Phillip Island

Phillip Island is an Australian island about 140 km (87 mi) south-southeast of Melbourne, Victoria. Named after Arthur Phillip, the first Governor of New South Wales, Phillip Island forms a natural breakwater for the shallow waters of the Western Port. It is 26 km (16 mi) long and 9 km (5.6 mi) wide, with an area of about 100 km2 (40 sq mi).[1] It has 97 km (60 mi) of coastline and is part of the Bass Coast Shire.

A 640 m (2,100 ft) concrete bridge (originally a wooden bridge) connects the mainland town San Remo with the island town Newhaven.[1] In the 2011 census the island's permanent population was 9,406,[2] compared to 7,071 in 2001.[3] During the summer, the population swells to 40,000. 60% of the island is farmland devoted to grazing of sheep and cattle.

History

The earliest inhabitants of the area were the Yalloc Bulluk clan of the Bunurong people, indigenous Australians of the Kulin nation.[4] In the Bunwurrung language the Island was known as 'Corriong' or 'Millowl'.[5] Their coastal territory with its sheltered bays meant that the Yalloc Bulluk, along with other Bunurong clans, were among the first Aboriginal people in Victoria to have contact with European mariners.[4][6]

Following reports of the 1798 exploration by George Bass and Matthew Flinders, the area was frequented by sealers from Van Diemen's Land, whose interaction with the Bunurong people was not without conflict.[6] In 1801, navigator James Grant visited the adjoining Churchill Island (which he named) and planted a crop of corn and wheat.[7][8] In 1826, the scientific voyage of Dumont d'Urville, in command of the corvette Astrolabe, led to British concerns of an attempt by the French to establish a colony in Western Port.[9] This saw the dispatch from Sydney of HMS Fly, under the command of Captain Wetherall, and the brigs Dragon and Amity, by Governor Darling.[10]

'The Nobbies' : site of Captain Wetherall's 1826 flagstaff

While the French colonisation did not eventuate, Wetherall reported on finding a sealer's camp and also two acres of wheat and corn.[11] A fort was constructed near Rhyll, and named Dumaresq after the Governor's private secretary. The 'abundance' of wood, quality soil and the discovery of coal at Cape Woolamai, were mentioned in newspaper accounts.[11][12][13] Wetherall also erected a flag staff on 'the flat-top'd rock off Point Grant' (commonly known today as The Nobbies) on the Island's Western extremity as a marker for the harbour entrance.[12]

Of his encounters with the Bunurong people, Wetherall told Darling:

"The Natives appear numerous, but we have not been able to obtain an interview, as they desert their camp, and run into the woods on our approach, watching our movements until we depart. As I am aware it is Your Excellency's wish to conciliate them as much as possible, I have not allowed them to be pursued, or molested in any way."
The beach at Cape Woolamai

The only reservation Wetherall had was on the Island's supply of water; he dug a 'tide-well' near the fort but assessed the source as 'not in sufficient quantities for the supply of shipping' and this problem would lead to the eventual move to Settlement Point on the mainland coast.[11][12] During the third voyage of HMS Beagle, in 1839, water was 'found by digging in the centre of a clump of bushes on the outer part of the point at the N.E. extremity of the island, which at high water became an island, [and] occasionally made the water brackish' although it was noted 'better might have been found a short distance in shore, as there were abundance of shrubs and other indications of water in the neighbourhood'.[14] The water question was again addressed, by Captain Moore, who accompanied Surveyor Robert Hoddle in 1840, that 'water can be obtained on Phillip Island, near the best anchorage, off Sandy Point.'[15]

In 1835 Samuel Anderson established the third permanent settlement in what would be Victoria at the mainland site of Bass across the bay from Phillip Island.

In 1841, brothers John David and William McHaffie, were granted Phillip Island as a squatting run and took possession in 1842.[16] The McHaffie's, and later settlers, assisted the Victorian Acclimatisation society (forerunner of the committee which established the Melbourne Zoo) by introducing animals such as pheasants, deer and wallabies to Phillip Island.[17]

Plans for the first bridge to the Island, from San Remo to Newhaven commenced in 1938,[18] at a cost of £50,000, with the official opening by Premier Albert Dunstan taking place in November 1940.[19] A full public holiday was declared on the Island to celebrate.[19]

Environment

Wildlife

The coast of Philip Island

The southern and western coasts of the island lie within the Phillip Island Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance in supporting significant populations of fairy penguins, short-tailed shearwaters and Pacific gulls.[20] In addition, there is a wildlife park where wallabies and kangaroos roam freely amongst the visitors and can be fed by hand. Seal Rocks, at the western end of the island, hosts the largest colony of fur seals in Australia (up to 16,000).[21] In recent years, other than local population of critically endangered endemic Burrunan dolphins or migratory killer whales, southern right whales and humpback whales are starting to show recoveries in the area[22] long after commercial and illegal hunts by the Soviet Union with the help of Japan in 1970s, and the numbers using the area as nursery are growing rapidly, allowing a rise in hopes to establish commercial whale watching activities in the vicinity of the island.[23]

Climate

Phillip Island experiences milder weather than Melbourne and is tempered by ocean breezes. In terms of temperature averages it has more in common with the climate of northern areas of New Zealand than with most of Australia. The mean daily maximum temperature for February is 23.8 °C (74.8 °F), while for July it is 13.7 °C (56.7 °F). The mean annual rainfall is 782.3 millimetres (30.8 in), with June being the wettest month (88.1 mm/3.5 in). The prevailing wind for most of the year is a south-westerly which blows in off Bass Strait. In terms of climate classification it is oceanic with cool-summer-mediterranean characteristics such as a relatively dry summer. Under the Trewartha system Phillip Island has a humid subtropical climate, given that all months are milder than 10 °C (50 °F) with eight being required.

On 10 August 2005, snow was observed on the island.[24] This was a very unusual event.

Climate data for Phillip Island
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 41.5
(106.7)		 39.2
(102.6)		 37.2
(99)		 33.0
(91.4)		 25.1
(77.2)		 21.8
(71.2)		 21.8
(71.2)		 23.8
(74.8)		 27.8
(82)		 30.0
(86)		 34.2
(93.6)		 39.2
(102.6)		 41.5
(106.7)
Average high °C (°F) 23.4
(74.1)		 23.8
(74.8)		 22.3
(72.1)		 19.8
(67.6)		 16.8
(62.2)		 14.4
(57.9)		 13.7
(56.7)		 14.5
(58.1)		 16.1
(61)		 17.9
(64.2)		 19.9
(67.8)		 21.7
(71.1)		 18.7
(65.7)
Average low °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8)		 14.0
(57.2)		 12.9
(55.2)		 10.7
(51.3)		 9.0
(48.2)		 7.7
(45.9)		 6.9
(44.4)		 7.3
(45.1)		 8.3
(46.9)		 8.9
(48)		 10.6
(51.1)		 11.9
(53.4)		 10.2
(50.4)
Record low °C (°F) 4.0
(39.2)		 4.4
(39.9)		 1.6
(34.9)		 0.7
(33.3)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 −1.5
(29.3)		 −2.3
(27.9)		 −2.0
(28.4)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 0.6
(33.1)		 0.5
(32.9)		 1.7
(35.1)		 −2.3
(27.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 33.6
(1.323)		 33.6
(1.323)		 49.5
(1.949)		 63.6
(2.504)		 69.3
(2.728)		 81.3
(3.201)		 76.5
(3.012)		 80.9
(3.185)		 69.8
(2.748)		 68.4
(2.693)		 61.5
(2.421)		 49.2
(1.937)		 746.9
(29.406)
Source: [25]

Tourism

Phillip Island is a tourist destination visited by 3.5 million people annually.[1] The Penguin Parade at Phillip Island Nature Park, in which little penguins come ashore in groups, attracts visitors from all over the world. They come to see one of the few areas where this species of penguin can be seen.

The island is recognised as having some of the most consistently reliable and varied surf conditions in the country. The island has hosted various surf events in the past, such as the Rip Curl Pro in 2005 and the Roxy Pro Women's Surfing Festival.

Other events include the Churchill Island Working Horse and Pioneer Festival.

Motorsport

Overview of the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit

Phillip Island is steeped in the history of Australian motor racing. A temporary circuit utilizing the island's interior public roads was used for the inaugural Australian Grand Prix in 1928 and continued to be used for the race up until 1935. Racing on public road circuits continued through to 1940. In 1952 the Phillip Island Auto Racing Club was formed and commenced construction on the permanent Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit which opened in 1956. In 1960 the inaugural Armstrong 500 was held, although, with the bridge to the mainland unable to support heavy hotmix bitumen equipment, the track broke up during the third running of the race in 1962. The damage rendered the circuit unusable for racing and for 1963 the Armstrong 500 was relocated to the Mount Panorama Circuit and over time evolved into what is known today as the Bathurst 1000.

The circuit was refurbished and was reopened in October 1967. It was closed in 1978, but was redeveloped and re-opened in 1988 and the following year hosted the first international version of the Australian motorcycle Grand Prix. It continues to host the race today and is also a venue for rounds of the Superbike World Championship, the V8 Supercars Championship and the Australian Drivers' Championship.

Localities

Towns on the island include:

Notable residents

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Phillip Island The Age, Travel Section
  2. ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Phillip Island (Statistical Area Level)". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 2012-10-17.
    Edit this at Wikidata
  3. ↑ 2001 Population Statistics Bass Coast Shire Council Website
  4. 1 2 "Clan estates of the Bunurong". Cardinia Shire Council. Retrieved 2013-09-19.
  5. ↑ "Indigenous History". Phillip Island Tourist Bureau Association. Retrieved 2013-09-19.
  6. 1 2 Gaughwin, Denise and Sullivan, Hilary. Aboriginal Boundaries and Movements in Western Port, Victoria [online]. Aboriginal History, Vol. 8, 1984: 80-98. Availability: <http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=055016885148495;res=IELIND> ISSN 0314-8769. [cited 19 Sep 13].
  7. ↑ History and Heritage on Phillip Island
  8. ↑ Ida Lee (Mrs. Charles Bruce Marriott) (1915), The logbooks of the 'Lady Nelson,' with the journal of her first commander Lieutenant James Grant., London: Grafton, p. 48, OL 6580132M
  9. ↑ The Exploration of Westernport, Western Port Seagrass Partnership 2008, http://www.seagrass.com.au/downloads/PDFs/Exploration_WP.pdf
  10. ↑ "ATTEMPTED COLONISATION AT WESTERN PORT.". Mornington Standard. Vic.: National Library of Australia. 12 August 1905. p. 5 Edition: MORNING. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  11. 1 2 3 "ADVANCE AUSTRALIA SYDNEY GAZETTE, AND New South Wales Advertiser.". The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser. NSW: National Library of Australia. 10 January 1827. p. 2. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  12. 1 2 3 "Classified Advertising.". The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser. National Library of Australia. 13 January 1827. p. 1. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  13. ↑ "PROPOSED STEAMER BETWEEN VAN DIEMEN'S LAND AND PORT PHILLIP.". The Hobart Town Courier. Tas.: National Library of Australia. 4 May 1838. p. 3. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  14. ↑ "Ship News.". The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser. National Library of Australia. 16 March 1839. p. 3. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  15. ↑ "PORT PHILLIP.". The Sydney Herald. National Library of Australia. 27 January 1840. p. 2 Supplement: Supplement to the Sydney Herald. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  16. ↑ "Obituary MR. DAVID MCHAFFIE.". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 14 March 1940. p. 3. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  17. ↑ "ANNUAL REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT BOTANIST AND DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL AND ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN.". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 10 February 1860. p. 7. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  18. ↑ "PHILLIP ISLAND BRIDGE.". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 16 November 1938. p. 3. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  19. 1 2 "NEW BRIDGE TO BE OPENED.". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 29 November 1940. p. 4. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  20. ↑ "IBA: Phillip Island". Birdata. Birds Australia. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
  21. ↑ Inter Island Ferries About Phillip Island
  22. ↑ Phillip Island Winery. 2010. WHALES BREACHING AROUND PHILLIP ISLAND. Retrieved on October 31. 2014
  23. ↑ Wildlife Coast Cruises. Winter Whale Cruise. Retrieved on October 31. 2014
  24. ↑ Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology Snow in Victoria
  25. ↑ "Climate Statistics for Phillip Island". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 8 February 2015.

Coordinates: 38°29′S 145°14′E / 38.483°S 145.233°E / -38.483; 145.233

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