Paul's Case

"Paul's Case: A Study in Temperament" is a short story by Willa Cather. It was first published in McClure's Magazine in 1905.^[1] It also appeared in a collection of Cather's stories, The Troll Garden (1905). For many years, "Paul's Case" was the only one of her stories that Cather allowed to be anthologized.^[2]

Overview

Around the turn of the century Pittsburgh was an industrial center with a successful class of business leaders. According to Cather's story these leaders could manage their companies while traveling in Europe. New York City, on the other hand, was a place one escaped to; a center of fine living and society, and “the symbol of ultimate glamour and cosmopolitan sophistication at that time.”^[3]

The symbolism of this lifestyle in "Paul's Case" is the luxurious Waldorf Astoria Hotel. The cities offer contrasting models of the humdrum life of routine and lived in high style.

Paul, a Pittsburgh high school student, is frustrated with his middle-class life. He dreams of another life in which he would attend concerts and theater, although his appreciation of the arts is more social and superficial than aesthetic. For example, he enjoys a symphony concert not so much for the music but for the atmosphere: "the lights danced before his eyes and the concert hall blazed into unimaginable splendor." Later on, he steals money to support a short escapade in New York City, but once he exhausts his funds, he commits suicide rather than allow his father to take him back to Pittsburgh.

Paul's teachers and father refer to Paul's "case," representing him at a distance and as an example of someone to be studied, handled, and managed. The term enables Cather to adopt "the voice of medical authority."^[4]

Plot summary

At the start of the story, Paul is suspended from a Pittsburgh high school for a week. He meets with the principal and his teachers, and they complain about his "defiant manner" in class and the "physical aversion" he exhibits toward his teachers. One of Paul's teachers also mentions that Paul's mother died back when he was a child in Colorado. He then goes to work at the Pittsburgh music hall, Carnegie Hall. Here he enjoys donning his uniform and performing his job as an usher with enthusiasm as if he were the host of a grand social event. He stays for the concert and enjoys not so much the music as the social scene. After the concert, he follows the soloist and imagines life inside her hotel. Paul and his father do not have a good relationship with one other. Upon returning home very late, Paul enters through the basement to avoid a confrontation with his father, with the fear his father will mistake him for a burglar and shoot him. Paul sleeps in the basement that night on order to avoid contact with his father.

Paul despises the "burghers" on his respectable but drab street. He is unimpressed by a plodding young man who works for an iron company and is married with four children although his father considers him a role model for his Paul. While Paul longs to be wealthy, cultivated, and powerful, he lacks the stamina and ambition to attempt to change his condition. Instead, Paul escapes his humdrum life by visiting Charley Edwards, a young actor. Sometime later, after Paul makes it clear to one of his teachers that he thinks his job ushering is more important than his schoolwork, his father prevents him from continuing to work as an usher.

Paul takes a train to New York City after stealing one thousand dollars from his new job at Denny & Carson's to finance a new life. He buys an expensive wardrobe, rents a room at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, walks around the city, and meets a young San Franciscan who takes him on an all-night tour of the city's social scene. His few days of impersonating a rich, privileged young man bring him more contentment than he has ever known. Living a prosperous life is Paul's only hope and dream.^[5] On the eighth day, however, after he has spent most of his money, Paul learns from a Pittsburgh newspaper that his theft has been made public; his father has returned the money and is en route to New York City to bring Paul home to Pittsburgh. We are told that Paul had bought a gun on his first day in New York City, and he briefly considers shooting himself to avoid returning to his old life in Pittsburgh. Eventually, he decides against it and instead commits suicide by jumping in front of a train. Paul made the ultimate decision of taking his own life because the thought of returning to his old one was too much for him to handle.

Literary criticism and significance

The story has been called a "gay suicide" and the lack of a relationship with his father due to the absence of a mother figure.^[6] Many critics have attributed his suicide to the forces of alienation and stigmatization facing a young homosexual man in early 20th-century America.^[7]

Wayne Koestenbaum reads the story as a possible portrait of Willa Cather's "own desire for aesthetic fulfillment and sexual nonconformity."^[4] He also identifies the literary topos of opera queendom, commingled here as it often is with a suicidal sense of self-loss.^[4]

Another critic reads it an exploration of Cather's belief in the "irreconcilable opposition" between art and life.^[8]

James Obertino of the University of Central Missouri suggested Paul suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder and narcissistic personality disorder.^[9]

Jane Nardin explores the possibility that Paul's character is gay, and that this is a metaphor for a general feeling of being an outsider or not fitting in with a specific group of people.^[10]

Author Roger Austen states that Paul might be portrayed as a homosexual character because of the "depiction of a sensitive young man stifled by the drab ugliness of his environment and places the protagonist in an American literary tradition of "village sissies".^[11]

Psychological understanding

Shown throughout the story “Paul” the main protagonist shows signs of some form of psychological problem from his mental train of thought. As there is no mention of any mental disturbance to “Paul” during the story the inclusion of this interpretation would better clarify the protagonists reasoning. Though there cannot be a clear distinction of “Paul’s” mental state, the inclusion of one such interpretation would bring more clarity and a better understanding to the protagonist’s actions. Seen in the previous section "Paul" is suggested by James Obertino of the University of Central Missouri to have suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder and narcissistic personality disorder both of which alter a persons train of thought and reasoning.^[9] Also, Paul grew up without a mother figure in his life. He was referred as “the motherless boy” by the members of his community.^[12]

Adaptations

The story was the basis for a chamber opera in two acts with music by Gregory Spears to a libretto by Spears and Kathryn Walat. It premiered in April 2013 at the Artisphere in Washington, D.C.^[13] and was then performed for the PROTOTYPE opera festival in New York City, performed at HERE, 145 6th Avenue.^[14]

"Paul's Case" was adapted into a TV movie in 1980 directed by Lamont Johnson, starring Eric Roberts.^[15]

"Paul's Case" was also released as a book-on-tape by HarperCollins in 1981.^[16]

References

External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Paul's Case

• Full text at the Willa Cather Archive
• "Paul's Case" in: Literature Annotations
• Nardin, Jane. "Homosexual Identities in Willa Cather's 'Paul's Case'". Sage Journals. Sage. Retrieved April 4, 2017.