and at the Saintes National Stud.^[42] Members of the breed are exhibited at the annual Paris International Agricultural Show.^[9] Approximately a dozen horses are exported each year, mainly to Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. A few breeding stallions have been exported to the United States. Breeders in the US have become interested in the conservation of the breed as a draft animal, as opposed to many Europeans, who are looking for a leisure animal.^[43] A stud farm also exists in Sweden, and one in the United States.^[4]

Uses

As the stallions of the Poitevin breed could not be used to produce mules, they were generally sold as two-year-olds at the summer fair in Vendée and the winter fair in Saint-Maixent, as well as to horse merchants in Berry, Beauce, Perche and the Midi. In these areas, they were used for agriculture. In Paris, they were used for pulling omnibuses, and the French military used the Poitevin for pulling artillery.^[27] At the beginning of the 21st century there has been a new demand for mules for leisure purposes, but this demand cannot be filled by Poitevin mares until their numbers have recovered to a sufficient level.^[33]

Today, Poitevins are used mainly for driving, both in competitions and for leisure use.^[5][9] They are used to pull carriages for tourists. Members of the breed can be ridden more comfortably than other draft breeds due to their slimmer build.^[4] They are also used extensively for equine therapy in France.^[44] The Poitevin is used for light agricultural work in vineyards,^[44] and for maintenance of natural wetlands. The council of Ille-et-Vilaine acquired a herd of Poitevins to maintain the marshes in the area.^[4] The Poitevin also has been used in movies,^[45] as a mount for forest monitors in Melun,^[7] harnessed for urban work in Poitier and Niort,^[4] and for the collection of waste on the island of Ré.^[46]

Notes

References

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• Bataille, Lætitia (2008). Races équines de France (in French). France Agricole Éditions. ISBN 978-2-85557-154-6. 
• Biteau, Benoît (1997). "Contribution, sur le plan de la génétique, à la sauvegarde et à la relance du cheval de trait mulassier" (PDF) (in French). École nationale d'ingénieurs des travaux agricoles de Bordeaux (mémoire). Retrieved 2012-02-07. 
• Bixio (1844). "Race poitevine mulassière". Maison rustique du XIX^e siècle (in French). À la Librairie agricole. OCLC 4790570. 
• Collective (2002). Chevaux et poneys (in French). Éditions Artemis. ISBN 2-84416-338-6. 
• Dal'Secco, Emmanuelle (2006). Les chevaux de trait (in French). Éditions Artemis. ISBN 978-2-84416-459-9. 
• Mavré, Marcel (2004). Attelages et attelées : un siècle d'utilisation du cheval de trait (in French). France Agricole Éditions. ISBN 978-2-85557-115-7. 
• Moll, Louis; Nicolas, Eugène; Gayot, Eugène (1861). La connaissance générale du cheval: études de zootechnie pratique, avec un atlas de 160 pages et de 103 figures (in French). Didot.