Papilio aristodemus

Schaus' swallowtail

Vulnerable  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Papilionidae
Genus: Papilio
Species: P. aristodemus
Binomial name
Papilio aristodemus
Esper, 1794
Synonyms
  • Heraclides papilio
  • Heraclides aristodemus ponceanus

Papilio aristodemus, the Schaus' swallowtail or island swallowtail, is a species of American butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found in southern Florida with subspecies in the Bahamas, Hispaniola, and Cuba. Historically it occurred in tropical hardwood hammock from South Miami to Lower Matecumbe Key, Florida. It is named in honor of William Schaus.

Caterpillar host plants are in the family Rutaceae and include hoptree (Ptelea trifoliata), citrus species, sea torchwood (Amyris elemifera), and lime prickly-ash (Zanthoxylum fagara).[2]

Overview

Schaus' swallowtail, Papilio aristodemus, is an endangered butterfly species of the family Papilionidae. It is named after a Miami physician, William Schaus, who discovered it in 1911.[3] They are an extremely endangered species with only a few hundred individuals left. In 1976, it was one of the first insects to gain federal protection.

Physiology

Appearance

Schaus' swallowtail has black-brown wings with yellow markings and a broad rusty patch underneath the hindwing.[4] The male's antennae are black with a yellow knob, while the female's antennae are all black. Their forewings have a dull yellow median band from the apex to about midpoint of the inner margin, with a short side branch to costa about one-third the distance from the apex.[5]

Body size

Schaus' swallowtail has a wingspan of  3 1⁄4 by  3 3⁄4 inches (82 by 95 mm).[5]

Diet

Torchwood is the primary source of food. Adults have been observed taking nectar from blossoms of guava, cheese shrub, and wild coffee. Guava, although an exotic, seemed to be the nectar source preferred by individuals. Schaus' swallowtails will fly some distance from their homes to find blooming guava flowers.[6]

Distribution and habitat

Schaus's swallowtail is indigenous to the southern tip of Florida. These butterflies inhabit the hardwood hammocks of this area where they prefer to stay out of direct sunlight. While they inhabit the islands around southern Florida, they are known to live at a relatively high elevation (3.0 to 4.6 meters above sea level), staying away from the tidal waters.[7] Today, it is only found around the Florida Keys, mainly in the islands of Biscayne National Park and Key Largo.[8]

Behavior

Schaus' swallowtails seem to be territorial. Males are seen to patrol females and investigate other butterflies entering their area. Male butterflies have been reported to patrol tree tops as high as 10 feet (3.0 m) on hot afternoons. They also linger in open areas for female Schaus' swallowtails. The flight pattern is usually rapid and unpredictable at about 1 to 2 m off the ground.[9] Research also notes that male Schaus' swallowtail butterflies are remarkably adapted to flight within hardwood hammocks and are able to pick their way among branches and around spider webs. Schaus' swallowtails spend much of their time within hammocks, particularly where sunlight penetrates to give a dappling effect.[10] Tropical hardwood hammocks are the environment for these butterflies which are found in the Florida Keys and the northern shores of the Florida Bay. Consequently, Florida is the place where Schaus' swallowtails live. Unfortunately, with hurricanes and the destruction of these hammock habitats, the Schaus has lost much of its population. These tropical hardwood hammocks are essential for the butterfly’s mating and nectaring activities. The butterfly appears to be diurnal with sightings from as early as 7 am to as late as 7 pm.

Flight capability

Schaus' swallowtail is capable of flying as far as 5.8 miles (9.3 km) a day and travel between the Florida Keys. In 1986, a Schaus' swallowtail butterfly was seen crossing about 360 m from Old Rhodes Key to Swan Key.[11] This observation indicates that these butterflies can travel across open water for a considerable distances among the Upper Keys and may be able to travel to and from the mainland.

Flight season

Schaus' swallowtail butterflies have a single annual flight season, primarily in May and June, where adults are active; most sightings have been recorded between mid-April and mid-July.[12] There is only one generation of Schaus' swallowtail butterfly per year and adults are short lived.[13]

Reproduction

Caterpillar

Papilio aristodemus produces only one generation per year. This fact is in large part the reason that the Schaus are at high risk of endangerment. The female swallowtail lays pinhead-sized eggs on wild lime between April and June. Up to ten days later, the larvae emerge and after three to four weeks later they mature into caterpillars. These caterpillars can grow up to three inches (76 mm) in length. After the caterpillars mature they then pupate (a pupa is an insect at the immobile non-feeding stage of development between larva and adult, and pupating is when many internal changes occur in the pupa stage) and remain in their chrysalis until the following spring.[14] Some caterpillars hibernate in their chrysalids, and they can remain dormant for up to two years. Before the females can lay the eggs however, they must mate with a male. The male butterflies patrol in tree canopies looking for any receptive females.[15]

Development

The adult emergence of this species is commonly triggered by rainfall. Their primary flight sequences frequently begin in late April to mid-June; however, some adults fly in late July and early September.[15] They have also, over time, developed the unique ability to stop in mid-air and fly backwards in order to avoid their predators, such as birds, lizards, spiders, etc.[16]

Caterpillar hosts

Caterpillar hosts include plants in the citrus family (Rutaceae), such as citrus species, hop tree (Ptelea trifoliata), Zanthoxylum species, and torchwood (Amyris elemifera).[15]

Conservation

Threats

S. a. ponceanus was listed as endangered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service in 1984 due to dramatic declines in numbers and contraction of range. Threats include mosquito control and destruction of its tropical hardwood hammock habitat.[17] Aside from this, they are also known to be susceptible to dramatic weather conditions such as hurricanes and droughts. For instance in 1992, Hurricane Andrew devastated the region and nearly wiped out the entire population of Schaus's swallowtail, leaving only 73 documented individual survivors.[18]

Captive rearing

Captive rearing has proven to be a successful method of maintaining the population of swallowtails. Preemptive planning prior to Hurricane Andrew lead to the first mating and pupae production in captivity in 1993.[19] In 2011 only 41 individual butterflies were counted. When the 2012 census resulted in only five, emergency procedures were initialized in June 2012. Up to four of the five, including the presumed only female will be caught and held until they will lay eggs. Those eggs will be removed and bred at the University of Florida McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity. The caught butterflies and those bred from the eggs will be set free inside Biscayne National Park.[20] By June 2013 several larvae and one living female with one egg had been taken in custody.[21] In August the National Park Service announced the spotting of 31 adult butterflies, several female laying eggs and a large number of larvae along with nine adult Papilio andraemon, thought to be extinct in the US, on one of the more remote islands of the national park.[22]

Due to the rapid reproduction cycle of butterflies, the breeding program at the University of Florida resulted with more than a thousand larvae within two years. In June 2014 a first batch of eleven adult females, four males and 308 larvae were released on Elliott Key within Biscayne National Park.[23]

References

  1. ↑ "Papilio aristodemus - (Esper, 1794)". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  2. ↑ "Schaus' Swallowtail Papilio aristodemus Esper, 1794". Butterflies and Moths of North America. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  3. ↑ "Schaus' Swallowtail Butterfly Papilio aristodemus ponceanus". The Orlando Sentinel.
  4. ↑ Andrews, Lee. "Schaus Swallowtail Butterfly Partnerships with Private Landowners: A Vital Piece of the Conservation Puzzle" (PDF).
  5. 1 2 Emmel, T.I. "Schaus Swallowtail Butterfly" (PDF).
  6. ↑ Rutkowski, F (1971). (PDF) http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/schaus_swallowtail_recovery_plan_1999_revised.pdf. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ↑ www.xerces.org (PDF) http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/schaus_swallowtail_recovery_plan_1999_revised.pdf. Retrieved 23 October 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ↑ Daniels, Jaret C. "Schaus Swallowtail" (PDF). http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. University of Florida. Retrieved 23 October 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  9. ↑ Emmel, T.C (1985). "Status survey of the Schaus swallowtail in Florida in 1984." (PDF) (Technical report No. 145, Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Florida).
  10. ↑ Emmel, T.C (1985). "Status survey of the Schaus swallowtail in Florida in 1984." (PDF) (Technical report No. 145, Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Florida).
  11. ↑ Emmel, T.C. "Status survey and habitat requirements of Florida's endemic Schaus swallowtail butterfly" (PDF). Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission, Final Report GFC-84-028.
  12. ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [FWS]. "Schaus swallowtail butterfly recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service" (PDF).
  13. ↑ Emmel, T.C (1985). "Status survey of the Schaus swallowtail in Florida in 1984." (PDF) (Technical report No. 145, Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Florida).
  14. ↑ "Life cycle of rare Schaus' Swallowtail Butterflies". CBS News. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  15. 1 2 3 "Attributes of Papilio aristodemus". butterfliesandmoths.org. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  16. ↑ "Schaus Swallowtail Butterfly" (PDF). www.fws.gov. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  17. ↑ "Schaus’ Swallowtail Butterfly" (PDF). Species Conservation Guidelines for South Florida. South Florida Ecological Services Office. 2004-02-19. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  18. ↑ "Schaus' swallowtail butterfly" (PDF). myfwc.com. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  19. ↑ "Schaus Swallowtail Butterfly". butterflyrecovery.org. Butterfly Conservation Initiative. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  20. ↑ National Park Service: Emergency action underway to protect endangered Schaus swallowtail butterfly, press release, June 13, 2012
  21. ↑ National Park Service: Biscayne National Park − Capture of Imperiled Butterfly in Biscayne National Park Raises Hope for a Species, June 3, 2013
  22. ↑ Report of the Spotting on the National Parks facebook timeline, August 23, 2013
  23. ↑ National Park Service: Endangered Schaus’ Swallowtail Butterfly Release in Biscayne National Park, June 5, 2014
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