Goal difference

Goal difference or points difference is a form of tiebreaker used to rank sport teams which finish on equal points in a league competition. Either "goal difference" or "points difference" is used, depending on whether matches are scored by goals (as in ice hockey and association football) or by points (as in rugby union and basketball).

Goal difference (or points difference) is calculated as the number of goals (or points) scored in all league matches minus the number of goals or points conceded. Goal difference was first introduced as a tiebreaker in association football, at the 1970 FIFA World Cup,^[1] and was adopted by the Football League in England five years later.^[1] It has since spread to many other competitions, where it is typically used as either the first or, after tying teams' head-to-head records, second tiebreaker.

Goal difference has often replaced the older goal average, or goal ratio. Goal average means the number of goals scored divided by the number of goals conceded. It was replaced by goal difference, which was thought to encourage more attacking play, encouraging teams to score more goals (or points) as opposed to defending against conceding.^[1] However goal average is still used as the tiebreaker in Australian rules football where it is referred to as "percentage". This is calculated as points scored divided by points conceded, and then multiplied by 100.^[2]

If two or more teams' total points scored and goal differences are both equal, then often goals scored is used as a further tiebreaker, with the team scoring the most goals winning.^[3] After this a variety of other tiebreakers may be used.

Goal difference v. goal average

The different schemes can lead to strikingly different results. With the following matches:

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Under goal average, Team A would win:

Pos	Team	Pld	W	D	L	GF	GA	GAvg	Pts
1	Team A	2	1	0	1	3	1	3.000	3
2	Team B	2	1	0	1	6	3	2.000	3
3	Team C	2	1	0	1	1	6	0.167	3

Under goal difference, Team B would win:

Pos	Team	Pld	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	Pts
1	Team B	2	1	0	1	6	3	+3	3
2	Team A	2	1	0	1	3	1	+2	3
3	Team C	2	1	0	1	1	6	−5	3

Goal average was replaced by goal difference due to the former's encouragement of lower-scoring games. For example, a team that scores 70 while conceding 40 would have a lesser goal average (1.750) than another team that scores 69 while conceding 39 (1.769). Or, for the team that has scored 70 while conceding 40, conceding another would reduce the goal average by 0.043 (to 1.707), whereas scoring another would increase it by only 0.025 (to 1.775), making not conceding much more important than scoring again.

Another issue with goal average is that, if a team has conceded no goals (e.g. Group 1 of the 1966 World Cup), the value cannot be calculated, as division by zero is undefined.

Titles decided on goal difference

Netherlands top-flight

2007, PSV Eindhoven and Ajax

Standings after 33 matches

Team	Pld	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	Pts
AZ Alkmaar	33	21	9	3	81	28	+53	72
Ajax	33	22	6	5	82	35	+47	72
PSV Eindhoven	33	22	6	5	70	24	+46	72

Heading into the final day of the 2006-07 Eredivisie season, three teams were still in contention to win the title, and with it a guaranteed place in the 2007-08 UEFA Champions League. PSV, looking to win their third straight league title, was the only one of the three to play its final match at home, against Vitesse Arnhem. Ajax, looking to win their first title since 2004, traveled to Willem II, while AZ faced Excelsior looking to win its first league title since 1981, after finishing in the top three in the previous two seasons.

These final matches were played on April 29, 2007. AZ struggled against Excelsior (who would have to go through a relegation play-off after the end of the game) as they played almost 72 minutes of the match with only 10 men, as goalkeeper Boy Waterman was red-carded in the 18th minute. AZ came from behind twice, with Danny Koevermans tying the match in the 70th minute with his 22nd goal of the season. AZ had a chance to take the lead after its numerical disadvantage was leveled as Excelsior's Rene van Dieren was sent off for yellow card accumulation. AZ never took advantage and a goal from Johan Voskamp in the 90th minute gave Excelsior a shock 3-2 win.^[4]

Meanwhile, in Tilburg, Ajax took the lead in the 18th minute with a goal from Urby Emanuelson. Ajax added a second goal in the 69th minute as Klaas-Jan Huntelaar scored his 21st goal of the season.^[5]

Meanwhile, PSV scored twice in the first 10 minutes, but gave up a goal three minutes later and led only 2-1 at half-time. In the second half, Ibrahim Afellay scored in the 58th minute before another goal from Jefferson Farfan made the score 4-1 to PSV.^[6]

Following Huntelaar's 69th-minute goal, PSV and Ajax were level on points, but Ajax had a superior goal difference, by one goal. But in the 77th minute, Philip Cocu put PSV up 5-1 and the team was up on goal difference (+50 to Ajax's +49). The scores stayed that way at full time, and so PSV won the 2006-07 Eredivisie in one of the most exciting finishes to a season in recent memory.

2006-07 Eredivisie Final Standings

Team	Pld	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	Pts
PSV Eindhoven	34	23	6	5	75	25	+50	75
Ajax	34	23	6	5	84	35	+49	75
AZ Alkmaar	34	21	9	4	83	31	+52	72

Iceland top-flight

2010, Breiðablik UBK, ÍBV and FH Hafnarfjörður

The 2010 Úrvalsdeild season concluded on September 25, 2010, and three teams were still in contention to win the league title. Leading the table was Breiðablik, based in Kópavogur, who knew that a win would give them their first ever league title. Trailing one point behind were ÍBV from Vestmannaeyjar, who were looking to win their fourth league title, but its first since 1998. In third place was two-time defending champions FH, looking to win the league title, but trailing Breiðablik by only two points.

Breiðablik traveled to Stjarnan and were held to a scoreless draw, but would get encouraging news. Playing their final game at Keflavík, ÍBV were losing 2-0 with 16 minutes remaining when Denis Sytnik scored for ÍBV to cut the deficit to 2-1. But two late goals from Keflavík's Magnús Þorsteinsson and Bojan Ljubicic denied ÍBV a chance to overtake Breiðablik, as ÍBV lost to Keflavík by 4-1.

Meanwhile, a draw opened the door for FH as they traveled to Reykjavík to face Fram needing to overturn an 11-goal difference. FH got two goals from Gunnar Kristjansson and a third from Atli Viðar Björnsson (which would tie him with two players for the league lead with 14 goals). However, the 3-0 victory was not enough to deny Breiðablik their first ever league title.^{[7][8][9][10]}

2010 Úrvalsdeild Final Standings

Team	Pld	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	Pts
Breiðablik UBK	30	13	5	4	47	23	+24	44
FH Hafnarfjörður	30	13	5	4	48	31	+17	44
ÍBV	30	13	3	6	36	27	+9	42

England top-flight

2012, Manchester City and Manchester United

The 2011–12 Premier League was generally a two-horse race contested between Manchester City and Manchester United for most of the season, with both clubs finishing 19 points ahead of third-placed Arsenal. City and United went into their final matches of the season level on points, but with City in first-place due to a goal difference superior by +8. The final matches were relegation threatened Queens Park Rangers at home for City, and Sunderland away for United. City were strong favourites, with United's manager Alex Ferguson stating City would have to do 'something stupid' not to beat QPR.^[11]

A Manchester City win would guarantee the title due to a realistically unassailable superior goal difference. If not a win, then City just needed to match United's result at the Stadium of Light against Sunderland. United scored the only goal of their game in the 20th minute, winning 1-0. City scored two goals in injury time to come from behind and win 3–2.^[12]

1989, Arsenal and Liverpool

Arsenal won the league championship on goals-scored, after finishing level on points and goal-difference with Liverpool in the 1988-89 season. Arsenal defeated Liverpool 2–0 in the final game of the season to win the championship.

Hungary top-flight

2014, Debreceni VSC and Győri ETO FC

Ahead of the final day of the 2013-14 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season, Debrecen was on course to win its 7th league title since 2005 as its closest competitor Gyor had to overturn a 14-goal swing on the final matchday. Despite losing its season-finale 2-0 to Budapest Honved FC, Debrecen won the title as Gyor only managed to win 5-0 against already-relegated Mezőkövesd-Zsóry SE.^[13]

England lower division titles decided on goal difference

1983–84, Second Division – Chelsea–Sheffield Wednesday

Chelsea 88 points and goal difference 50, Sheffield Wednesday 88 points and goal difference 38.

1989–90, Second Division – Leeds United–Sheffield United

Leeds United 85 points and goal difference 27, Sheffield United 85 points and goal difference 20.

1981–82, Third Division – Burnley–Carlisle United

Burnley 80 points and goal difference 21, Carlisle United 80 points and goal difference 15.

(N.B. in 1996–97 Wigan Athletic and Fulham finished level on 87 points at the top of the Third Division, but Wigan Athletic were awarded the championship on most goals scored, which was the first tie breaker in use in the Football League between 1992 and 1999, although Fulham had the greater goal difference. It reverted to the Goal Difference method from the start of the 1999–2000 season.)

Scotland

1965, Division One – Hearts–Kilmarnock

Going into the final day of the 1964–65 season, Hearts were two points ahead of nearest rivals Kilmarnock, with two points awarded for a win. Hearts played Kilmarnock at Tynecastle in the last game, with Kilmarnock needing a 2–0 victory to win the league championship on goal average. Hearts could afford to lose 1–0 or 2–1, but lost 2–0 and Kilmarnock won the championship. Had goal difference been in use, Hearts would have been champions.^[14]

1986, Premier Division – Hearts–Celtic

In 1986, Hearts lost 2–0 at Dundee on the final day of the season, which allowed Celtic to win the league championship on goal difference. Had the first tie-breaker been goal average, Hearts would have won the championship.^[14]

2003, Premier League – Old Firm

Rangers won the Scottish Premier League in 2003 on goal difference. In the final round of matches, Rangers played Dunfermline, while second-placed Celtic were playing at Kilmarnock. With Celtic and Rangers level on 94 points going into these matches, the Championship would be decided by which team, Celtic or Rangers, performed best during the final round of matches. If both teams won they would each finish on 97 points, and the League would be decided on goal difference. Rangers won 6–1 and Celtic won 4–0, which left Rangers with a goal difference of 73 (101 for and 28 against), and Celtic a goal difference of 72 (98 scored and 26 against) giving Rangers the title.

Titles decided on goal average

England top-flight

1953, First Division–Arsenal-Preston North End

In the 1952-53 Football League Championship, Arsenal and Preston North End both finished on 54 points. Arsenal won the title with 97 goals for to 64 against, for an average of 1.516. Preston's 85 to 60 gave 1.417.

England lower divisions

1950, Second Division–Sheffield United-Sheffield Wednesday

Going into the last game of the 1949-50 season, Sheffield Wednesday needed a result against Tottenham Hotspur to secure second place and clinch promotion at the expense of their local rivals Sheffield United. The resulting 0-0 draw meant Wednesday won promotion by a goal average difference of just 0.008 - a 1-1 draw would have left the two level on points and goal average, and a unique play-off match would have had to be played.

Scotland

1953, Division A – Rangers–Hibernian

Rangers drew their last match of the 1952–53 season, against Queen of the South, 1–1, to finish level with Hibernian on 43 points. They won the title with a goal average of 80–39 to 93–51 (2.051 to 1.824).^[15]

1965, First Division – Hearts–Kilmarnock

In 1965, Hearts lost 2–0 at home on the final day of the season to Kilmarnock, which meant that Kilmarnock won the League Championship on goal average by 1.88 to 1.84.^[16]

Yugoslavia

1951, First League – Red Star Belgrade–Dinamo Zagreb

Red Star Belgrade won the 1951 Yugoslav First League championship ahead of Dinamo Zagreb with a 0.013 better goal average. Dinamo's final match against BSK Belgrade ended in a 2–2 draw, and the following day Red Star defeated Partizan 2–0, meaning that both teams finished on 35 points. Red Star's 50 goals for and 21 against gave a goal average of 2.381, while Dinamo's 45 to 19 gave 2.368.^[17][18]

1958, First League – RNK Split–Budućnost

In the 1957–58 Yugoslav First League championship, RNK Split and Budućnost finished the season leveled on points and goal average. Both teams had 25 points, with Budućnost's 30 goals for and 36 against giving a goal average of 0.833, the same as RNK Split's 35 goals for and 42 against. A two-legged play-off match between the two was needed to decide who will enter relegation play-offs. The match in Split ended in a goalless draw, while in the return leg Budućnost defeated RNK Split 4–0. RNK Split entered the relegation play-offs and was relegated in their first season in the top flight.^[19]

References