People's Bank of China

People's Bank of China
中国人民银行
Zhōngguó Rénmín Yínháng
Bank logo
Bank logo

People's Bank of China headquarters in Beijing
39°54′24″N 116°21′14″E / 39.90667°N 116.35389°E / 39.90667; 116.35389Coordinates: 39°54′24″N 116°21′14″E / 39.90667°N 116.35389°E / 39.90667; 116.35389
Headquarters Beijing and Shanghai
Established December 1, 1948
Governor Zhou Xiaochuan
Central bank of  People's Republic of China
Currency Renminbi (RMB)
CNY (ISO 4217)
Reserves US$3.201 trillion[1]
Bank rate 6.0%
Interest on reserves 3.5%
Website www.pbc.gov.cn
For other currencies named "Yuan" and their respective central banks, see Chinese Yuan.
People's Bank of China
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese 中国人民银行
Traditional Chinese 中國人民銀行
Literal meaning China People Bank
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese 人民银行
Traditional Chinese 人民銀行
Literal meaning People Bank
Second alternative Chinese name
Chinese 人行
Literal meaning People's Bank
Tibetan name
Tibetan ཀྲུང་གོ་མི་དམངས། མི་རྣམས།དངུལ་ཁང་།
Zhuang name
Zhuang Cunghgoz Yinzminz Yinzhangz
Mongolian name
Mongolian script ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ
ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ
ᠪᠠᠩᠬᠢ
Uyghur name
Uyghur
جۇڭگو خەلق بانكا

The People's Bank of China (PBC or PBOC, Chinese: 中国人民银行) is the central bank of the People's Republic of China with the power to carry out monetary policy and regulate financial institutions in mainland China. As of July 2017, the People's Bank of China has the largest financial asset holdings of any central bank in the world.[2]

History

The bank was established on December 1, 1948, based on the consolidation of the Huabei Bank, the Beihai Bank and the Xibei Farmer Bank. The headquarters was first located in Shijiazhuang, Hebei, and then moved to Beijing in 1949. Between 1950 and 1978 the PBC was the only bank in the People's Republic of China and was responsible for both central banking and commercial banking operations. All other banks within Mainland China such as the Bank of China were either organized as divisions of the PBC[3] or were non-deposit taking agencies.[4]

In the 1980s, as part of economic reform, the commercial banking functions of the PBC were split off into four independent but state-owned banks and in 1983, the State Council promulgated that the PBC would function as the central bank of China. Mr. Chen Yuan was instrumental in modernizing the bank in the early 1990s. Its central bank status was legally confirmed on March 18, 1995 by the 3rd Plenum of the 8th National People's Congress. In 1998, the PBC underwent a major restructuring. All provincial and local branches were abolished, and the PBC opened nine regional branches, whose boundaries did not correspond to local administrative boundaries. In 2003, the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress approved an amendment law for strengthening the role of PBC in the making and implementation of monetary policy for safeguarding the overall financial stability and provision of financial services.

The People's Bank of China (PBC) is the largest central bank at US$3.201 trillion.[1]

Management

The top management of the PBC are composed of the governor and a certain number of deputy governors. The governor of the PBC is appointed into or removed by the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee. The candidate for the governor of the PBC is nominated by the Premier of the People's Republic of China approved by the National People's Congress. When the National People's Congress is in adjournment, the Standing Committee sanctions the candidacy for the governor of the PBC. The deputy governors of the PBC are appointed to or removed from office by the Premier of the State Council.

The PBC adopts a governor responsibility system under which the governor supervises the overall work of the PBC while the deputy governors provide assistance to the governor to fulfill his or her responsibility.

The current governor is Zhou Xiaochuan:. Deputy governors of the management team include: Yi Gang, Wang Huaqing, Pan Gongsheng, Fan Yifei, Guo Qingping, Zhang Xiaohui, and Yang Ziqiang.[5] Former top-level managers include: Ms. Hu Xiaolian, Liu Shiyu, Li Dongrong and Ms. Jin Qi.

Structure

People's Bank of China Tianjin branch, formerly the Central Bank Tientsin Branch building until 1949, now a protected heritage site

The PBC has established 9 regional branches, one each in Tianjin, Shenyang, Shanghai, Nanjing, Jinan, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Chengdu and Xi'an, 2 operations offices in Beijing and Chongqing, 303 municipal sub-branches and 1809 county-level sub-branches.

It has 6 overseas representative offices (PBC Representative Office for America, PBC Representative Office (London) for Europe, PBC Tokyo Representative Office, PBC Frankfurt Representative Office, PBC Representative Office for Africa, Liaison Office of the PBC in the Caribbean Development Bank).

The PBC consists of 18 functional departments (bureaus) as below:[6]

The following enterprises and institutions are directly under the PBC:[7]

Microfinance

Financial inclusion

The PBOC is active in promoting financial inclusion policy and a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion.[8]

List of Governors

№ Name Took office Left office Premier Notes
1 Nan Hanchen (南汉宸) October 1949 October 1954 Zhou Enlai
2 Cao Juru (曹菊如) October 1954 October 1964 Zhou Enlai
3 Hu Lijiao (胡立教) October 1964 1966 Zhou Enlai
post abolished
4 Chen Xiyu (陈希愈) May 1973 January 1978 Zhou Enlai
Hua Guofeng
5 Li Baohua (李葆华) January 1978 April 1982 Hua Guofeng
Zhao Ziyang
6 Lü Peijian (吕培俭) April 1982 March 1985 Zhao Ziyang
7 Chen Muhua (陈慕华)(female) March 1985 April 1988 Zhao Ziyang State Councilor (1982–1988)
8 Li Guixian (李贵鲜) April 1988 July 1993 Li Peng State Councilor (1988–1998)
9 Zhu Rongji (朱镕基) July 1993 June 1995 Li Peng First-ranked Vice-Premier (1993–1998)
10 Dai Xianglong (戴相龙) June 1995 December 2002 Li Peng
Zhu Rongji
11 Zhou Xiaochuan (周小川) December 2002 Incumbent Zhu Rongji
Wen Jiabao
Li Keqiang 		Vice Chairman of the CPPCC
National Committee (2013–incumbent)

Interest rates

Previously, interest rates set by the bank were always divisible by nine, instead of by 25 as in the rest of the world.[9][10] However, since the central bank began to increase rates by 0.25 percentage points on October 19, 2010, this is no longer the case .

PBC latest interest rate changes:[11]

Change date Interest rate
August 25, 2015 4.600%
June 27, 2015 4.850%
May 10, 2015 5.100%
February 28, 2015 5.350%
November 21, 2014 5.600%
July 6, 2012 6.000%
June 8, 2012 6.310%
July 7, 2011 6.560%
April 6, 2011 6.310%
February 9, 2011 6.060%
December 26, 2010 5.810%

Reserve Requirement Ratio (RRR)

PBC latest Reserve Requirement Ratio changes:

Change date Reserve Requirement Ratio Extra Cash for financial system
December 2008 13.74%[12]
December 2011 20.5% 350 billion yuan ($55 billion) [13]
May 2012 20.0% 400 billion yuan ($63.4 billion) [14]
February 2015 19.5% 600 billion yuan ($96 billion) [15]
April 2015 18.5% 1.5 trillion yuan ($240 billion) [16]
August 2015 18.0% 650 billion yuan ($101 billion)

Foreign-exchange reserves

Foreign-exchange reserves from 2004:[17][18]

Date Foreign-exchange reserves (US$ billion)
2004-01415.7
2004-02426.6
2004-03439.8
2004-04449
2004-05458.6
2004-06470.6
2004-07483
2004-08496.2
2004-09514.5
2004-10542.4
2004-11573.9
2004-12609.9
2005-01623.6
2005-02642.6
2005-03659.1
2005-04670.8
2005-05691
2005-06711
2005-09769
2005-12818.9
2006-01845.2
2006-02853.7
2006-03875.1
2006-04895
2006-05925
2006-06941.1
2006-07954.6
2006-08972
2006-09987.9
2006-101009.6
2006-111038.8
2006-121066.3
2007-011104.7
2007-021157.4
2007-031202
2007-041246.6
2007-051292.7
2007-061332.6
2007-071385.2
2007-081408.6
2007-091433.6
2007-101454.9
2007-111497
2007-121528.2
2008-011589.8
2008-021647.1
2008-031682.2
2008-041756.7
2008-051797
2008-061808.8
2008-071845.2
2008-081884.2
2008-091905.6
2008-101879.7
2008-111884.7
2008-121946
2009-011913.5
2009-021912.1
2009-031952.7
2009-042008.9
2009-052089.5
2009-062131.6
2009-072174.6
2009-082210.8
2009-092272.6
2009-102328.3
2009-112388.8
2009-122399.2
2010-012415.2
2010-022424.6
2010-032447.1
2010-042490.5
2010-052439.5
2010-062454.3
2010-072538.9
2010-082547.8
2010-092648.3
2010-102760.9
2010-112767.8
2010-122847.3
2011-012931.7
2011-022991.4
2011-033044.7
2011-063197.5
2011-073245.3
2011-083262.5
2011-093201.7
2011-103273.8
2011-113220.9
2011-123181.1
2012-013253.6
2012-023309.7
2012-033305
2012-043298.9
2012-053206.1
2012-063240
2012-073240
2012-083272.9
2012-093285.1
2012-103287.4
2012-113297.7
2012-123311.6
2013-013410
2013-023395.4
2013-033442.6
2013-043534.5
2013-053514.8
2013-063496.7
2013-073547.8
2013-083553
2013-093662.7
2013-103736.6
2013-113789.5
2013-123821.3
2014-013866.6
2014-023913.7
2014-033948.1
2014-043978.8
2014-053983.9
2014-063993.2
2014-073966.3
2014-083968.8
2014-093887.7
2014-103852.9
2014-113847.4
2014-123843
2015-013813.41
2015-023801.5
2015-033730.04
2015-043748.14
2015-053711.14
2015-063693.84
2015-073651.31

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Rapoza, Kenneth (October 15, 2011). "China's Cash Position Swells To Record High". BEIJING: Forbes. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
  2. ↑
  3. ↑ "History of Bank of China", boc.cn, Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  4. ↑ "History", China Construction Bank webpage. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  5. ↑ "Management Team", pbc.gov.cn, November 23, 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  6. ↑ The People's Bank of China. "Management and Organizational Structure". Retrieved May 29, 2012.
  7. ↑ The People's Bank of China. "Enterprises and Institutions directly under the PBC". Retrieved May 29, 2012.
  8. ↑ "AFI members". AFI Global. October 10, 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
  9. ↑ "Calendar, Abacus Help Determine Size of Chinese Rate Increases". Bloomberg. May 18, 2007.
  10. ↑ Viewpoint: The "divisible by nine" rule
  11. ↑ "PBC base interest rate - Chinese central bank’s interest rate", global-rates.com. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  12. ↑ "People's Bank of China Reserve Requirement Ratio". Investing.com. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  13. ↑ "china-cuts-reserve-requirement-for-banks-as-europe-crisis-threatens-growth", bloomberg.com, November 30, 2011.
  14. ↑ "china-cuts-banks-reserve-requirements-to-sustain-growth", bloomberg.com, May 12, 2012.
  15. ↑ "china-cuts-reserve-requirement-ratio", wsj.com.
  16. ↑ "economists-react-chinas-aggressive-cut-in-banks-reserve-requirement-ratio", blogs.wsj.com, April 20, 2015.
  17. ↑ "CNGFOREX:IND", bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  18. ↑ "China's foreign exchange reserves, 1977-2014", chinability.com, Retrieved 2015-11-23.

Further reading

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