Petah Tikva

Petah Tikva
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • Also spelled Petah Tiqwa (official)
Petach Tikvah (unofficial)

Emblem of Petah Tikva
Petah Tikva
Coordinates: 32°05′19.78″N 34°53′10.8″E / 32.0888278°N 34.886333°E / 32.0888278; 34.886333Coordinates: 32°05′19.78″N 34°53′10.8″E / 32.0888278°N 34.886333°E / 32.0888278; 34.886333
Country Israel
District Central
Founded 1878
Government
 • Type City (from 1937)
 • Mayor Itzik Braverman
Area
 • Total 35,868 dunams (35.868 km2 or 13.849 sq mi)
Population (2015)[1]
 • Total 230,984
Name meaning Opening of hope

Petah Tikva (Hebrew: פֶּתַח תִּקְוָה‎, IPA: [ˈpetaχ tikˈva], "Opening of Hope"; Arabic: بتاح تكفا‎‎) known as Em HaMoshavot ("Mother of the Moshavot"), is a city in the Central District of Israel, 10.6 km (6.59 mi) east of Tel Aviv. It was founded in 1878, mainly by religious orthodox Jews, also known as the Old Yishuv, and became a permanent settlement in 1883 with the financial help of Baron Edmond de Rothschild.

In 2015 the city had a population of 230,984.[1] The population density is approximately 6,277 inhabitants per square kilometre (16,260/sq mi). Petah Tikva's jurisdiction covers 35,868 dunams (~35.9 km2 or 15 sq mi). It is part of the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area.

Etymology

The name of Petah Tikva was chosen by its founders in 1878 from the prophecy of Hosea (2:15, 2:17 Jewish), "And I will give her vineyards from thence, and the Valley of Achor for an opening of hope: and she shall sing there, as in the days of her youth, and as in the day when she came up out of the land of Egypt."

Petah Tikva's emblem appears on a postage stamp designed by Yitzhak Goldenhirsch, a founding member of Petah Tikva. The plow symbolizes Petah Tikva's origins as an agricultural settlement, the field symbolizes the drying of the Yarkon River swamps and cultivation of the land, and the orange tree symbolizes Petah Tikva's citrus industry, starting with the first tree planted by Rabbi Aryeh Leib Frumkin. The emblem is inscribed by a verse from the Bible: "He who works his land will have abundant bread." (Proverbs 12:11)

History

Crusader and Ottoman era

Khirbat Mulabbis, dating to the Ottoman era, is believed to have been built on the site of the Crusader village of Bulbus, an identification proposed in the nineteenth century by French scholar J. Delaville Le Roulx. A Crusader source from 1133 CE states that the Count of Jaffa granted the land to the Hospitaller order, including “the mill/mills of the three bridges” (“des moulins des trios ponts”). The Ottoman village of Mulebbis appears at this site on the British survey map.[2]

Petah Tikva, 1912

Modern era

Petah Tikva was founded in 1878 by religious pioneers from Europe, who were led by Yehoshua Stampfer, Moshe Shmuel Raab, Yoel Moshe Salomon, Zerach Barnett,[3] and David Gutmann, as well as Lithuanian Rabbi Aryeh Leib Frumkin who built the first house there.[4] It was the first modern Jewish agricultural settlement in Ottoman Southern Syria (hence its nickname as "Mother of the Moshavot" and has since grown to become one of Israel's most populous urban centers.

Petah Tikva in the 1920s

Originally intending to establish a new settlement in the Achor Valley, near Jericho, the pioneers purchased land in that area. However, Abdülhamid II cancelled the purchase and forbade them from settling there, but they retained the name Petah Tikva as a symbol of their aspirations.

Beit HaBeton, 1920–1930

In 1878 the founders of Petah Tikva learned of the availability of land northeast of Jaffa near the village of Mulabes (or Umlabes). The land was owned by two Christian businessmen from Jaffa, Antoine Bishara Tayan and Selim Qassar, and was worked by some thirty tenant farmers. Tayan’s property was the larger, some 8,500 dunams, but much of it was in the malarial swamp of the Yarkon Valley. Qassar’s property, approximately 3,500 dunams, lay a few kilometers to the south of the Yarkon, away from the swampland. It was Qassar's that was purchased on July 30, 1878. Tayan’s holdings were purchased when a second group of settlers, known as the Yarkonim, arrived in Petah Tikva the following year.[5]The Sultan allowed the purchase because of the poor quality of the land.[6]

A malaria epidemic broke out in 1880, forcing the abandonment of the settlements on both holdings.[7] Those who remained in the area moved south to Yehud. After Petah Tikva was reoccupied by Bilu immigrants in 1883 some of the original families returned. With funding for swamp drainage provided by Baron Edmond de Rothschild, the colony became more stable.[8]

During the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I, Petah Tikva served as a refugee town for residents of Tel Aviv and Jaffa, following their exile by the Ottoman authorities due to their refusal to serve the Ottoman army to fight the invading British forces. The town suffered heavily as it lay between the Ottoman and British fronts during the war.

Petah Tikva became the school for thousands of pioneer workers, who studied the craft of farming there before they ventured out to establish dozens of settlements in all parts of the country. The agricultural schools are still active to this day. Petah Tikva was also the birthplace of the Labor Zionist Movement, inspired and encouraged by the writings of A. D. Gordon who lived in the town.

The first recorded Arab attack on Jews in what would become Israel took place in Petah Tikva in 1886.[9] Petah Tikva was also the scene of Arab rioting in May 1921, which left four Jews dead.[10]

In the early 1920s, industry began to develop in the Petah Tikva region. In 1921, Petah Tikva was given the status of a local council by the British authorities. According to a census conducted in 1931 by the British Mandate authorities, Petah Tikva had a population of 6880 inhabitants, in 1688 houses.[11] In 1937 it was recognized as a city. Its first mayor, Shlomo Stampfer, was the son of one of its founders, Yehoshua Stampfer.

Petah-Tikva, which largely depended on citrus farming, was considered by both the British government and the Jaffa Electric Company as a potentially important consumer of electricity for irrigation. The Auja Concession, which was given to the Jaffa Electric Company on 1921, specifically referred to the relatively large Jewish settlement of Petah-Tikva. But it was only in late 1929 that the company submitted an irrigation scheme for Petah-Tikva, and it was yet to be approved by the government in 1930.[12]

In the 1930s, the pioneering founders of Kibbutz Yavneh from the Religious Zionist movement immigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine, settling near Petah Tikva on land purchased by a Jewish-owned German company. Refining the agricultural skills they learned in Germany, these pioneers began in 1941 to build their kibbutz in its intended location in the south of Israel, operating from Petah Tikva as a base.

Urban development

New housing under construction in Em HaMoshavot
Park and pond near Moshe Sneh Street

After the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, several adjoining villages – Amishav and Ein Ganim to the east (named after the biblical village (Joshua 15:34)), Kiryat Matalon to the west, towards Bnei Brak, Kfar Ganim and Mahaneh Yehuda to the south and Kfar Avraham on the north – were merged into the municipal boundaries of Petah Tikva, giving it a significant population boost to 22,000.

Nowadays, with a population of over two hundred thousand inhabitants Petah Tikva is the third most populous city in the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area ("Gush Dan").

Petah Tikva is divided into 33 neighborhoods for municipal purposes.[13]

Economy

Azorim high-tech park
Grand Mall

Petah Tikva is the second-largest industrial sector in Israel after the northern city of Haifa. The industry is divided into three zones—Kiryat Aryeh (named after Aryeh Shenkar, founder and first president of the Manufacturers Association of Israel and a pioneer in the Israeli textile industry), Kiryat Matalon (named after Moshe Yitzhak Matalon), and Segula, and includes textiles, metalwork, carpentry, plastics, processed foods, tires and other rubber products, and soap.

Numerous high-tech companies and start-ups have moved into the industrial zones of Petah Tikva, which now house the Israeli headquarters for the Oracle Corporation, IBM, Intel, Alcatel-Lucent, ECI Telecom, and GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals. The largest data center in Israel, operated by the company TripleC, is also located in Petah Tikva.[14] Furthermore, the Israeli Teva company, the world's largest generic drug manufacturer, is headquartered in Petah Tikva. One of Israel's leading food processing corporations, Osem opened in Petah Tikva in 1976 and has since been joined by the company's administrative offices, distribution center and sauce factory. Strauss is also based in Petach Tikva.

Over time, the extensive citrus groves that once ringed Petah Tikva have disappeared as real-estate developers acquired the land for construction projects. Many new neighborhoods are going up in and around Petah Tikva. A quarry for building stone is located east of Petah Tikva.

As well as general hi-tech firms, Petah Tikva has developed a position as a base for many communications firms. As such, the headquarters of the Bezeq International international phone company is located in the Kiryat Matalon industrial zone as are those of the 012 Smile Internet Service Provider. The headquarters of Tadiran Telecom are in the Ramat Siv industrial zone. Arutz Sheva, the right wing Religious Zionist Israeli media network operates an internet radio studio in Petah Tikva, where Arutz Sheva internet TV is located as well as the printing press for its B'Sheva newspaper.

The Israeli secret service, Shin Bet, has an interrogation facility in Petah Tikva.[15]

Transportation

Bridge designed by Santiago Calatrava
Jabotinsky Road

Petah Tikva is served by a large number of buses. A large number of intercity Egged buses stop there, and the city has a network of local buses operated by the Kavim company. The Dan bus company operates lines to Ramat Gan, Bnei Brak and Tel Aviv.

Petah Tikva's largest bus terminal is the Petah Tikva Central Bus Station (Tahana Merkazit), while other major stations are located near Beilinson Hospital and Beit Rivka. A rapid transit/light rail system is in the works that will connect Petah Tikva to Bnei Brak, Ramat Gan, Tel Aviv and Bat Yam.

Israel Railways maintains two suburban railroad stations in Segula and Kiryat Aryeh, in the northern part of the city. A central train station near the main bus station is envisioned as part of Israel Railways's long-term expansion plan. There are eight taxi fleets based in Petah Tikva, and the city is bordered by three of the major vehicle arteries in Israel: Geha Highway (Highway 4) on the west, the Trans-Samaria Highway (Highway 5) on the north, and the Trans-Israel Highway (Highway 6) on the east.

Santiago Calatrava's bridge, a 164 feet (50 m) long span Y-shaped cable-stayed pedestrian three-way bridge connecting Rabin Hospital to a shopping mall, a residential development and a public park. The structure is supported from a 95-foot (29 m) high inclined steel pylon, which is situated where the three spans intersect. Light in construction, the bridge is built principally of steel with a glass-paved deck.[16]

Local government

Petah Tikva City Hall

Petah Tikva's history of government goes back to 1880, when the pioneers elected a council of seven members to run the new colony. From 1880 to 1921, members of the council were David Meir Guttman, Yehoshua Stampfer, Ze'ev Wolf Branda, Abraham Ze'ev Lipkis, Yitzhak Goldenhirsch, Chaim Cohen-Rice, Moshe Gissin, Shlomo Zalman Gissin and Akiva Librecht. This governing body was declared a local council in 1921, and Petah Tikva became a city in 1937. Kadima, the political party founded by former Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon and now headed by Tzipi Livni, has its headquarters in Petah Tikva.[17]

Council heads

Mayors

  • Shlomo Stampfer (1938–1940)
  • Yosef Sapir (1940–1950)
  • Mordechai Kraufman (1951)
  • Pinchas Rashish (1951–1966)
  • Yisrael Feinberg (1966–1978)
  • Dov Tavori (1978–1989)
  • Giora Lev (1989–1999)
  • Yitzhak Ohayon (1999–2013)
  • Uri Ohad (2013)
  • Itzik Braverman (2013–present)

Schools and religious institutions

Great Synagogue, Petah Tikva

Petah Tikva is home to 300 educational institutions from kindergarten through high school, catering to the secular, religious and Haredi populations. There are over 43,000 students enrolled in these schools, which are staffed by some 2,400 teachers. In 2006, five schools participated in the nationwide Mofet program, which promotes academic excellence. Petah Tikva has seventeen public libraries, the main one located in the city hall building.[19]

Some 70,000 Orthodox Jews live in Petah Tikva. The community of Petah Tikva is served by 300 synagogues,[20] including the 120-year-old Great Synagogue,[21] eight mikvaot (ritual baths)[22] and two major Haredi yeshivot, Lomzhe Yeshiva and Or-Yisrael (founded by the Chazon Ish, Rabbi Avraham Yeshayahu Karelitz). Yeshivat Hesder Petah Tikva, a modern-orthodox Hesder Yeshiva affiliated with the Religious Zionist movement, directed by Rabbi Yuval Cherlow, is also located in Petah Tikva. Additionally, Rav Michael Laitman, PhD in Philosophy and Kabbalah, daily leads 200-300 students and hundreds of thousands virtually (some estimates of up to 2 million) in the method of Kabbalah learned from his teacher Rav Baruch Shalom HaLevi Ashlag, known as the RABASH.

Petah Tikva has two cemeteries: Segula Cemetery, east of the city, and Yarkon Cemetery, to the northeast.

Health care

Rabin Medical Center (Belinson)

Six hospitals are located in the city. The Rabin Medical Center Beilinson complex includes the Beilinson Medical Center, the Davidoff Oncologic Center, the Geha Psychiatric Hospital, the Schneider Pediatric Hospital and Tel Aviv University's Faculty of Medical Research. Other medical facilities in Petah Tikva are HaSharon Hospital, the Beit Rivka Geriatric Center, the Kupat Holim Medical Research Center and a private hospital, Ramat Marpeh, affiliated with Assuta Hospital. The Schneider Pediatric Center is one of the largest and most modern children's hospitals in the Middle East. In addition, there are many family health clinics in Petah Tikva as well as Kupat Holim clinics operated by Israel's Health maintenance organizations.

Landmarks and cultural institutions

Founders' Square

Petah Tikva's Independence Park includes a zoo at its northeastern edge, the Museum of Man and Nature, a memorial to the victims of the 1921 Arab riots, an archaeological display, Yad Labanim soldiers memorial, a local history museum, a Holocaust museum and the Petah Tikva Museum of Art.[23][24]

Arab–Israeli conflict

During the Second Intifada, Petah Tikva suffered three terrorist attacks: On May 27, 2002, a suicide bomber blew himself up at a small cafe outside a shopping mall, leaving two dead, including a baby;[25] on December 25, 2003, a suicide bomber blew himself up at a bus stop near the Geha bridge, killing 4 civilians, and on February 5, 2006, a Palestinian got into a shuttle taxi, pulled out a knife, and began stabbing passengers killing two of them, but a worker from a nearby factory hit him with a log, subduing him.

Sports

The main stadium in Petah Tikva is the 11,500-seat HaMoshava Stadium. Petah Tikva has two football teams – Hapoel Petah Tikva F.C. and Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C.. The local baseball team, the Petach Tikva Pioneers, played in the inaugural 2007 season of the Israel Baseball League. The league folded the following year. In 2014, Hapoel Petah Tikva's women's soccer team recruited five Arab-Israeli women to play on the team. One of them is now a team captain.[26]

Notable residents

Moran Buzovsky
Zehava Gal-On
Pnina Rosenblum

International relations

Twin towns — sister cities

Petah Tikva is twinned with:

Tel Aviv

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "List of localities, in Alphabetical order" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  2. ↑ Israel Antiquities Authority Petah Tiqwa, Kh. Mulabbis
  3. ↑ זאב וולף ברנדה ז"ל [Ze'ev Wolf Branda memorial] (in Hebrew). Rishonim.org.il. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
  4. ↑ "Future Tense – Israel at 60: A Dream Fulfilled". Office of the Chief Rabbi. December 2007. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
  5. ↑ Avneri (1984, p. 71); Glass & Kark (1991, pp. 137–138); Ben Ezer (2013) has a more detailed discussion of the Yarkonim, in Hebrew.
  6. ↑ Yaari, Avraham (1958). The Goodly Heritage: Memoirs Describing the Life of the Jewish Community of Eretz Yisrael From the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Centuries. (Translated and abridged by Israel Schen; edited by Isaac Halevy-Levin). Jerusalem: Youth and Hechalutz Dept. of the Zionist Organization. p. 93.
  7. ↑ Yaari (1958, pp. 89–93) suggests that the colonists began to abandon Petah Tikva in late 1880, and had all left in 1881.
  8. ↑ "Petah Tikva". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  9. ↑ "Frumkin News – Newsletter No. 34". The Frumkin Family Website. September 2002. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
  10. ↑ "Petah Tikvah". Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
  11. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 14
  12. ↑ Shamir, Ronen (2013). Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804787062.
  13. ↑ "Connect to the Neighborhood". Petah Tikva municipality. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved July 19, 2008.
  14. ↑ Thecom.co.il (in Hebrew) Archived November 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  15. ↑ "Kept in the Dark". B'Tselem. October 2010. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
  16. ↑ "Calatrava in Israel: Museum exhibition lands 's Calatrava first project in Israel". World Architecture News. December 15, 2006. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  17. ↑ Hoffman, Gil (September 20, 2007). "Olmert Moves to Keep Kadima United". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on September 23, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  18. ↑ הנהגת הישוב, השלטון המקומי והעומדים בראשם [Community Leadership, local government and their leaders] (in Hebrew). Petah Tikva Summit. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
  19. ↑ "Petah Tikva today". Koblenz–Petah Tikva Friendship Circle. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
  20. ↑ "Places to Live – Petah Tikvah". Tehilla – Pilot Trips. Archived from the original on March 23, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
  21. ↑ Stoil, Rebecca Anna (May 4, 2006). "Petah Tikva Synagogue Desecrated". The Jerusalem Post, cited in Pogrom.co.il. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
  22. ↑ "List of Mikvaot in the City". Petah Tikva municipality. Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
  23. ↑ Tamar Berger (Summer 2002). "Sleep, Teddy Bear, Sleep: Independence Park, Petach Tikva: An Israeli Realm of Memory". Israel Studies. Indiana University Press. 2 (2): 1–32. JSTOR 30245584. doi:10.2979/isr.2002.7.2.1.
  24. ↑ "Petach Tikva Museum Hosted at Leumi Bet Mani House". Bank Leumi. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
  25. ↑ "2000-2006: Major Terror Attacks". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
  26. ↑ Israeli soccer team breaks new ground: Recruits Arab women
  27. ↑ Pioneers in Palestine: Stories of One of the First Settlers in Petach Tikvah. G. Routledge & sons, Limited. 1923.
  28. ↑ Shtull, Asaf (2011-04-01). "Clear as crystal". Haaretz. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
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