Pawnee language
| Pawnee | |
|---|---|
| Native to | United States |
| Region | North-central Oklahoma |
| Ethnicity | 2,500 Pawnee (2007)[1] |
Native speakers | 10 (2007)[1] |
|
Caddoan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
paw |
| Glottolog |
pawn1254[2] |
| Linguasphere |
64-BAB-b |
|
Pre-contact distribution of Pawnee | |
The Pawnee language is a Caddoan language spoken by some Pawnee Native Americans who now live in north-central Oklahoma. Their traditional historic lands were along the Platte River in what is now Nebraska.
Dialects
Two important dialect divisions are evident in Pawnee: South Band and Skiri. The distinction between the two dialects rests on differences in their respective phonetic inventory and lexicon.
Status
Once the language of thousands of Pawnees, today Pawnee is spoken by a shrinking number of elderly speakers. As more young people learn English as their first language, the status of Pawnee declines towards extinction. However, as of 2007, the Pawnee Nation is developing teaching materials for the local high school and for adult language classes. Now, there are extensive documentary materials in the language archived at the American Indian Studies Research Institute. [3]
Phonology
The following describes the South Bend dialect.
Consonants
Pawnee has eight consonant phonemes, and according to one analysis of medial- and final-position glottal stops, one may posit a ninth consonant phoneme.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p | t | k | (ʔ) |
| Affricate | ts | |||
| Rhotic | r | |||
| Fricative | s | h | ||
| Approximant | w |
- /ʔ/ is predictable when it occurs in the middle of words. However, since /ʔ/ is not completely predictable at the end of words, it may also need to be considered as a (phonemic) consonant.
Vowels
Pawnee has four short vowel phonemes and four long counterparts (also phonemic).
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i/iː | u/uː |
| Mid-low | e/eː | a/aː |
Morphology
Pawnee is both a polysynthetic language and an ergative-absolutive language.
Alphabet
The Pawnee alphabet has 9 consonants and 8 vowels. The letters are relatively similar in pronunciation to their English counterparts.
Consonants
| Spelling | Sound (IPA) | English equivalents |
|---|---|---|
| p | p | poke, cup |
| t | t | top, cat |
| k | k | cool, stuck |
| c | ʃ ~ ts | shell, push ~ pants |
| s | s | silly, face |
| h | h | heart, ahead |
| r | r | car, ferry |
| w | w | wacky, away |
| ′ | ʔ | The "-" in uh-oh |
Vowels
| Spelling | Sound (IPA) | English equivalents |
|---|---|---|
| i | ɪ | sit |
| ii | i | feed |
| e | ɛ | red |
| ee | eɪ | paid |
| a | ʌ | nut |
| aa | ɑ | father |
| u | ʊ | book |
| uu | u | rude |
Notes
- 1 2 Pawnee at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Pawnee". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ http://www.ethnologue.com/language/paw
References
- American Indian Studies Research Institute. (2008). Dictionary Database: Pawnee (Skiri and Southband dialects).
- American Indian Studies Research Institute. (2001). Pawnee Alphabet Book.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Parks, Douglas R. (1976). A grammar of Pawnee. New York: Garland.
- Taylor, Allan R. (1978). [Review of A grammar of Pawnee by D. Parks]. Language, 54 (4), 969-972.
External links
 |
Pawnee language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator |
- Pawnee Language Program, sponsored by the Pawnee Nation and Indiana University
 Languages of Oklahoma | |
|---|---|
| Indigenous |
|
| Sign languages | |
| Non-Indigenous | |
Italics indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere | |