Osgood–Schlatter disease

Osgood–Schlatter disease
Synonyms Apophysitis of the tibial tubercle, Lannelongue's disease[1]
Lateral view X-ray of the knee demonstrating fragmentation of the tibial tubercle with overlying soft tissue swelling.
Specialty Orthopedics
Symptoms Painful bump just below the knee, worse with activity and better with rest[2]
Usual onset Males between the ages of 10 and 15[2]
Duration Few months[2]
Risk factors Sports that involve running or jumping[2]
Diagnostic method Based on symptoms[2]
Treatment Applying cold, stretching, strengthening exercises[2]
Medication NSAIDs
Prognosis Good[2]
Frequency Relatively common
Deaths ~4%[3]

Osgood–Schlatter disease (OSD), also known as apophysitis of the tibial tubercle, is inflammation of the patellar ligament at the tibial tuberosity.[2] It is characterized by a painful bump just below the knee that is worse with activity and better with rest.[2] Episodes of pain typically lasts a few months.[2] One or both knees may be affected and flares may reoccur.[4][2]

Risk factors include overuse, especially sports which involve running or jumping.[2] The underlying mechanism is repeated tension on the growth plate of the upper tibia.[2] Diagnosis is typically based on the symptoms.[2] A plain X-ray may be either normal or show fragmentation in the attachment area.[2]

Pain typically resolves with time.[2] Applying cold to the affected area, stretching, and strengthening exercises may help.[2] NSAIDs such as ibuprofen may be used.[4] Slightly less stressful activity may be recommended.[2]

About 4% of people are affected at some point in time.[3] Males between the ages of 10 and 15 are most often affected.[2] After growth slows, typically age 16 in boys and 14 in girls, the pain will no longer occur despite a bump potentially remaining.[4] The condition is named after Robert Bayley Osgood (1873–1956), an American orthopedic surgeon and Carl B. Schlatter, (1864–1934), a Swiss surgeon who described the condition independently in 1903.[1][5]

Signs and symptoms

25-year-old male with Osgood–Schlatter disease.
Male with Osgood–Schlatter disease

Osgood–Schlatter disease causes pain in the front lower part of the knee.[6] This is usually at the ligament-bone junction of the patellar ligament and the tibial tuberosity.[7] The tibial tuberosity is a slight elevation of bone on the anterior and proximal portion of the tibia. The patellar tendon attaches the anterior quadriceps muscles to the tibia via the knee cap.[8]

Intense knee pain is usually the presenting symptom that occurs during activities such as running, jumping, squatting, and especially ascending or descending stairs and during kneeling. The pain is worse with acute knee impact. The pain can be reproduced by extending the knee against resistance, stressing the quadriceps, or striking the knee. Pain is initially mild and intermittent. In the acute phase, the pain is severe and continuous in nature. Impact of the affected area can be very painful. Bilateral symptoms are observed in 20–30% of people.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made based on signs and symptoms.[9]

Ultrasonography

This test can see various warning signs that predict if OSD might occur. Ultrasonography can detect if there is any swelling within the tissue as well as cartilage swelling.[8] Ultrasonography's main goal is to identify OSD in the early stage rather than later on. It has unique features such as detection of an increase of swelling within the tibia or the cartilage surrounding the area and can also see if there is any new bone starting to build up around the tibial tuberosity.

Types

Three types of avulsion fractures.

OSD may result in an avulsion fracture, with the tibial tuberosity separating from the tibia (usually remaining connected to a tendon or ligament). This injury is uncommon because there are mechanisms that prevent strong muscles from doing damage. The fracture on the tibial tuberosity can be a complete or incomplete break.

Type I: A small fragment is displaced proximally and does not require surgery.

Type II: The articular surface of the tibia remains intact and the fracture occurs at the junction where the secondary center of ossification and the proximal tibial epiphysis come together (may or may not require surgery).

Type III: Complete fracture (through articular surface) including high chance of meniscal damage. This type of fracture usually requires surgery.

Differential diagnosis

Sinding-Larsen and Johansson syndrome,[10] is an analogous condition involving the patellar tendon and the lower margin of the patella bone, instead of the upper margin of the tibia. Sever's disease is an analogous condition affecting the achille's tendon attachment to the heel.

Prevention

Example of how to stretch the quadriceps muscle.[4]

One of the main ways to prevent OSD is to check the participant's flexibility in their quadriceps and hamstrings. Lack of flexibility in these muscles can be direct risk indicator for OSD. Muscles can shorten, which can cause pain but this is not permanent.[11] Stretches can help reduce shortening of the muscles. The main stretches for prevention of OSD focus on the hamstrings and quadriceps.[12]

Treatment

Treatment is generally conservative with rest, ice, and specific exercises being recommended.[13] Simple pain killers may be used if required such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen. Typically symptoms resolve as the growth plate closes.[13] Physiotherapy is generally recommended once the initial symptoms have improved to prevent recurrence.[13] Surgery may rarely be used in those who have stopped growing yet still have symptoms.[13]

Physiotherapy

Recommended efforts include exercises to improve the strength of the quadriceps, hamstring and gastrocnemius muscles.[13]

Bracing or use of an orthopedic cast to enforce joint immobilization is rarely required and does not necessarily encourage a quicker resolution. However, bracing may give comfort and help reduce pain as it reduces strain on the tibial tubercle.[14]

Surgery

Surgical excision may rarely be required in skeletally mature patients.[15] In chronic cases that are refractory to conservative treatment, surgical intervention yields good results, particularly for patients with bony or cartilaginous ossicles. Excision of these ossicles produces resolution of symptoms and return to activity in several weeks. After surgery, it is common for lack of blood flow to below the knees and to the feet. This may cause the loss of circulation to the area, but will be back to normal again shortly. A high pain may come and go every once in a while, due to the lack of blood flow. If this happens, sitting down will help the pain decrease. Removal of all loose intratendinous ossicles associated with prominent tibial tubercles is the procedure of choice, both from the functional and the cosmetic point of view.[16]

Rehabilitation

Straight leg raises help strengthen the quadriceps without the need to bend the knee. The knee should be kept straight, legs should be lifted and lowered slowly, and reps should be held for three to five seconds.

Rehabilitation focuses on muscle strengthening, gait training, and pain control to restore knee function.[17] Nonsurgical treatments for less severe symptoms include: exercises for strength, stretches to increase range of motion, ice packs, knee tape, knee braces, anti-inflammatory agents, and electrical stimulation to control inflammation and pain. Quadriceps and hamstring exercises prescribed by rehabilitation experts restore flexibility and muscle strength.

Education and knowledge on stretches and exercises is important. Exercises should lack pain and increase gradually with intensity. The patient is given strict guidelines on how to perform exercises at home to avoid more injury.[17] Exercises can include leg raises, squats, and wall stretches to increase quadriceps and hamstring strength. This helps to avoid pain, stress, and tight muscles that lead to further injury that oppose healing. Knee orthotics such as patella straps and knee sleeves help decrease force traction and prevent painful tibia contact by restricting unnecessary movement, providing support, and also adding compression to the area of pain.

Prognosis

The condition is usually self-limiting and is caused by stress on the patellar tendon that attaches the quadriceps muscle at the front of the thigh to the tibial tuberosity. Following an adolescent growth spurt, repeated stress from contraction of the quadriceps is transmitted through the patellar tendon to the immature tibial tuberosity. This can cause multiple subacute avulsion fractures along with inflammation of the tendon, leading to excess bone growth in the tuberosity and producing a visible lump which can be very painful, especially when hit. Activities such as kneeling may also irritate the tendon.

The syndrome may develop without trauma or other apparent cause; however, some studies report up to 50% of patients relate a history of precipitating trauma. Several authors have tried to identify the actual underlying etiology and risk factors that predispose Osgood–Schlatter disease and postulated various theories. However, currently it is widely accepted that Osgood–Schlatter disease is a traction apophysitis of the proximal tibial tubercle at the insertion of the patellar tendon caused by repetitive micro-trauma. In other words, Osgood–Schlatter disease is an overuse injury and closely related to the physical activity of the child. It was shown that children who actively participate in sports are affected more frequently as compared with non-participants. In a retrospective study of adolescents, old athletes actively participating in sports showed a frequency of 21% reporting the syndrome compared with only 4.5% of age-matched nonathletic controls.[18]

The symptoms usually resolve with treatment but may recur for 12–24 months before complete resolution at skeletal maturity, when the tibial epiphysis fuses. In some cases the symptoms do not resolve until the patient is fully grown. In approximately 10% of patients the symptoms continue unabated into adulthood, despite all conservative measures.[15]

Long-term implications

OSD occurs from the combined effects of tibial tuberosity immaturity and quadriceps tightness.[8] There is a possibility of migration of the ossicle or fragmentation in Osgood-Schlatter patients.[7] The implications of OSD and the ossification of the tubercle can lead to functional limitations and pain for patients into adulthood.[12]

Of people admitted with OSD, about half were children who were between the ages of 1 and 17. In addition, in 2014, a case study of 261 patients was observed over 12 to 24 months. 237 of these people responded well to sport restriction and non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents, which resulted in recovery to normal athletic activity.[19]

Epidemiology

Osgood–Schlatter disease generally occurs in boys and girls aged 9–16[20] coinciding with periods of growth spurts. It occurs more frequently in boys than in girls, with reports of a male-to-female ratio ranging from 3:1 to as high as 7:1. It has been suggested that difference is related to a greater participation by boys in sports and risk activities than by girls.[21]

Society and culture

Paul Scholes is a sportsman who has recovered from this condition[22] whilst Mick Bennett took up cycling as a means of treatment.[23] The French tennis player, Gaël Monfils wears patella bands in an attempt to combat the condition.[24] Liverpool F.C. captain Jordan Henderson is also said to require regular treatment for his condition.[25]

References

  1. 1 2 "Osgood-Schlatter disease". whonamedit. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 "Questions and Answers About Knee Problems". www.niams.nih.gov. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
  3. 1 2 Ferri, Fred F. (2013). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2014 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 804. ISBN 0323084311.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Osgood-Schlatter Disease (Knee Pain)". orthoinfo.aaos.org. May 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  5. ↑ Nowinski RJ, Mehlman CT (1998). "Hyphenated history: Osgood-Schlatter disease". Am J. Orthopaedic. 27 (8): 584–5. PMID 9732084.
  6. ↑ Atanda A, Jr; Shah, SA; O'Brien, K (1 February 2011). "Osteochondrosis: common causes of pain in growing bones.". American family physician. 83 (3): 285–91. PMID 21302869.
  7. 1 2 Çakmak, S., Tekin, L., & Akarsu, S. (2014). Long-term outcome of Osgood-Schlatter disease: not always favorable. Rheumatology International, 34(1), 135–136.
  8. 1 2 3 Nakase, J., Aiba, T., Goshima, K., Takahashi, R., Toratani, T., Kosaka, M., Ohashi, Y. & Tsuchiya, H. (2014). "Relationship between the skeletal maturation of the distal attachment of the patellar tendon and physical features in preadolescent male football players". Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 22 (1): 195–199. PMID 23263228. doi:10.1007/s00167-012-2353-3.
  9. ↑ Cassas KJ, Cassettari-Wayhs A (2006). "Childhood and adolescent sports-related overuse injuries". Am Fam Physician. 73 (6): 1014–22. PMID 16570735.
  10. ↑ Sinding-Larsen and Johansson syndrome at Who Named It?
  11. ↑ Lucena, G. L., Gomes, C. A., & Guerro R. O. (2010). Prevalence and Associated Factors of Osgood-Schlatter Syndrome in a Population-Based Sample of Brazilian Adolescents. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39, 415–420. doi:10.1177/0363546510383835
  12. 1 2 Kabiri, L., Tapley, H., & Tapley, S. (2014). "Evaluation and conservative treatment for Osgood–Schlatter disease: A critical review of the literature". International Journal of therapy & Rehabilitation. 21 (2): 91–96. doi:10.12968/ijtr.2014.21.2.91.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Gholve, PA; Scher, DM; Khakharia, S; Widmann, RF; Green, DW (February 2007). "Osgood Schlatter syndrome.". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 19 (1): 44–50. PMID 17224661. doi:10.1097/mop.0b013e328013dbea.
  14. ↑ Engel A, Windhager R (1987). "[Importance of the ossicle and therapy of Osgood-Schlatter disease]". Sportverletz Sportschaden (in German). 1 (2): 100–8. PMID 3508010. doi:10.1055/s-2007-993701.
  15. 1 2 Gholve PA, Scher DM, Khakharia S, Widmann RF, Green DW (2007). "Osgood Schlatter syndrome". Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 19 (1): 44–50. PMID 17224661. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e328013dbea.
  16. ↑ O. Josh Bloom; Leslie Mackler (February 2004). "What is the best treatment for Osgood-Schlatter disease?" (pdf). Journal of Family Practice. 53 (2).
  17. 1 2 Baltaci, H., Ozer, V., and Tunay, B. (2004). Rehabilitation of avulsion fracture of the tibial tuberosity. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 12, 115–118.
  18. ↑ Kujala UM, Kvist M, Heinonen O (1985). "Osgood-Schlatter's disease in adolescent athletes. Retrospective study of incidence and duration". Am J Sports Med. 13 (4): 236–41. PMID 4025675. doi:10.1177/036354658501300404.
  19. ↑ Bloom J (2004). "What is the best treatment for Osgood-Schlatter disease?". Journal of Family Practice. 53 (2): 153–156.
  20. ↑ Yashar A, Loder RT, Hensinger RN (1995). "Determination of skeletal age in children with Osgood-Schlatter disease by using radiographs of the knee". J Pediatr Orthop. 15 (3): 298–301. PMID 7790482. doi:10.1097/01241398-199505000-00006.
  21. ↑ Vreju F, Ciurea P, Rosu A (December 2010). "Osgood-Schlatter disease—ultrasonographic diagnostic". Med Ultrason. 12 (4): 336–9. PMID 21210020.
  22. ↑ Simply the best. The Guardian (London). 18 May 2008
  23. ↑ "Famous Last Words: Mick Bennett". Cycling Weekly. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  24. ↑ Gael could miss French Open. Sky Sports. 21 April 2009
  25. ↑ Jordan Henderson: From Sunderland's bright light to Liverpool's brilliant leader. Goal.com. 26 November 2016
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