Pachyrhinosaurus

Pachyrhinosaurus Temporal range: 73.5–69 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
P. perotorum mounted in Perot Museum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Order:	†Ornithischia
Family:	†Ceratopsidae
Tribe:	†Pachyrhinosaurini
Subtribe:	†Pachyrostra
Genus:	†Pachyrhinosaurus Sternberg, 1950
Type species
†Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis Sternberg, 1950
Species
†P. canadensis Sternberg, 1950 †P. lakustai Currie, Langston & Tanke, 2008 †P. perotorum Fiorillo & Tykoski, 2012

Pachyrhinosaurus (meaning "thick-nosed lizard") is an extinct genus of centrosaurine ceratopsid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous period of North America. The first examples were discovered by Charles M. Sternberg in Alberta, Canada, in 1946, and named in 1950. Over a dozen partial skulls and a large assortment of other fossils from various species have been found in Alberta and Alaska. A great number were not available for study until the 1980s, resulting in a relatively recent increase of interest in the Pachyrhinosaurus.

Three species have been identified. P. lakustai, from the Wapiti Formation, the bonebed horizon of which is roughly equivalent age to the upper Bearpaw and lower Horseshoe Canyon Formations, is known to have existed from about 73.5-72.5 million years ago. P. canadensis is younger, known only from the lower Horseshoe Canyon Formation, about 71.5-71 Ma ago.^[1] Fossils of the youngest species, P. perotorum, have been recovered from the Prince Creek Formation of Alaska, and date to 70-69 million years ago.^[2] The presence of three known species makes this genus the most speciose among the centrosaurines.

Description

Restoration of two P. perotorum

The largest Pachyrhinosaurus species were 8 metres (26 ft) long.^[3] It weighed about four tonnes. They were herbivorous and possessed strong cheek teeth to help them chew tough, fibrous plants.

Instead of horns, their skulls bore massive, flattened bosses; a large boss over the nose and a smaller one over the eyes. A prominent pair of horns grew from the frill and extended upwards. The skull also bore several smaller horns or ornaments that varied between individuals and between species. In P. canadensis and P. perotorum, the bosses over the nose and eyes nearly grew together, and were separated only by a narrow groove. In P. lakustai, the two bosses were separated by a wide gap. In P. canadensis and P. lakustai, the frill bore two additional small, curved, backward-pointed horns. These were not present in P. perotorum, and in fact some specimens of P. lakustai also lack them, which may indicate that the presence of these horns varied by age or sex.^[2]

Various ornaments of the nasal boss have also been used to distinguish between different species of Pachyrhinosaurus. Both P. lakustai and P. perotorum bore a jagged, comb-like extension at the tip of the boss which was missing in P. canadensis. P. perotorum was unique in having a narrow dome in the middle of the back portion of the nasal boss, and P. lakustai had a pommel-like structure projecting from the front of the boss (the boss of P. canadensis was mainly flat on top and rounded). P. perotorum bore two unique, flattened horns which projected forward and down from the top edge of the frill, and P. lakustai bore another comb-like horn arising from the middle of the frill behind the eyes.^[2]

Discovery and species

P. canadensis skull, Royal Tyrrell Museum

Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis, was described in 1950 by Charles Mortram Sternberg based on the holotype incomplete skull NMC 8867, and the paratype incomplete skull NMC 8866, which included the anterior part of the skull but was lacking the right lower mandible, and the "beak". These skulls were collected in 1945 and 1946 from the sandy clay of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation in Alberta, Canada. In the years to come, additional material would be recovered at the Scabby Butte locality of the St. Mary River Formation near Lethbridge, Alberta, from terrestrial sediments considered to be between 74 and 66 million years old. These were among the first dinosaur sites found in the province, in the 1880s. The significance of these discoveries was not understood until shortly after World War II when preliminary excavations were conducted.^[4][5]

Another Pachyrhinosaurus skull was taken out of the Scabby Butte locality in 1955, and then in 1957 Wann Langston Jr. and a small crew excavated additional pachyrhinosaur remains. The University of Calgary has plans to reopen this important site some day as a field school for university-level paleontology students. Several specimens, NMC 21863, NMC 21864, NMC 10669 assigned in 1975 by W. Langston, Jr. to Pachyrhinosaurus were also recovered at the Scabby Butte locality.^[6]

P. lakustai skull

Another Pachyrhinosaurus bonebed, on the Wapiti River south of Beaverlodge in northwestern Alberta, was worked briefly by staff of the Royal Tyrrell Museum in the late 1980s but is now worked annually for a couple weeks each summer (since 2006) by the University of Alberta. Material from this site appears referable to Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis. In 1974, Grande Prairie, Alberta science teacher Al Lakusta found a large bonebed along Pipestone Creek in Alberta. When the area was finally excavated between 1986 and 1989 by staff and volunteers of the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, paleontologists discovered an amazingly large and dense selection of bones—up to 100 per square meter, with a total of 3500 bones and 14 skulls. This was apparently the site of a mass mortality, perhaps a failed attempt to cross a river during a flood. Found amongst the fossils were the skeletons of four distinct age groups ranging from juveniles to full grown dinosaurs, indicating that the Pachyrhinosaurus cared for their young. The adult skulls had both convex and concave bosses as well as unicorn-style horns on the parietal bone just behind their eyes. The concave boss types might be related to erosion only and not reflect male/female differences.

In 2008, a detailed monograph describing the skull of the Pipestone Creek pachyrhinosaur, and penned by Philip J. Currie, Wann Langston, Jr., and Darren Tanke, classified the specimen as a second species of Pachyrhinosaurus, named P. lakustai after its discoverer.^[7][8]

Classification

TMP 2002.76.1, which may be a specimen of Pachyrhinosaurus, Achelousaurus, or a new taxon, in Royal Tyrrell Museum

P. perotorum holotype

The cladogram below shows the phylogenetic position of all currently known Pachyrhinosaurus species following Ryan et al. (2016):^[9]

Paleobiology

Skull differences between different growth stages of P. perotorum

In 2013, Fiorillo et al. described a new specimen, an incomplete nasal bone attributable to Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum which was collected from the Kikak-Tegoseak Quarry in northern Alaska. This bone, designated DMNH 21460 belongs to an immature individual. This discovery expands the known age profile of this dinosaur genus from this particular site. The specimen has nasal ornamentation that is dorsally enlarged, representing an intermediate stage of growth. Of note, the authors pointed out that the posterior part of the nasal shows evidence for "a degree of integument complexity not previously recognized in other species" of Pachyrhinosaurus. It was determined that the dorsal surface of the nasal boss bore a thick, cornified pad and sheath.^[10]

Paleoecology

St. Mary River Formation

Habitat

P. perotorum engaged in intraspecific combat

The St. Mary River Formation has not undergone a definitive radiometric dating, however, the available stratigraphic correlation has shown that this formation was deposited between 74 and 66 million years ago, during the Campanian and the late Maastrichtian,^[11] during the final regression of the mid-continental Bearpaw Seaway. It ranges from as far south as Glacier County, Montana to as far north as the Little Bow River in Alberta. The St. Mary River Formation is part of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin in southwestern Alberta, which extends from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Canadian Shield in the east. It is laterally equivalent to the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. The region where dinosaurs lived was bounded by mountains to the west, and included ancient channels, small freshwater ponds, streams, and floodplains.

Paleofauna

Pachyrhinosaurus shared its paleoenvironment with other dinosaurs, such as the ceratopsians Anchiceratops and Montanoceratops cerorhynchus, the armored nodosaur Edmontonia longiceps, the duckbilled hadrosaur Edmontosaurus regalis, the theropods Saurornitholestes and Troodon, possibly the ornithopod Thescelosaurus, and the tyrannosaurid Albertosaurus, which was likely the apex predator in its ecosystem.^[11] Vertebrates present in the St. Mary River Formation at the time of Pachyrhinosaurus included the actinopterygian fishes Amia fragosa, Lepisosteus, Belonostomus longirostris, Paralbula casei, and Platacodon nanus, the mosasaur Plioplatecarpus, the turtle Boremys and the diapsid reptile Champsosaurus. A fair number of mammals lived in this region, which included Turgidodon russelli, Cimolestes, Didelphodon, Leptalestes, Cimolodon nitidus, and Paracimexomys propriscus. Non-vertebrates in this ecosystem included mollusks, the oyster Crassostrea wyomingensis, the small clam Anomia, and the snail Melania.^[12] Flora of the region include the aquatic angiosperm Trapago angulata, the amphibious heterosporous fern Hydropteris pinnata, rhizomes, and taxodiaceous conifers.

Horseshoe Canyon Formation

Habitat

P. lakustai skeleton

The Horseshoe Canyon Formation has been radiometrically dated as being between 74 and 67 million years old. It was deposited during the gradual withdrawal of the Western Interior Seaway, during the Campanian and Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous period. The Horseshoe Canyon Formation is a terrestrial unit which is part of the Edmonton Group that includes the Battle Formation and the Whitemud Member, both in Edmonton. The valley where dinosaurs lived included ancient meandering estuary channels, straight channels, peat swamps, river deltas, floodplains, shorelines and wetlands. Due to the changing sea levels, many different environments are represented in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, including offshore and near-shore marine habitats and coastal habitats like lagoons, and tidal flats. The area was wet and warm with a temperate to subtropical climate. Just prior to the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary, the mean annual temperature and precipitation in this region dropped rapidly. The dinosaurs from this formation form part of the Edmontonian land vertebrate age, and are distinct from those in the formations above and below.^[13][14]

Modern life at high elevations in lower latitudes resembles life at low elevation in higher latitudes.^[15] There may be parallels to this phenomenon in Cretaceous ecosystems, for instance, Pachyrhinosaurus species are found in both Alaska and upland environments in southern Alberta.^[15] During the Edmontonian, in North America's northern biome, there is a general trend of reduced centrosaurine diversity, with only Pachyrhinosaurus surviving.^[15] Pachyrhinosaurus appears to have been part of a coastal fauna characterized by an association with Edmontosaurus.^[15]

Paleofauna

Restoration of P. lakustai

P. canadensis coexisted with ankylosaurids Anodontosaurus lambei, Edmontonia longiceps, Euoplocephalus tutus, the maniraptorans Atrociraptor marshalli, Epichirostenotes curriei, Richardoestesia gilmorei, Richardoestesia isosceles, the troodontid Paronychodon lacustris and an unnamed species of Troodon, the alvarezsaurid theropod Albertonykus borealis, the ornithomimids Dromiceiomimus brevitertius, Ornithomimus edmontonicus, and an unnamed species of Struthiomimus, the bone-head pachycephalosaurids Stegoceras, and Sphaerotholus edmontonensis, the ornithopod Parksosaurus warreni, the hadrosaurids Edmontosaurus regalis, Hypacrosaurus altispinus, and Saurolophus osborni, the ceratopsians Anchiceratops ornatus, Arrhinoceratops brachyops, Eotriceratops xerinsularis, Montanoceratops cerorhynchus, and the tyrannosaurids Albertosaurus, Gorgosaurus and Daspletosaurus, which were the apex predators of this paleoenvironment. Of these, the hadrosaurs dominated in terms of sheer number and made up half of all dinosaurs who lived in this region. Vertebrates present in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation at the time of Pachyrhinosaurus included reptiles, and amphibians. Sharks, rays, sturgeons, bowfins, gars and the gar-like Aspidorhynchus made up the fish fauna. Reptiles such as turtles and crocodilians are rare in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, and this was thought to reflect the relatively cool climate which prevailed at the time. A study by Quinney et al. (2013) however, showed that the decline in turtle diversity, which was previously attributed to climate, coincided instead with changes in soil drainage conditions, and was limited by aridity, landscape instability, and migratory barriers.^[16][17] The saltwater plesiosaur Leurospondylus was present and freshwater environments were populated by turtles, Champsosaurus, and crocodilians like Leidyosuchus and Stangerochampsa. Evidence has shown that multituberculates and the early marsupial Didelphodon coyi were present.^[18] Vertebrate trace fossils from this region included the tracks of theropods, ceratopsians and ornithopods, which provide evidence that these animals were also present.^[19] Non-vertebrates in this ecosystem included both marine and terrestrial invertebrates.

Cultural significance

Sculptures outside Royal Tyrrell Museum, depicting P. lacustai with hypothetical, keratinous nasal horns

Pachyrhinosaurus has appeared in several films, TV series, and video games. Due to this exposure in the media, the popularity of Pachyrhinosaurus has gradually increased since the early 2000s. Pachyrhinosaurus has been featured in the 2000 film Disney's Dinosaur. Pachyrhinosaurus made its debut in The Land Before Time (franchise) in the 2001 film The Land Before Time VIII: The Big Freeze as the character Mr. Thicknose, voiced by Robert Guillaume, whom Littlefoot and his friends go to receive an education. Mr. Thicknose also made several appearances in The Land Before Time (TV series). Pachyrhinosaurus made an appearance in the 2008 History Channel series Jurassic Fight Club, episode 10 "River of Death". The 2011 film March of the Dinosaurs features a herd of Edmontosaurus and Pachyrhinosaurus making their annual autumn migration from northwest Canada to the southwest United States. The 2013 film Walking with Dinosaurs: The Movie features a Pachyrhinosaurus named Patchi as the main protagonist of the film.

A Pachyrhinosaurus was selected as the mascot for the 2010 Arctic Winter Games held in Grande Prairie, Alberta.^[20]

See also

• Timeline of ceratopsian research

References

External links

• Pachyrhinosaurus at The Dinosaur Picture Database

Wikispecies has information related to: Pachyrhinosaurus

Marginocephalia (Pachycephalosauria and Ceratopsia)
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Dinosauria Order: Ornithischia
Pachycephalosauria Basal Pachycephalosaurs Wannanosaurus Pachycephalosauridae Stegoceras-line Stegoceras Hanssuesia Gravitholus Colepiocephale Texacephale Pachycephalosaurus-line Homalocephale Prenocephale Goyocephale Sphaerotholus Tylocephale Acrotholus Amtocephale Pachycephalosaurini Pachycephalosaurus Dracorex Stygimoloch Alaskacephale
Ceratopsia Basal Ceratopsians Stenopelix Micropachycephalosaurus Albalophosaurus Chaoyangsauridae Chaoyangsaurus Xuanhuaceratops Hualianceratops Yinlong Psittacosauridae Psittacosaurus Neoceratopsia Mosaiceratops Microceratus Aquilops Liaoceratops Koreaceratops Auroraceratops Archaeoceratopsidae Archaeoceratops Yamaceratops Helioceratops Coronosauria Graciliceratops Leptoceratopsidae Leptoceratops Montanoceratops Prenoceratops Udanoceratops Zhuchengceratops Gryphoceratops Unescoceratops Cerasinops Asiaceratops Bainoceratops Bagaceratopidae Ajkaceratops Gobiceratops Bagaceratops Platyceratops Breviceratops Protoceratopsidae Protoceratops Lamaceratops Magnirostris Ceratopsoidea Zuniceratops Turanoceratops Ceratopsidae see below
Ceratopsidae Ceratopsinae Ceratops Centrosaurinae Albertaceratops Diabloceratops Machairoceratops Monoclonius Nasutoceratopsini − Avaceratops Nasutoceratops Centrosaurini − Centrosaurus Coronosaurus Rubeosaurus Spinops Styracosaurus Pachyrhinosaurini Achelousaurus Einiosaurus Pachyrhinosaurus Sinoceratops Xenoceratops Wendiceratops Chasmosaurinae Agujaceratops Anchiceratops Arrhinoceratops Bravoceratops Chasmosaurus Coahuilaceratops Judiceratops Kosmoceratops Medusaceratops Mercuriceratops Mojoceratops Pentaceratops Spiclypeus Utahceratops Vagaceratops Triceratopsini Eotriceratops Ojoceratops Polyonax Regaliceratops Tatankaceratops Titanoceratops Torosaurus Triceratops
Related categories: Ornithischians Ceratopsians Pachycephalosaurs