Penion
| Penion Temporal range: Early Paleocene to Recent, 66.0–0.0 Ma | |
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| A siphon whelk Penion cuvierianus jeakingsi, collected from Golden Bay in New Zealand. | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Caenogastropoda clade Hypsogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Buccinoidea |
| Family: | Buccinidae |
| Genus: | Penion Fischer, 1884[1] |
| Species | |
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See text. | |
| Synonyms | |
Penion is a genus of large marine snails, commonly known as siphon whelks, classified within the mollusc family Buccinidae, the true whelks.[4]
Description
Siphon whelks are large, benthic marine snails, or whelks.[5][6][7]
Penion are commonly called siphon whelks because they have a very long siphon. Species typically have a large, pointed operculum.[8] Radulae have 3 or 4 cusps on lateral teeth and 3 cusps on central teeth.[8]
Males have a long, dorso-ventrally flattened penis, and correspondingly females have a large pallial oviduct and albumen gland.[8] However, geometric morphometric investigation of P. chathamensis indicates that secondary sexual dimorphism is not prominent.[7]
Shells of Penion vary significantly in shape, size and colouration, making the distinction of species difficult.[8][6][7] Shells are fusiform with a tall spire of roughly equal height to the aperture and siphonal canal combined.[8] Protoconch morphology is also highly variable, from 1.5 - 4.0 whorls in height.[8] The siphonal canal of the shell is often long to protect the elongated siphon.[8] Small shells (or fossils) can be confused with those of Aeneator.[9]
Ecology
Most species occur in deep water,[7] and inhabit soft sediments on the continental shelf.[10]
All species of Penion have a wide ranging diet, and are detritivores and carnivores that actively hunt prey.[6][7] P. sulcatus is known to feed on mussels and Dosina zelandica zelandica.[6][11]
Distribution
Penion species are restricted to the Southern Hemisphere.[7] Two extant species are currently classified in Australia[8] and six extant species are documented in New Zealand.[5]
Numerous fossil species are recorded in New Zealand,[9] Australia,[8] Argentina and Chile,[12][13] and Antarctica.[14][15][16]
During the voyage of the HMS Beagle, fossils of P. subrectus were among palaeontological samples collected by Charles Darwin from the mouth of the Santa Cruz River in Argentina.[17]
Evolution
Penion is currently classified within Buccinidae, the family of true whelks.[18][4] Alternatively they have been referred to the family of Buccinulidae.[18][4]
Molecular phylogenetic trees based on mitochondrial genomic and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence data indicate that Penion is closely related to two genera: Kelletia found in the north Pacific Ocean,[18][4] and Antarctoneptunea, distributed in waters surrounding New Zealand and Antarctica.[4] Radulae and opercula morphology is similar between Penion and Kelletia.[8] It is possible that the earliest known fossils of Penion belonging to P. proavitus from the New Zealand Paleocene (Teurian), actually represent a stem lineage that was the common ancestor of these three genera.[4]
Species
Species and subspecies in the genus Penion include:
- † Penion affixus (Finlay, 1930)[9]
- † Penion asper (Marwick, 1928)[9]
- † Penion australocapax Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992[14][15][16]
- † Penion bartrumi (Laws, 1941)[9]
- Penion benthicolus Dell, 1956[5][9]
- † Penion brazieri (Fleming, 1955)[9]
- Penion chathamensis (Powell, 1938)[18]
- † Penion clifdenensis (Finlay, 1930)[9]
- † Penion crassus Frassinetti, 2000[12]
- † Penion crawfordi (Hutton, 1873)[9]
- Penion cuvierianus (Powell, 1927)[5][9]
- † Penion darwinianus (Philippi, 1887)
- † Penion diversum Frassinetti, 2000[12]
- † Penion domeykoanus (Philippi, 1887)[8]
- † Penion exoptatus (Powell & Bartrum, 1929)[9]
- Penion fairfieldae (Powell, 1947)[5][9]
- † Penion finlayi (Laws, 1930)[9]
- † Penion gauli (Marwick, 1928)[9]
- † Penion haweraensis (Powell, 1931)[9]
- † Penion hiatulus (Powell, 1947)[9]
- † Penion huttoni (L.R. King, 1934)[9]
- † Penion imperfectus (Powell, 1947)[9]
- † Penion interjunctus (Finlay, 1930)[9]
- † Penion koruahinensis (Powell & Bartrum, 1928)[9]
- † Penion longirostris (Tate, 1888)[8]
- † Penion macsporrani (Philippi, 1887)
- Penion mandarinus (Duclos, P.L., 1831)[8]
- Penion mandarinus waitei (Hedley, 1903)
- † Penion marwicki (Finlay, 1930)[9]
- Penion maximus (Tryon, G.W., 1881)[8]
- † Penion oncodes (Philippi, 1887)
- Penion ormesi (Powell, 1927)
- † Penion parans (Finlay, 1930)[9]
- † Penion patagonensis Reichler, 2010[13]
- † Penion petitianus (d'Orbigny, 1842)
- † Penion proavitus (Finlay & Marwick, 1937)[9]
- † Penion roblini (Tenison Woods, 1876)[8]
- † Penion spatiosus (Tate, 1888)[8]
- † Penion subrectus (Ihering, 1899)[8][17]
- † Penion subreflexus (G.B. Sowerby I, 1846)[8]
- † Penion subregularis (d'Orbigny, 1852)
- Penion sulcatus (Lamarck, 1816)[5][9][18]
- † Penion winthropi (Marwick, 1965)[9]
- Species brought into synonymy
- Penion adustus (Philippi, 1845): synonym of Penion sulcatus (Lamarck, 1816)
- Penion dilatatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833): synonym of Penion sulcatus (Lamarck, 1816)
References
- ↑ Fischer, P. 1884. Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paléontologie Conchyliologique ou histoire naturelle des mollusques vivant et fossiles. Paris : F. Savy Vol. 7 pp. 609-688.
- ↑ Iredale, T. 1924. Results from Roy Bell's molluscan collections. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 49(3): 179-279, pls 33-36.
- ↑ Iredale, T. 1914. On some invalid molluscan generic names. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 11: 170-178.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vaux, Felix; Hills, Simon F.K.; Marshall, Bruce A.; Trewick, Steven A.; Morgan-Richards, Mary (2017). "A phylogeny of Southern Hemisphere whelks (Gastropoda: Buccinulidae) and concordance with the fossil record". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 114 (2017): 367–381. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.06.018.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1
- 1 2 3 4 Willan, R.C., de C. Cook, S., Spencer, H.G., Creese, R.G., O’Shea, S., Jackson, G.D. Phylum Mollusca. In: de C. Cook, S.C. (eds.), New Zealand Coastal Marine Invertebrates 1, 406 – 407. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, New Zealand ISBN 978-1877257-60-5
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vaux, Felix; Crampton, James S.; Marshall, Bruce A.; Trewick, Steven A.; Morgan-Richards, Mary (2017). "Geometric morphometric analysis reveals that the shells of male and female siphon whelks Penion chathamensis are the same size and shape". Molluscan Research. 37 (3): 194–201. doi:10.1080/13235818.2017.1279474.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Ponder, W.F.. 1973. A review of the Australian species of Penion Fischer (Neogastropoda: Buccinidae). Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia 2: 401–428.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Beu, A.G. and Maxwell, P.A. 1990. Cenozoic Mollusca of New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Bulletin, 58.
- ↑ Dell, R.K.. 1962. New Zealand Marine Provinces - do they exist? Tuatara, 10: 43 - 52. Online Copy courtesy of New Zealand Electronic Text Collection
- ↑ Wilson, B. 1994. Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods. Kallaroo, WA : Odyssey Publishing Vol. 2 370 pp.
- 1 2 3 Frassinetti, Daniel (2000). "Upper Pliocene marine molluscks from Guafo Island, southern Chile. Part II. Gastropoda.". Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile. 49: 131–161.
- 1 2 Reichler, Valeria A. (2017). "Estratigrafía y paleontología del Cenozoico marino del Gran Bajo y Salinas del Gualicho, Argentina y descripción de 17 especies nuevas". Andean Geology. 37 (1): 177–219. doi:10.4067/S0718-71062010000100008.
- 1 2 Stilwell, J.D., Zinsmeister, W.J. 1992. Molluscan systematics and biostratigraphy, lower Tertiary La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. American Geophysical Union Antarctica Research Series 55: 126-128. DOI: 10.1029/AR055 ISBN 9781118667705
- 1 2 Beu, Alan G. (2009). "Before the ice: Biogeography of Antarctic Paleogene molluscan faunas". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 284: 191–226. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.09.025.
- 1 2 Crame, J. Alistair; Beu, Alan G.; Ineson, Jon R.; Francis, Jane E.; Whittle, Rowan J.; Bowman, Vanessa C. (2014). "The Early Origin of the Antarctic Marine Fauna and Its Evolutionary Implications". PLOS One. 9 (9): e114743. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114743.
- 1 2 Parras, Ana; Miguel, Griffin (2009). "Darwin’s great Patagonian Tertiary formation at the mouth of the Río Santa Cruz: a reappraisal". Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina. 64 (1): 70–82.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Hayashi, Seiji (2005). "The molecular phylogeny of the Buccinidae (Caenogastropoda: Neogastropoda) as inferred from the complete mitochondrial 16s rRNA gene sequences of selected representatives". Molluscan Research. 25: 85–98.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penion. |
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Taxon: Penion (Genus)
- Auckland War Memorial Museum: Penion specimens
- Revised descriptions of New Zealand Cenozoic Mollusca from Beu and Maxwell (1990)
- Checklist of the Recent Mollusca Recorded from the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone
- Molluscs of Tasmania: Buccinidae - Siphonaliinae: Genus Penion Fischer, 1884 - “whelks”
Further reading
- Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1