Playboy

Playboy
Editor-in-chief Hugh Hefner
Categories Men's magazines
Frequency Monthly
Publisher Playboy Enterprises
Total circulation
(2016)		 673,473[1]
Year founded October 1, 1953 (1953-10-01)[2]
First issue December 1953
Country United States
Based in Chicago, Illinois
Language English, many others
Website Playboy
ISSN 0032-1478

Playboy is an American men's lifestyle and entertainment magazine. It was founded in Chicago in 1953, by Hugh Hefner and his associates, and funded in part by a $1,000 loan from Hefner's mother.[3] Notable for its centerfolds of nude and semi-nude[4] models (Playmates), Playboy played an important role in the sexual revolution[5] and remains one of the world's best-known brands, having grown into Playboy Enterprises, Inc., with a presence in nearly every medium.[6] In addition to the flagship magazine in the United States, special nation-specific versions of Playboy are published worldwide.

The magazine has a long history of publishing short stories by notable novelists such as Arthur C. Clarke,[7] Ian Fleming,[7] Vladimir Nabokov,[8] Saul Bellow, Chuck Palahniuk, P. G. Wodehouse,[7] Haruki Murakami, and Margaret Atwood.[7] With a regular display of full-page color cartoons, it became a showcase for notable cartoonists, including Harvey Kurtzman, Jack Cole,[9] Eldon Dedini,[10] Jules Feiffer,[11] Shel Silverstein,[12] Erich Sokol,[7] Roy Raymonde,[13] Gahan Wilson, and Rowland B. Wilson.[14] Playboy features monthly interviews of notable public figures, such as artists, architects, economists, composers, conductors, film directors, journalists, novelists, playwrights, religious figures, politicians, athletes and race car drivers. The magazine generally reflects a liberal editorial stance, although it often interviews conservative celebrities.[15]

The front cover of the first issue of Playboy, December 1953

After a year-long removal of most nude photos in Playboy magazine, the March-April 2017 issue brought back nudity.

Publication history

1950s

Centerfold of Marilyn Monroe from the first issue of Playboy, December 1953

By spring 1953, Hugh Hefner—a 1949 University of Illinois psychology graduate who had worked in Chicago for Esquire magazine writing promotional copy; Publisher's Development Corporation in sales and marketing; and Children's Activities magazine as circulation promotions manager[16]—had planned out the elements of his own magazine, that he would call Stag Party.[17] He formed HMH Publishing Corporation, and recruited his friend Eldon Sellers to find investors.[17] Hefner eventually raised just over $8,000, including from his brother and mother.[18] However, the publisher of an unrelated men's adventure magazine, Stag, contacted Hefner and informed him it would file suit to protect their trademark if he were to launch his magazine with that name.[16][19] Hefner, his wife Millie, and Sellers met to seek a new name, considering "Top Hat", "Gentleman", "Sir'", "Satyr", "Pan" and "Bachelor" before Sellers suggested "Playboy".[19]

The first issue, in December 1953, was undated, as Hefner was unsure there would be a second. He produced it in his Hyde Park kitchen. The first centerfold was Marilyn Monroe, although the picture used originally was taken for a calendar rather than for Playboy.[20] Hefner chose what he deemed the "sexiest" image, a previously unused nude study of Marilyn stretched with an upraised arm on a red velvet background with closed eyes and mouth open.[21] The heavy promotion centered around Marilyn's nudity on the already-famous calendar, together with the teasers in marketing, made the new Playboy magazine a success.[22][23] The first issue sold out in weeks. Known circulation was 53,991.[24] The cover price was 50¢. Copies of the first issue in mint to near mint condition sold for over $5,000 in 2002.

The novel Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, was serialized in the March, April and May 1954 issues of Playboy.

An urban legend started about Hefner and the Playmate of the Month because of markings on the front covers of the magazine. From 1955 to 1979 (except for a six-month gap in 1976), the "P" in Playboy had stars printed in or around the letter. The legend stated that this was either a rating that Hefner gave to the Playmate according to how attractive she was, the number of times that Hefner had slept with her, or how good she was in bed. The stars, between zero and 12, actually indicated the domestic or international advertising region for that printing.[25]

1960s–1990s

The Editorial Board of Playboy in 1970. Back, left to right: Robie Macauley, Nat Lehrman, Richard M. Koff, Murray Fisher, Arthur Kretchmer; front: Sheldon Wax, Auguste Comte Spectorsky, Jack Kessie.

From 1966 to 1976, Robie Macauley was the Fiction Editor at Playboy. During this period the magazine published fiction by Saul Bellow, Seán Ó Faoláin, John Updike, James Dickey, John Cheever, Doris Lessing, Joyce Carol Oates, Vladimir Nabokov, Michael Crichton, John le Carré, Irwin Shaw, Jean Shepherd, Arthur Koestler, Isaac Bashevis Singer, Bernard Malamud, John Irving, Anne Sexton, Nadine Gordimer, Kurt Vonnegut and J. P. Donleavy, as well as poetry by Yevgeny Yevtushenko.[26] Macauley also contributed all of the popular Ribald Classics series published between January 1978 and March 1984.

Since reaching its peak in the 1970s, Playboy saw a decline in circulation and cultural relevance due to competition in the field it founded—first from Penthouse, then Oui (which was published as a spin-off of Playboy) and Gallery in the 1970s; later from pornographic videos; and more recently from lad mags such as Maxim, FHM, and Stuff. In response, Playboy has attempted to re-assert its hold on the 18–35 male demographic through slight changes to content and focusing on issues and personalities more appropriate to its audience—such as hip-hop artists being featured in the "Playboy Interview".

Christie Hefner, daughter of the founder Hugh Hefner, joined Playboy in 1975 and became head of the company in 1988. She announced in December 2008 that she would be stepping down from leading the company, effective in January 2009, and said that the election of Barack Obama as the next President had inspired her to give more time to charitable work, and that the decision to step down was her own. “Just as this country is embracing change in the form of new leadership, I have decided that now is the time to make changes in my own life as well,” she said.[27]

Post-2000

The magazine celebrated its 50th anniversary with the January 2004 issue. Celebrations were held at Las Vegas, Los Angeles, New York, and Moscow during the year to commemorate this event.

The magazine runs several annual features and ratings. One of the most popular is its annual ranking of the top "party schools" among all U.S. universities and colleges. For 2009, the magazine used five considerations: bikini, brains, campus, sex and sports in the development of its list. The top ranked party school by Playboy for 2009 was the University of Miami.[28]

In June 2009, the magazine reduced its publication schedule to 11 issues per year, with a combined July/August issue and on August 11, 2009. London's Daily Telegraph newspaper reported that Hugh Hefner had sold his English Manor house (next door to the famous Playboy Mansion) for $18 m ($10 m less than the reported asking price) to another American Daren Metropoulos the President and co-owner of Pabst Blue Ribbon. Also that due to significant losses in the company's value (down from $1 billion in 2000 to $84 million in 2009) the Playboy publishing empire is up for sale for $300 million.[29] In December 2009, they further reduced the publication schedule to 10 issues per year, with a combined January/February issue.

On July 12, 2010, Playboy Enterprises Inc. announced Hefner's $5.50 per share offer ($122.5 million based on shares outstanding on April 30 and the closing price on July 9) to buy the portion of the company he did not already own and take the company private with the help of Rizvi Traverse Management LLC. The company derives much of its income from licensing rather than the magazine.[30] On July 15, Penthouse owner FriendFinder Networks Inc. offered $210 million (the company is valued at $185 million), though Hefner, who already owned 70 percent of voting stock, did not want to sell.[31] In January 2011, the publisher of Playboy magazine agreed to an offer by Hefner to take the company private for $6.15 per share, an 18 percent premium over the price of the last previous day of trading.[32] The buyout was completed in March 2011.[33]

2016 changes and brief ending of frontal nudity

"This is what I always intended Playboy Magazine to look like."

—Hugh Hefner, when asked about making Playboy non-nude[34]

In October 2015, Playboy announced that starting with their March 2016 issue, the magazine would no longer feature full frontal nudity.[35] Playboy CEO Scott Flanders acknowledged the magazine's inability to compete with freely available Internet pornography and nudity; according to him, "You're now one click away from every sex act imaginable for free. And so it’s just passé at this juncture".[36] Hefner agreed with the decision.[37] The redesigned Playboy, however, would still feature a Playmate of the Month and pictures of women, but they would be rated as not appropriate for children under 13.[37] The move would not affect PlayboyPlus.com (which features nudity at a paid subscription), but it is currently unknown what will happen to the "special" issues.[38] Josh Horwitz of Quartz argues that the motivation for the decision to remove nudity from the magazine was to give Playboy Licensing a less deviant image in India and China, where the brand is a popular item on apparel and thus generates significant revenue.[39]

Among other changes to the magazine included ending the popular jokes section and the various cartoons that appeared throughout the magazine. The redesign eliminated the use of jump copy (articles continuing on non-consecutive pages), which in turn eliminated most of the space for cartoons.[40] Hefner, himself a former cartoonist, reportedly resisted dropping the cartoons more than the nudity, but ultimately obliged. Playboy's plans were to market itself as a competitor to Vanity Fair as opposed to more traditional competitors GQ and Maxim.[34]

Playboy announced in February 2017, however, that the dropping of nudity had been a mistake, and furthermore for its March/April issue reestablished some of its franchises, including The Playboy Philosophy and Party Jokes, but dropped the subtitle "Entertainment for Men" inasmuch as gender roles have evolved. The announcement was made by the company's chief creative officer on Twitter with the hashtag #NakedIsNormal.[41]

Circulation history and statistics

The best-selling Playboy edition was the November 1972 edition, which sold 7,161,561 copies. One-quarter of all American college men were buying or subscribing to the magazine every month.[42] On the cover was model Pam Rawlings, photographed by Rowland Scherman.

Perhaps coincidentally, a cropped image of the issue's centerfold (which featured Lena Söderberg) became a de facto standard image for testing image processing algorithms. It is known simply as the "Lenna" (also "Lena") image in that field.[43]

In 1970, Playboy became the first gentleman's magazine to be printed in braille.[44] It is also one of the few magazines whose microfilm format was in color, not black and white.[45]

Features and format

A Playboy cigarette lighter with the distinctive rabbit logo

Playboy's iconic and enduring mascot, a stylized silhouette of a rabbit wearing a tuxedo bow tie, was created by Playboy art director Art Paul for the second issue as an endnote, but was adopted as the official logo and has appeared ever since.[46][47] A running joke in the magazine involves hiding the logo somewhere in the cover art or photograph. Hefner said he chose the rabbit for its "humorous sexual connotation", and because the image was "frisky and playful".

VX-4 insignia

In an interview Hefner explained his choice of a rabbit as Playboy's logo to the Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci:

The rabbit, the bunny, in America has a sexual meaning; and I chose it because it's a fresh animal, shy, vivacious, jumping - sexy. First it smells you then it escapes, then it comes back, and you feel like caressing it, playing with it. A girl resembles a bunny. Joyful, joking. Consider the girl we made popular: the Playmate of the Month. She is never sophisticated, a girl you cannot really have. She is a young, healthy, simple girl - the girl next door . . . we are not interested in the mysterious, difficult woman, the femme fatale, who wears elegant underwear, with lace, and she is sad, and somehow mentally filthy. The Playboy girl has no lace, no underwear, she is naked, well washed with soap and water, and she is happy.
— "Hugh Hefner: 'I am in the center of the world,'" by Oriana Fallaci, LOOK Magazine, January 10, 1967

The jaunty rabbit was quickly a popular symbol of extroverted male culture, becoming a lucrative source of merchandizing revenue for Playboy.[48] In the 1950s, it was adopted as military aircraft insignia for the Navy's VX-4 fighter-evaluation squadron.

The Playboy Interview

Besides its centerfold, a major part of Playboy for much of its existence has been the Playboy Interview, an extensive (usually several thousand-word) discussion between a notable individual and an interviewer (historian Alex Haley, for example, served as a Playboy interviewer on a few occasions; one of his interviews was with Martin Luther King Jr.; he also interviewed Malcolm X and American Nazi Party founder George Lincoln Rockwell in the April 1966 issue,[49] then coauthored his autobiography). One of the magazine's most notable interviews was a discussion with then-presidential candidate Jimmy Carter in the November 1976 issue, in which he stated "I've committed adultery in my heart many times."[50][51] David Sheff's interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono appeared in the January 1981 issue, which was on newsstands at the time of Lennon's murder; the interview was later published in book format.

Another interview type section, entitled "20Q" (a play on the game of Twenty Questions), was added in October 1978. Cheryl Tiegs was the first interviewee for the section.[52]

Rock the Rabbit

"Rock the Rabbit" was an annual music news and pictorial feature published in the March edition.[53] The pictorial featured images of rock bands photographed by music photographer Mick Rock. Fashion designers participated in the Rock the Rabbit event by designing T-shirts inspired by Playboy's rabbit head logo for each band. The shirts were sold at Playboy's retailers and auctioned off to raise money for AIDS at LIFEbeat: The Music Industry Fights AIDS.[53] Notable bands who were featured include: MGMT, Daft Punk, Iggy Pop, Duran Duran, Flaming Lips, Snow Patrol, and The Killers.[54]

Photographers

Many notable photographers have contributed to Playboy, including Ken Marcus,[55] Richard Fegley,[56] Arny Freytag,[57] Ron Harris,[58] Tom Kelley,[55] David Mecey,[59] Russ Meyer,[60] Pompeo Posar,[61] Suze Randall,[62] Herb Ritts,[63] Stephen Wayda,[63][64] Sam Wu,[65] Mario Casilli,[66] Annie Leibovitz,[63] Helmut Newton,[63] and Bunny Yeager.[67]

Celebrities

For a full listing, please see List of people in Playboy 1953–1959, 1960–1969, 1970–1979, 1980–1989, 1990–1999, 2000–2009, 2010–2019.

Many celebrities (singers, actresses, models, etc.) have posed for Playboy over the years. This list is only a small portion of those who have posed. Some of them are:

Film:

Music:

Sports:

Television:

Other editions

Playboy Special Editions

The success of Playboy magazine has led PEI to market other versions of the magazine, the Special Editions (formerly called Newsstand Specials), such as Playboy's College Girls[69] and Playboy's Book of Lingerie, as well as the Playboy video collection.

Braille

The National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped (NLS) has published a Braille edition of Playboy since 1970.[70] The Braille version includes all the written words in the non-Braille magazine, but no pictorial representations. Congress cut off funding for the Braille magazine translation in 1985, but U.S. District Court Judge Thomas Hogan reversed the decision on First Amendment grounds.[71]

International editions

This map shows the countries where Playboy is published. The dark pink indicates the countries where regional editions of the magazine are produced today and the lighter pink indicates the countries where regional editions of Playboy were once published.

(starting at the accompanying date, or during the accompanying date range)

Current

Asia

Africa

  • South Africa (1993–1996, 2011–2013)[73][74]

North and South America

  • United States (1953–)
  • Venezuela (2006–)
  • Argentina (1985–1995, 2006–)
  • Brazil (1975–) (see Playboy (Brazil))
  • Colombia (2008–)
  • Mexico (1976–1998, 2002–)

Europe

  • Austria (2012–) (only special issues from time to time)
  • Bulgaria (2002–)
  • Croatia (1997–)
  • Czech Republic (1991–)
  • Estonia (2007–)[75]
  • Germany (1972–)[76]
  • Greece (1985–)
  • Hungary (1989–1993, 1999–)
  • Israel (2013–)[77]
  • Italy (1972–2003, 2008–)[78]
  • Latvia (2010–)[79]
  • Lithuania (2008–)
  • Macedonia (2010– )[80]
  • Moldova (2012–)[81]
  • Netherlands (1983–)
  • Poland (1992–)[73]
  • Portugal (2009, 2012–)[82]
  • Romania (1999–)
  • Russia (1995–)
  • Serbia (2004–)[76]
  • Slovakia (1997–2002, 2005–)
  • Slovenia (2001–)
  • Spain (1978–)
  • Ukraine (2005–)

Former

Asia
  • Indonesia (2006–2007)[76]
  • Singapore
  • Hong Kong (1986–1993)
  • Taiwan (1990–2003)
  • Japan (1975–2009)—see specific article

Europe

  • Georgia (country) (2007–2009)[83]
  • Norway (1998–1999)
  • Sweden (1998–1999)
  • Turkey (1986–1995)
  • France (1973–2011)

Oceania

Online

The growth of the Internet prompted the magazine to develop an official web presence called Playboy Online or Playboy.com, which is the official website for Playboy Enterprises, and an online companion to Playboy magazine. The site has been available online since 1994.[84] As part of the online presence, Playboy developed a pay web site called the Playboy Cyber Club in 1995 which features online chats, additional pictorials, videos of Playmates and Playboy Cyber Girls that are not featured in the magazine. Archives of past Playboy articles and interviews are also included. In September 2005, Playboy launched the online edition of the magazine Playboy Digital.

In 2010, Playboy introduced "The Smoking Jacket", a safe-for-work website designed to appeal to young men, while avoiding nude images or key words that would cause the site to be filtered or otherwise prohibited in the workplace.[85]

In May 2011, Playboy introduced i.playboy.com, a complete, uncensored version of its near 700 issue archive, targeting the Apple iPad. By launching the archive as a web app, Playboy was able to circumvent both Apple's App Store content restrictions and their 30% subscription fee.

On January 14, 2004, the Ninth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that Playboy Enterprises Inc.'s (PEI) trademark terms "Playboy" and "Playmate" should be protected in the situation where a user typing "Playboy" or "Playmate" in a browser search was instead shown advertisements of companies that competed with PEI. (The decision reversed an earlier district court ruling.) The suit started on April 15, 1999, when Playboy sued Excite Inc. and Netscape for trademark infringement.[86]

Censorship

Many in the American religious community opposed the publication of Playboy. The Louisiana pastor and author L. L. Clover wrote in his 1974 treatise Evil Spirits Intellectualism and Logic that Playboy encouraged young men to view themselves as "pleasure-seeking individuals for whom sex is fun and women are play things."[87]

In many parts of Asia, including India, mainland China, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and Brunei, sale and distribution of Playboy is banned. In addition, sale and distribution is banned in most Muslim countries (except Lebanon[88][89] and Turkey) in Asia and Africa, including Iran, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. Despite the ban on the magazine in these countries, the official Playboy brand itself can still appear on various merchandise such as perfume and deodorants.

While banned in mainland China, the magazine is sold in Hong Kong. In Japan, where genitals of models cannot be shown, a separate edition was published under license by Shueisha. An Indonesian edition was launched in April 2006, but controversy started before the first issue hit the stands. Though the publisher said the content of the Indonesian edition will be different from the original edition, the government tried to ban it by using anti-pornography rules. A Muslim organization, the Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), opposed Playboy on the grounds of pornography. On April 12, about 150 IDF members clashed with police and stoned the editorial offices. Despite this, the edition quickly sold out. On April 6, 2007, the chief judge of the case dismissed the charges because they had been incorrectly filed.[90]

In 1986, the American convenience store chain 7-Eleven removed the magazine. The store returned Playboy to its shelves in late 2003. 7-Eleven had also been selling Penthouse and other similar magazines before the ban.

In 1995, Playboy was returned to shelves in the Republic of Ireland after a 36-year ban, despite staunch opposition from many women's groups.[91]

Playboy was not sold in the state of Queensland, Australia during 2004 and 2005 but returned as of 2006. Due to declining sales, the last Australia-wide edition of Playboy was the January 2000 issue.

In 2013, Playboy was cleared by the Pentagon of violating its rule against selling sexually explicit material on military property, but the base exchanges stopped selling it anyway.[92]

Books

General compilations

Anniversary collections

Interview compilations

See also

References

  1. ↑ "AAM: Total Circ for Consumer Magazines". abcas3.auditedmedia.com. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  2. ↑ "Playboy Enterprises, Inc". Playboyenterprises.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  3. ↑ Seib, Christine (December 9, 2008). "Hefner's Daughter Christie Walks Away from Playboy Enterprises". The Times. London. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  4. ↑ "Playboy 'to drop' naked women images". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  5. ↑ "Why America loved Playboy". BBC News. 2015-10-14. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  6. ↑ Wray, Richard (November 13, 2009). "Iconix 'makes offer for Playboy'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Steven Watts. Mr Playboy: Hugh Hefner and the American Dream. Wiley. pp. 80,91,111,144,152,190. ISBN 0-470-52167-8.
  8. ↑ Samuel Schuman (1979). Vladimir Nabokov, A Reference Guide. p. 61.
  9. ↑ Art Spiegelman (2001). Jack Cole and Plastic Man: Forms Stretched to Their Limits. Chronicle Books. p. 126. ISBN 0-8118-3179-5.
  10. ↑ Eldon Dedini (2006). An Orgy of Playboy's Eldon Dedini. Fantagraphics Books. p. 8. ISBN 1-56097-727-2.
  11. ↑ Stephen E. Kercher (2006). Revel with a Cause: Liberal Satire in Postwar America. University Of Chicago Press. p. 480. ISBN 0-226-43164-9.
  12. ↑ Shel Silverstein (2007). Playboy's Silverstein Around the World. Fireside. ISBN 0-7432-9024-0.
  13. ↑ Bryant, Mark (October 19, 2009). "Roy Raymonde: Cartoonist noted for his work in 'Punch' and 'Playboy'". The Independent. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Blog Archive » "We All Have To Start Somewhere" Department. Case in Point No.11". EliSteinCartoons.com. February 3, 2009. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
  15. ↑ "Film Review: Hugh Hefner: Playboy, Activist and Rebel". Filmjournal.com. July 20, 2010. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
  16. 1 2 Sumner, David E. (2010). The Magazine Century: American Magazines Since 1900. Books.google.com. Peter Lang Publishing. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-4331-0493-0. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  17. 1 2 Steven Watts (2009-03-23). "Mr Playboy: Hugh Hefner and the American Dream". Books.google.com. p. 24. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  18. ↑ Steven Watts (2009-03-23). "Mr Playboy: Hugh Hefner and the American Dream". Books.google.com. p. 24. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  19. 1 2 Steven Watts (2009-03-23). "Mr Playboy: Hugh Hefner and the American Dream". Books.google.com. p. 64. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  20. ↑ Summers, p. 59.
  21. ↑ Les Harding. They Knew Marilyn Monroe: Famous Persons in the Life of the Hollywood Icon. p. 75.
  22. ↑ Susan Gunelius. Building Brand Value the Playboy Way. p. 16.
  23. ↑ Gordon Jensen. Marilyn: A Great Woman's Struggles: Who Killed Her and Why. p. 157.
  24. ↑ Playboy Collector's Association Playboy Magazine Price Guide
  25. ↑ "Stars Upon Thars". Snopes.com. June 22, 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2009.
  26. ↑ "Kennedy, Thomas E., "A Last Conversation with Robie Macauley," ''Agnii,'' Vol. 45, 1997". Webdelsol.com. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
  27. ↑ Seib, Christine (December 9, 2008). "Hefner's daughter Christie walks away from Playboy Enterprises". The Times. London. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  28. ↑ ""Top Party Schools 2009," Playboy magazine, May 2009.". Archived from the original on May 9, 2009. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  29. ↑ "www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/recession/6007514/Hugh-Hefner-sells-LA-property-as-financial-crisis-hits-Playboy.html". The Daily Telegraph. London. August 11, 2009. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  30. ↑ Vancore, Andrew; Heher, Ashley (July 12, 2010). "Bunny bid: Hefner offers to buy rest of Playboy". The Washington Times. Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
  31. ↑ Vancore, Andrew (July 16, 2010). "Penthouse bids for Playboy". The Sun News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
  32. ↑ "Playboy agrees to Hefner buyout offer". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  33. ↑ "Hefner Completes $208M Playboy Buyout". Institutional Investor. March 8, 2011. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  34. 1 2 Playboy enters non-nude era: Sexy but 'safe for work' WTAE-TV, via CNN Money (02/24/2016)
  35. ↑ Samaiya, Ravi. "Playboy says it will no longer print images of nude women". Boston Globe. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  36. ↑ "Nudes Are Old News at Playboy". The New York Times. October 12, 2015. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  37. 1 2 "Playboy magazine to stop publishing pictures of naked women". The Guardian. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  38. ↑ "The fascinating economics behind Playboy's decision to drop nudes from its magazine". Vox.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  39. ↑ "China—not online porn—is why Playboy is dumping nude photographs". Quartz. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
  40. ↑ Karlin, Susan (2016-03-07). "The Playboy Revamp Continues: How The Magazine Is Redrawing Its Cartoon Lines, Too". Co.Create. Fast Company. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  41. ↑ "Playboy brings back nudity, claiming #NakedIsNormal". BBC. 2017-02-13.
  42. ↑ "The Girls Next Door: The New Yorker". Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  43. ↑ "The Rest of the Lenna Story". 2.cs.cmu.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
  44. ↑ "BLIND WIN RULING ON BRAILLE PLAYBOY". The New York Times. August 29, 1986. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  45. ↑ "Re: Nicholson Baker and NEH". Ibiblio.org. 2001-04-16. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  46. ↑ Faye, Marcia (Spring 2009). "Art Paul: The art of designing Playboy". ''iitmagazine''. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
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  48. ↑ Rhodes, Margaret (13 October 2015). "Playboy's Logo is What Matters — It Earns More Than Nudes Do". WIRED. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  49. ↑ Wikipedia
  50. ↑ Playboy Interview with Jimmy Carter, Playboy, November 1976
  51. ↑ "McGill University website excerpt".
  52. ↑ "playboy.com / world of playboy / events". Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  53. 1 2 Stolz, Kim. "Duran Duran And Playboy Team Up To ‘Rock The Rabbit,’ Celebrate Band’s 13th LP". mtv.com. MTV. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  54. ↑ Cawein, Elizabeth. "MGMT Poses For Playboy In Rock The Rabbit Campaign". thefader.com. The Fader, Inc. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  55. 1 2 "Photographers". Vintageplayboymags.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
  56. ↑ "Richard Fegley : Biography". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  57. ↑ "Arny Freytag". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  58. ↑ "Ron Harris Studio – We Have The Girls You Want". Ronharris.com. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
  59. ↑ "Photographer". David Mecey. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
  60. ↑ "Russ Meyer (I) : Biography". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  61. ↑ "Pompeo Posar". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
  62. ↑ "Suze Randall". Lycos.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
  63. 1 2 3 4 ""Playboy at 50" Christies Sale 1325 (December 17, 2003)".
  64. ↑ "Welcome to Stephen Wayda Photography".
  65. ↑ James R. Petersen, Playboy Redheads, Chronicle Books, 2005, p127. ISBN 0-8118-4858-2
  66. ↑ "Mario Casilli, Playboy Photographer". Vintage Playboy Mags. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
  67. ↑ "Bunnyyeager.com". Bunnyyeager.com. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
  68. ↑ "Harkleroad to be in August Playboy magazine". Retrieved 2008-05-26.
  69. ↑ "Where the Babes are". Archived from the original on 2005-05-07.
  70. ↑ "NLS Reference Circular: Magazine Program (2007)". Loc.gov. August 25, 2010. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
  71. ↑ "The Braille Forum, June 2000". Archived from the original on 2011-05-10.
  72. ↑ "Philippine Playboy won’t show full nudity". MSNBC. Associated Press. March 27, 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  73. 1 2 "Playboy Takes On World With Big Video Expansion", By Richard Covington, International Herald Tribune, November 3, 1993. Retrieved June 23, 2007.
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