Phenotypic switching
Phenotypic switching is switching between multiple cellular morphologies. David R. Soll described two such systems: the first high frequency switching system between several morphological stages and a second high frequency switching system between opaque and white cells. The latter is an epigenetic switching system[1][2]
Phenotypic switching in Candida albicans is often used to refer to the epigenetic white to opaque switching system. C. albicans needs this switch for sexual mating.[3] Next to the two above mentioned switching systems many other switching systems are known in C. albicans.[4]
A second example occurs in Melanoma, where malignantly transformed pigment cells switch back-and-forth between phenotypes of proliferation and invasion in response to changing microenvironments, driving metastatic progression.[5][6][7]
See also
References
- ↑ Zordan, R. E.; Galgoczy, D. J.; Johnson, A. D. (2006). "Epigenetic properties of white-opaque switching in Candida albicans are based on a self-sustaining transcriptional feedback loop". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (34): 12807. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605138103.
- ↑ Slutsky, B; Buffo, J; Soll, D. R. (1985). "High-frequency switching of colony morphology in Candida albicans". Science. 230 (4726): 666–9. PMID 3901258. doi:10.1126/science.3901258.
- ↑ Rikkerrink E, Magee B, Magee P (1988). "Opaque-white phenotype transition: a programmed morphological transition in Candida albicans". J. Bact. 170 (2): 895–899. PMC 210739
. PMID 2828333. - ↑ Soll DR (2014). "The role of phenotypic switching in the basic biology and pathogenesis of Candida albicans". J Oral Microbiol. 6 (2): 895–9. PMC 210739 . PMID 2828333. doi:10.3402/jom.v6.22993.
- ↑ Hoek KS, Eichhoff OM, Schlegel NC, Dobbeling U, Kobert N, Schaerer L, Hemmi S, Dummer R (2008). "In vivo switching of human melanoma cells between proliferative and invasive states". Cancer Res. 68 (3): 650–6. PMID 18245463. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2491.
- ↑ Hoek KS, Goding CR (2010). "Cancer stem cells versus phenotype-switching in melanoma". Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 23 (6): 746–59. PMID 20726948. doi:10.1111/j.1755-148X.2010.00757.x.
- ↑ Saez-Ayala M, Montenegro MF, Sanchez-del-Campo L, Fernandez-Perez MP, Chazarra S, Freter R, Middleton M, Pinero-Madrona A, Cabezas-Herrera J, Goding CR, Rodriguez-Lopez JN (2013). "Directed phenotype switching as an effective antimelanoma strategy". Cancer Cell. 24 (1): 105–19. PMID 23792190. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2013.05.009.
External links
- Neville SE, Baigent S, Lowry PJ (December 2001). "Are Hox genes responsible for the phenotypic switching and zonation of the adult adrenal cortex?". Endocrine Abstracts. 2: 52.
- D'Souza CA, Heitman J (December 2001). "It infects me, it infects me not: phenotypic switching in the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans". J. Clin. Invest. 108 (11): 1577–8. PMC 200997 . PMID 11733551. doi:10.1172/JCI14497.
- Sonneborn A, Tebarth B, Ernst JF (1 September 1999). "Control of white-opaque phenotypic switching in Candida albicans by the Efg1p morphogenetic regulator". Infect. Immun. 67 (9): 4655–60. PMC 96790 . PMID 10456912.
- Javan C, Shaunak S (January 22–26, 1997). "Repeated phenotypic switching of HIV-1 in AIDS patients sampled regularly over 2 years.". 4th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Washington, DC.