Philippine languages
Philippine | |
---|---|
Geographic distribution |
Philippines Northern Sulawesi, Indonesia Eastern Sabah, Malaysia Orchid Island, Taiwan |
Linguistic classification | |
Subdivisions |
|
ISO 639-2 / 5 | phi |
Glottolog |
None grea1284 (Greater Central Philippine)[1] |
The Philippine languages, per Adelaar and Himmelmann (2005) |
In linguistics, the Philippine languages are a 1991 proposal by Robert Blust that all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi—except Sama–Bajaw (languages of the "Sea Gypsies") and a few languages of Palawan—form a subfamily of Austronesian languages. Although the Philippines is near the center of Austronesian expansion from Formosa, there is little linguistic diversity among the approximately 150 Philippine languages, suggesting that earlier diversity has been erased by the spread of the ancestor of the modern Philippine languages.[2][3] Philippine languages make up the oldest non-Formosan languages of the Austronesian language family, with several languages preserving the proto-Austronesian schwa and d–r assonance lost in the Sunda–Sulawesi languages.
Classification
From approximately north to south, Adelaar and Himmelmann (2005) divide the Philippine languages into the following groups:
- Northern Philippine languages
- Batanic languages (4 languages between Batanes and Formosa)
- Northern Luzon languages (40 languages, including Ilocano and Pangasinan)
- Central Luzon languages (5 languages, including Sambal and Kapampangan)
- Northern Mindoro languages (or North Mangyan; 3 languages)
- Greater Central Philippine languages
- Southern Mindoro languages (or South Mangyan; 3 languages)
- Central Philippine languages (40 languages, including Tagalog, Bikol languages and Visayan languages)
- Palawan languages (3 languages)
- Mindanao languages (20 languages, including Maguindanao and Maranao)
- Gorontalo–Mongondow languages (9 languages of Gorontalo and North Sulawesi)
- Kalamian languages (2 languages of northern Palawan)
- South Mindanao languages (5 languages)
- Sangiric languages (4 languages of Sangir and Talaud Islands)
- Minahasan languages (5 languages of North Sulawesi)
In addition, the Umiray Dumaget, Manide and Inagta Alabat languages are unclassified within the Philippine family.
Vocabulary comparison
Comparison chart between several selected Philippine languages spoken from north to south with Proto-Austronesian first for comparison.
English | one | two | three | four | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (inclusive) | what | fire | and |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proto-Austronesian | isa | duSa | telu | Sepat | Cau | Rumaq | asu | niuR | qalejaw | baqeRu | i-kita | n-anu | apuy | |
Tao | ása | dóa (raroa) | tílo (tatlo) | apat (ápat) | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | vayo | yaten | ango | apoy | |
Ivatan | asa | dadowa | tatdo | apat | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | va-yo | yaten | ango | apoy | |
Ilokano | maysa | dua | tallo | uppat | tao | balay | aso | niog | aldaw | baro | sitayo | ania | apoy | ken |
Ibanag | tadday | dua | tallu | appa' | tolay | balay | kitu | niuk | aggaw | bagu | sittam | anni | afi | |
Gaddang | antet | addwa | tallo | appat | tolay | balay | atu | ayog | aw | bawu | ikkanetam | sanenay | afuy | |
Pangasinan | sakey | dua, duara | talo, talora | apat, apatira | too | abong | aso | niyog | ageo | balo | sikatayo | anto | pool | tan/et |
Kapampangan | métung | adwâ | atlû | ápat | táu | balé | ásu | ngúngut | aldô | báyu | íkatamu | nánu | api | at/ampong |
Tagalog | isa | dalawa | tatlo | apat | tao | bahay | aso | niyog | araw | bago | tayo | ano | apoy | at |
Central Bikol | saro | duwa | tulo | upat | tawo | harong | ayam | niyog | adlaw | ba-go | kita | ano | kalayo | asin |
Rinconada Bikol | əsad | darwā | tolō | əpat | tawō | baləy | ayam | noyog | aldəw | bāgo | kitā | onō | kalayō | |
Waray | usa / sayo | duha | tulo | upat | tawo | balay | ayam/ido | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo | ngan |
Romblomanon | isa | duha | tuyo | upat | tawo | bayay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo | |
Asi | usa | ruha | tuyo | upat | tawo | bayay | iro | nidog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ni-o | kayado | |
Onhan | isya | darwa | tatlo | ap-at | tawo | balay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo | |
Akeanon | isaea | daywa | tatlo | ap-at | tawo | baeay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kaeayo | |
Kinaray-a | sara | darwa | tatlo | apat | taho | balay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita, tatən | ano | kalayo | kag |
Hiligaynon | isa | duha | tatlo | apat | tawo | balay | ido | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo | kag |
Cebuano | usa | duha | tulo | upat | tawo | balay | iro | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | unsa | kalayo | ug |
Maranao | isa | dowa | t'lo | phat | taw | walay | aso | neyog | gawi'e | bago | tano | tonaa | apoy | |
Tboli | sotu | lewu | tlu | fat | tau | gunu | ohu | lefo | kdaw | lomi | tekuy | tedu | ofih | |
Tausug | hambuuk | duwa | tu | upat | tau | bay | iru' | niyug | adlaw | ba-gu | kitaniyu | unu | kayu | |
Mongondow | inta' | dua | tolu | opat | intau | baloi | ungku' | cekut | singgai | mo-bagu | kita | onda | tulu' | |
Gorontalo | tuwewu | duluwo | totolu | wopato | tawu | bele | 'apula | sekat | dulahu | bohu | 'ito | wolo | tulu | |
Tombulu (Minahasa) | esa | zua (rua) | telu | epat | tou | walé | asu | po'po' | endo | weru | kai, kita | apa | api | |
Sangihe | sembau, esa' | darua | tatelu | epa' | tau | balé | kapuna' | bango' | elo | wuhu | kité | tawé | putung | dingangu |
See also
- Ancient Philippine scripts
- Abakada alphabet
- Filipino alphabet
- Filipino orthography
- Languages of the Philippines
- Philippine Negrito languages
- Philippine literature
- Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
- Visayan Academy of Arts and Letters
- Defunct language regulators
References
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Greater Central Philippine". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Adelaar & Himmelmann 2005)
- ↑ More diverse Philippine-type are found in Borneo.
- Fay Wouk and Malcolm Ross (ed.), The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems. Australian National University, 2002.
- K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge, 2005.
- Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database, 2008.
- Reid, Lawrence A. (2013) "Who Are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from Language." Human Biology: Vol. 85: Iss. 1, Article 15.
External links
- Comparative vocabularies of Philippine and other Austronesian languages
- Cognate sets for Austronesian languages