Tomatillo

Tomatillo
Temporal range: Early Eocene to Recent, 52–0 Ma
Fresh harvest of tomatillos
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Physalis
Species: P. philadelphica
Binomial name
Physalis philadelphica
Lam. (1786)
Synonyms

Physalis ixocarpa Brot.

Physalis ixocarpa – MHNT

The tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica), also known as the Mexican husk tomato, is a plant of the nightshade family bearing small, spherical and green or green-purple fruit of the same name.

Tomatillos originated in Mexico and were cultivated in the pre-Columbian era.[1] A staple of Mexican cuisine, they are eaten raw or cooked in a variety of dishes, particularly salsa verde.

History

The wild tomatillo and related plants are found everywhere in the Americas except in the far north, with the highest diversity in Mexico. In 2017, scientists reported on their discovery and analysis of a fossil tomatillo found in the Patagonian region of Argentina, dated to 52 million years B.P. The finding has pushed back the earliest appearance of the Solanaceae plant family of which the tomatillos are one genus.[2]

Tomatillos were domesticated in Mexico before the coming of Europeans, and played an important part in the culture of the Maya and the Aztecs, more important than the tomato.[3] The specific name philadelphica dates from the 18th century.[3]

Distribution

Tomatillos are native to Central America and the south-western region of North America. In Mexico, the plant is grown mostly in the states of Hidalgo and Morelos; it is also grown in the highlands of Guatemala where it is known as "miltomate".

The plant has been exported around the world. In the 1950s, it was exported to India, where it was cultivated in Rajasthan; it is grown and processed also in Queensland (Australia), Polokwane (South Africa), and Kenya. In the United States, tomatillos are grown in California and Iowa, where scientists from Iowa State University promoted a strain of tomatillos for Midwestern farmers they dubbed "jamberry".[3] In 1952, another strain was introduced in Ohio, under the name "jumbo husk tomato".[4]

Uses

Tomatillos are a key ingredient in fresh and cooked Mexican and Central-American green sauces. The green color and tart flavor are the main culinary contributions of the fruit. Purple and red-ripening cultivars often have a slight sweetness, unlike the green- and yellow-ripening cultivars, and are therefore generally used in jams and preserves. Like their close relatives, cape gooseberries, tomatillos have a high pectin content. Another characteristic is they tend to have a varying degree of a sappy sticky coating, mostly when used on the green side out of the husk.

Ripe tomatillos keep refrigerated for about two weeks. They keep even longer with the husks removed and the fruit refrigerated in sealed plastic bags.[5] They may also be frozen whole or sliced.

Plant

Plants are typically about one meter in height, and can either be compact and upright or prostrate with a wider, less dense canopy. The leaves are typically serrated and can either be smooth or pubescent.

Tomatillo plant with buds; pubescent stem and serrated leaves noticeable

Flower

Flowers come in several colors including white, light green, bright yellow, and sometimes purple. Flowers may or may not have purple spots toward the center of the corolla. The anthers are typically dark purple to pale blue. Tomatillo plants are highly self-incompatible, and two or more plants are needed for proper pollination. Thus, isolated tomatillo plants rarely set fruit.[6]

Fruit

The tomatillo fruit is surrounded by an inedible, paper-like husk formed from the calyx. As the fruit matures, it fills the husk and can split it open by harvest. The husk turns brown, and the fruit can be several colors when ripe, including yellow, green, or even purple. The freshness and greenness of the husk are quality criteria.

Flower types:

Varieties

There are several varieties of tomatillos, with a variety of tastes and traits. (They ripen to be the following colors: green, yellow, and purple.) The Pineapple tomatillo, for instance, is yellow and has hints of pineapple flavor;[7] Rio Grande Verde is very large, and green, by comparison. Like tomatoes, tomatillos may be either indeterminate or determinate,[8][9] although they are sometimes thought to be generally indeterminate.[10] Here is a list of tomatillo varieties:

Names

Tomatillos

The tomatillo (from Nahuatl, tomatl[3]) is also known as husk tomato,[25] Mexican groundcherry,[26] large-flowered tomatillo,[27] or Mexican husk tomato. Some of these names, however, can also refer to other species in the Physalis genus.[3] Other names are Mexican green tomato and miltomate. In Spanish, it is called tomate de cáscara, tomate de fresadilla, tomate milpero, tomate verde (green tomato), tomatillo (Mexico; this term means "little tomato" elsewhere), miltomate (Mexico, Guatemala), or simply tomate (in which case the tomato is called jitomate). Tomatillos are sometimes called "green tomatoes"; unripe tomatoes may go by the same name, though the fruit is in a different genus.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Plata, Edith Metcalfe de (1984). Mexican Vegetarian Cooking. Inner Traditions/Bear. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-89281-341-4.
  2. ↑ "Eocene lantern fruits from Gondwanan Patagonia and the early origins of Solanaceae", Wilf et al, Science, 06 Jan 2017, Vol. 355, Issue 6320, pp. 71-75, DOI: 10.1126/science.aag2737
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Small, Ernest (2011). Top 100 Exotic Food Plants. CRC Press. pp. 117–20. ISBN 978-1-4398-5688-8.
  4. ↑ Morton, Julia F. (1987). "Mexican Husk Tomato". Fruits of Warm Climates. Winterville: Creative Resource Systems. pp. 434–37. ISBN 0-9610184-1-0.
  5. ↑ Carter, Noelle; Deane, Donna (14 May 2008). "Tomatillo: a green sourpuss with a sweet side". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
  6. ↑ Vernonica E. Franklin-Tong, ed. (2008). Self-Incompatibility in Flowering Plants: Evolution, Diversity and Mechanisms. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-68485-5.
  7. 1 2 http://www.reimerseeds.com/pineapple-tomatillo.aspx
  8. 1 2 "Rio Grande Verde Tomatillo – Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds". Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds.
  9. ↑ "Jung Seed". www.totallytomato.com.
  10. ↑ "Grow tomatillos for green salsa (salsa verde) – Oregon State University Extension Service – Gardening". extension.oregonstate.edu.
  11. ↑ "Amarylla Tomatillo – Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds". Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds.
  12. ↑ "Physalis ixocarpa – Cisineros Tomatillo". Trade Winds Fruit.
  13. ↑ "Everona Large Green Tomatillo pk/20". Reimer Seeds, Vegetable Seeds, Flowers Seeds, Herb Seeds, Garden Seeds, Greenhouse Seeds.
  14. ↑ "Gigante Tomatillo pk/20". Reimer Seeds, Vegetable Seeds, Flowers Seeds, Herb Seeds, Garden Seeds, Greenhouse Seeds.
  15. ↑ "Green Husk Tomatillo". Reimer Seeds, Vegetable Seeds, Flowers Seeds, Herb Seeds, Garden Seeds, Greenhouse Seeds.
  16. ↑ "Tomatillos & Ground Cherries – Mexican Strain Tomatillo Organic". www.territorialseed.com.
  17. ↑ "Mt Pima Tomatillo pk/10". Reimer Seeds, Vegetable Seeds, Flowers Seeds, Herb Seeds, Garden Seeds, Greenhouse Seeds.
  18. ↑ "Purple Tomatillo". www.highmowingseeds.com.
  19. ↑ "Purple Coban Tomatillo – Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds". Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds.
  20. ↑ "Purple de Milpa Tomatillo". Redwood Organic Seeds.
  21. ↑ "Tiny from Coban Tomatillo – Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds". Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds.
  22. ↑ "Toma Verde – Tomatillo Seed – Johnny's Selected Seeds". www.johnnyseeds.com.
  23. ↑ "Green Tomatillo Verde Seeds – Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds". Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds.
  24. ↑ "Physalis ixocarpa – Yellow Tomatillo". Trade Winds Fruit.
  25. ↑ Valladolid, Marcela (2010). Fresh Mexico: 100 Simple Recipes for True Mexican Flavor. Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-307-88553-1.
  26. ↑ "Physalis philadelphica". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  27. ↑ "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-02-25. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
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