Odia alphabet

Odia
Type
Languages Odia
Time period
 c. 1060–present
Parent systems
Direction Left-to-right
ISO 15924 Orya, 327
Unicode alias
 Oriya
U+0B00–U+0B7F

The Odia script (Odia: ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲେଖନୀ ଶୈଳୀ), also known as Oriya script, is used to write the Odia language.

History

Kharabela's inscription in Kalinga script and Odia language at Hatigumpha, Khandagiri, Bhubaneswar

The Odia script is developed from the Kalinga alphabet, one of the many descendants of the Brahmi script of ancient India.[1] The earliest known inscription in the Odia language, in the Kalinga script, dates from 1051. The script has undergone several phases. They are broadly:

  1. Transitional Odia
  2. Proto Odia
  3. Kutila
  4. Gupta scripts[2]
Sample of the Odia alphabet from a Buddhist text from around 1060 AD, written by Sarahapada

The script in the Edicts of Ashoka at Dhauli and Jaugada and the Minor Inscriptions of Kharavela in the Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves give the first glimpse of possible origin of the Odia language. From a linguistic perspective, the Hati Gumpha inscriptions are similar to modern Odia and essentially different from the language of the Ashokan edicts. The question has also been raised as to whether Pali was the prevalent language in Odisha during this period. The Hati Gumpha inscriptions, which are in Pali, are perhaps the only evidence of stone inscriptions in Pali. This may be the reason why the famous German linguist Professor Oldenburg mentioned that Pali was the original language of Odisha.[3]

There are noticeable similarities between the Odia and Thai alphabets, which provides clues about the Sadhabas, Kalinga traders who traveled to south Asian countries and ruled there, leaving evidence of the Odia script on the Thai script, along with a cultural impact.[4][5]

The curved appearance of the Odia script is a result of the practice of writing on palm leaves, which has a tendency to tear the leaves when many straight lines are written.[6]

Odia is a syllabic alphabet or an abugida wherein all consonants have an inherent vowel embedded within. Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before, or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used to combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol.

Oṛiyā is encumbered with the drawback of an excessively awkward and cumbrous written character. ... At first glance, an Oṛiyā book seems to be all curves, and it takes a second look to notice that there is something inside each.(G. A. Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India, 1903)[7]

Overwhelmingly, the Odia script was used to write the Odia language. However, it has been used as a regional writing-system for Sanskrit. Furthermore, Grierson[8] in his famed Linguistic Survey of India mentioned that the Odia script was sometimes employed for Chhattisgarhi, an Eastern Hindi language, in the eastern border regions of Chhattisgarh.

Development of Odia scripts
Development of ancient numerals in Odia

Alphabet

All characters

଼ ଽ ା ି ୀ ୁ ୂ ୃ ୄ େ ୈ ୋ ୌ ୍ ଁ ଂ ଃ

୦୧୨୩୪୫୬୭୮୯

ଅ ଆ ଇ ଈ ଉ ଊ ଋ ୠ ଌ ୡ ଏ ଐ ଓ ଔ କ ଖ ଗ ଘ ଙ ଚ ଛ ଜ ଝ ଞ ଟ ଠ ଡ ଢ ଣ ତ ଥ ଦ ଧ ନ ପ ଫ ବ ଵ ଭ ମ ଯ ର ଳ ୱ ଶ ଷ ସ ହ ୟ ଲ

Independent vowels

The vowels "ଇ" ("i"), "ଈ" ("ī"), "ଉ" ("u") and "ଊ" ("ū") are pronounced same as most long sounds are pronounced in the same way as short vowel sounds.

Letter Diacritic ISO notation
ଅ N/A a
ଆ ା ā
ଇ ି i
ଈ ୀ ī
ଉ ୁ u
ଊ ୂ ū
ଋ ୃ rū
ୠ N/A rūū
ଌ N/A l̥ū
ୡ N/A l̥ūū
ଏ େ e
ଐ ୈ ai
ଓ ୋ o
ଔ ୌ ō

When a vowel follows a consonant, it is written with a diacritic rather than as a separate letter.

Consonants

Two categories of consonant letters (ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ byan̄jana) are defined in Odia: the structured consonants and the unstructured consonants.

Structured consonants

The structured consonants are classified according to where the tongue touches the palate of the mouth and are classified accordingly into five structured groups. These consonants are shown here with their IAST transcriptions.

voiceless voiceless aspirate voiced voiced aspirate nasal
Velars କ (ka) ଖ (kha) ଗ (ga) ଘ (gha) ଙ (ṅa)
Palatals ଚ (ca) ଛ (cha) ଜ (ja) ଝ (jha) ଞ (ña)
Retroflex ଟ (ṭa) ଠ (ṭha) ଡ (ḍa) ଢ (ḍha) ଣ (ṇa)
Dentals ତ (ta) ଥ (tha) ଦ (da) ଧ (dha) ନ (na)
Labials ପ (pa) ଫ (pha) ବ (ba) ଭ (bha) ମ (ma)

Unstructured consonants

The unstructured consonants are consonants that do not fall into any of the above structures:

ଯ (ja), ୟ (ia), ର (ra), ଲ (la), ଳ (ḷa), ୱ (wa), ଶ (sa), ଷ (sa), ସ (sa), ହ (ha), କ୍ଷ (khja).

Dependent vowels

As in other abugida scripts, Odia consonant letters have an inherent vowel. It is transliterated as ⟨a⟩, phonetic value [ɔ]. Its absence is marked by a halanta (virāma):

For the other vowels diacritics are used:

କ କଁ କଂ କଃ କ୍
kakãkaṁkaḥk
[kɔ][kɔ̃][kɔŋ][kɔh][k]

(Note: In many Odia fonts the vowels e, ai, o, au do not display properly; these are given work-arounds in parentheses below.)

କ କା କି କୀ କୁ କୂ କୃ କୄ କୢ କୣ କେ
(େକ)		କୈ
(େକୖ)		କୋ
(େକା) 		କୌ
(େକୗ)
kakākikīkukūkr̥kr̥̄kl̥kl̥̄kekaikokau
[kɔ][kaː][ki][kiː][ku][kuː][kru][kruː][klu][kluː][keː][kɔi̯][kɔ][kɔu̯]

Vowel diacritics may be more or less fused with the consonants, though in modern printing such ligatures have become less common.

Consonant ligatures

Clusters of two or more consonants form a ligature. Basically Odia has two types of such consonant ligatures. The "northern" type is formed by fusion of two or more consonants as in northern scripts like Devanāgarī (but to a lesser extent also in the Malayalam script in the south). In some instances the components can be easily identified, but sometimes completely new glyphs are formed. With the "southern" type the second component is reduced in size and put under the first as in the southern scripts used for Kannaḍa and Telugu (and to some extent also for Malayalam script). The following table lists all conjunct forms. (Different fonts may use different ligatures.)

କ ଖ ଗ ଘ ଙ ଚ ଛ ଜ ଝ ଞ ଟ ଠ ଡ ଢ ଡ ଢ ଣ ତ ଥ ଦ ଧ ନ ପ ଫ ବ ଵ ଭ ମ ଯ ୟ ର ଲ ଳ ୱ ଶ ଷ ସ ହ
କ କ୍କ କ୍ଖ କ୍ଗ କ୍ଘ କ୍ଙ କ୍ଚ କ୍ଛ କ୍ଜ କ୍ଝ କ୍ଞ କ୍ଟ କ୍ଠ କ୍ଡ କ୍ଢ କ୍ଡ କ୍ଢ କ୍ଣ କ୍ତ କ୍ଥ କ୍ଦ କ୍ଧ କ୍ନ କ୍ପ କ୍ଫ କ୍ବ କ୍ଵ କ୍ଭ କ୍ମ କ୍ଯ କ୍ୟ କ୍ର କ୍ଲ କ୍ଳ କ୍ୱ କ୍ଶ କ୍ଷ କ୍ସ କ୍ହ
ଖ ଖ୍କ ଖ୍ଖ ଖ୍ଗ ଖ୍ଘ ଖ୍ଙ ଖ୍ଚ ଖ୍ଛ ଖ୍ଜ ଖ୍ଝ ଖ୍ଞ ଖ୍ଟ ଖ୍ଠ ଖ୍ଡ ଖ୍ଢ ଖ୍ଡ ଖ୍ଢ ଖ୍ଣ ଖ୍ତ ଖ୍ଥ ଖ୍ଦ ଖ୍ଧ ଖ୍ନ ଖ୍ପ ଖ୍ଫ ଖ୍ବ ଖ୍ଵ ଖ୍ଭ ଖ୍ମ ଖ୍ଯ ଖ୍ୟ ଖ୍ର ଖ୍ଲ ଖ୍ଳ ଖ୍ୱ ଖ୍ଶ ଖ୍ଷ ଖ୍ସ ଖ୍ହ
ଗ ଗ୍କ ଗ୍ଖ ଗ୍ଗ ଗ୍ଘ ଗ୍ଙ ଗ୍ଚ ଗ୍ଛ ଗ୍ଜ ଗ୍ଝ ଗ୍ଞ ଗ୍ଟ ଗ୍ଠ ଗ୍ଡ ଗ୍ଢ ଗ୍ଡ ଗ୍ଢ ଗ୍ଣ ଗ୍ତ ଗ୍ଥ ଗ୍ଦ ଗ୍ଧ ଗ୍ନ ଗ୍ପ ଗ୍ଫ ଗ୍ବ ଗ୍ଵ ଗ୍ଭ ଗ୍ମ ଗ୍ଯ ଗ୍ୟ ଗ୍ର ଗ୍ଲ ଗ୍ଳ ଗ୍ୱ ଗ୍ଶ ଗ୍ଷ ଗ୍ସ ଗ୍ହ
ଘ ଘ୍କ ଘ୍ଖ ଘ୍ଗ ଘ୍ଘ ଘ୍ଙ ଘ୍ଚ ଘ୍ଛ ଘ୍ଜ ଘ୍ଝ ଘ୍ଞ ଘ୍ଟ ଘ୍ଠ ଘ୍ଡ ଘ୍ଢ ଘ୍ଡ ଘ୍ଢ ଘ୍ଣ ଘ୍ତ ଘ୍ଥ ଘ୍ଦ ଘ୍ଧ ଘ୍ନ ଘ୍ପ ଘ୍ଫ ଘ୍ବ ଘ୍ଵ ଘ୍ଭ ଘ୍ମ ଘ୍ଯ ଘ୍ୟ ଘ୍ର ଘ୍ଲ ଘ୍ଳ ଘ୍ୱ ଘ୍ଶ ଘ୍ଷ ଘ୍ସ ଘ୍ହ
ଙ ଙ୍କ ଙ୍ଖ ଙ୍ଗ ଙ୍ଘ ଙ୍ଙ ଙ୍ଚ ଙ୍ଛ ଙ୍ଜ ଙ୍ଝ ଙ୍ଞ ଙ୍ଟ ଙ୍ଠ ଙ୍ଡ ଙ୍ଢ ଙ୍ଡ ଙ୍ଢ ଙ୍ଣ ଙ୍ତ ଙ୍ଥ ଙ୍ଦ ଙ୍ଧ ଙ୍ନ ଙ୍ପ ଙ୍ଫ ଙ୍ବ ଙ୍ଵ ଙ୍ଭ ଙ୍ମ ଙ୍ଯ ଙ୍ୟ ଙ୍ର ଙ୍ଲ ଙ୍ଳ ଙ୍ୱ ଙ୍ଶ ଙ୍ଷ ଙ୍ସ ଙ୍ହ
ଚ ଚ୍କ ଚ୍ଖ ଚ୍ଗ ଚ୍ଘ ଚ୍ଙ ଚ୍ଚ ଚ୍ଛ ଚ୍ଜ ଚ୍ଝ ଚ୍ଞ ଚ୍ଟ ଚ୍ଠ ଚ୍ଡ ଚ୍ଢ ଚ୍ଡ ଚ୍ଢ ଚ୍ଣ ଚ୍ତ ଚ୍ଥ ଚ୍ଦ ଚ୍ଧ ଚ୍ନ ଚ୍ପ ଚ୍ଫ ଚ୍ବ ଚ୍ଵ ଚ୍ଭ ଚ୍ମ ଚ୍ଯ ଚ୍ୟ ଚ୍ର ଚ୍ଲ ଚ୍ଳ ଚ୍ୱ ଚ୍ଶ ଚ୍ଷ ଚ୍ସ ଚ୍ହ
ଛ ଛ୍କ ଛ୍ଖ ଛ୍ଗ ଛ୍ଘ ଛ୍ଙ ଛ୍ଚ ଛ୍ଛ ଛ୍ଜ ଛ୍ଝ ଛ୍ଞ ଛ୍ଟ ଛ୍ଠ ଛ୍ଡ ଛ୍ଢ ଛ୍ଡ ଛ୍ଢ ଛ୍ଣ ଛ୍ତ ଛ୍ଥ ଛ୍ଦ ଛ୍ଧ ଛ୍ନ ଛ୍ପ ଛ୍ଫ ଛ୍ବ ଛ୍ଵ ଛ୍ଭ ଛ୍ମ ଛ୍ଯ ଛ୍ୟ ଛ୍ର ଛ୍ଲ ଛ୍ଳ ଛ୍ୱ ଛ୍ଶ ଛ୍ଷ ଛ୍ସ ଛ୍ହ
ଜ ଜ୍କ ଜ୍ଖ ଜ୍ଗ ଜ୍ଘ ଜ୍ଙ ଜ୍ଚ ଜ୍ଛ ଜ୍ଜ ଜ୍ଝ ଜ୍ଞ ଜ୍ଟ ଜ୍ଠ ଜ୍ଡ ଜ୍ଢ ଜ୍ଡ ଜ୍ଢ ଜ୍ଣ ଜ୍ତ ଜ୍ଥ ଜ୍ଦ ଜ୍ଧ ଜ୍ନ ଜ୍ପ ଜ୍ଫ ଜ୍ବ ଜ୍ଵ ଜ୍ଭ ଜ୍ମ ଜ୍ଯ ଜ୍ୟ ଜ୍ର ଜ୍ଲ ଜ୍ଳ ଜ୍ୱ ଜ୍ଶ ଜ୍ଷ ଜ୍ସ ଜ୍ହ
ଝ ଝ୍କ ଝ୍ଖ ଝ୍ଗ ଝ୍ଘ ଝ୍ଙ ଝ୍ଚ ଝ୍ଛ ଝ୍ଜ ଝ୍ଝ ଝ୍ଞ ଝ୍ଟ ଝ୍ଠ ଝ୍ଡ ଝ୍ଢ ଝ୍ଡ ଝ୍ଢ ଝ୍ଣ ଝ୍ତ ଝ୍ଥ ଝ୍ଦ ଝ୍ଧ ଝ୍ନ ଝ୍ପ ଝ୍ଫ ଝ୍ବ ଝ୍ଵ ଝ୍ଭ ଝ୍ମ ଝ୍ଯ ଝ୍ୟ ଝ୍ର ଝ୍ଲ ଝ୍ଳ ଝ୍ୱ ଝ୍ଶ ଝ୍ଷ ଝ୍ସ ଝ୍ହ
ଞ ଞ୍କ ଞ୍ଖ ଞ୍ଗ ଞ୍ଘ ଞ୍ଙ ଞ୍ଚ ଞ୍ଛ ଞ୍ଜ ଞ୍ଝ ଞ୍ଞ ଞ୍ଟ ଞ୍ଠ ଞ୍ଡ ଞ୍ଢ ଞ୍ଡ ଞ୍ଢ ଞ୍ଣ ଞ୍ତ ଞ୍ଥ ଞ୍ଦ ଞ୍ଧ ଞ୍ନ ଞ୍ପ ଞ୍ଫ ଞ୍ବ ଞ୍ଵ ଞ୍ଭ ଞ୍ମ ଞ୍ଯ ଞ୍ୟ ଞ୍ର ଞ୍ଲ ଞ୍ଳ ଞ୍ୱ ଞ୍ଶ ଞ୍ଷ ଞ୍ସ ଞ୍ହ
ଟ ଟ୍କ ଟ୍ଖ ଟ୍ଗ ଟ୍ଘ ଟ୍ଙ ଟ୍ଚ ଟ୍ଛ ଟ୍ଜ ଟ୍ଝ ଟ୍ଞ ଟ୍ଟ ଟ୍ଠ ଟ୍ଡ ଟ୍ଢ ଟ୍ଡ ଟ୍ଢ ଟ୍ଣ ଟ୍ତ ଟ୍ଥ ଟ୍ଦ ଟ୍ଧ ଟ୍ନ ଟ୍ପ ଟ୍ଫ ଟ୍ବ ଟ୍ଵ ଟ୍ଭ ଟ୍ମ ଟ୍ଯ ଟ୍ୟ ଟ୍ର ଟ୍ଲ ଟ୍ଳ ଟ୍ୱ ଟ୍ଶ ଟ୍ଷ ଟ୍ସ ଟ୍ହ
ଠ ଠ୍କ ଠ୍ଖ ଠ୍ଗ ଠ୍ଘ ଠ୍ଙ ଠ୍ଚ ଠ୍ଛ ଠ୍ଜ ଠ୍ଝ ଠ୍ଞ ଠ୍ଟ ଠ୍ଠ ଠ୍ଡ ଠ୍ଢ ଠ୍ଡ ଠ୍ଢ ଠ୍ଣ ଠ୍ତ ଠ୍ଥ ଠ୍ଦ ଠ୍ଧ ଠ୍ନ ଠ୍ପ ଠ୍ଫ ଠ୍ବ ଠ୍ଵ ଠ୍ଭ ଠ୍ମ ଠ୍ଯ ଠ୍ୟ ଠ୍ର ଠ୍ଲ ଠ୍ଳ ଠ୍ୱ ଠ୍ଶ ଠ୍ଷ ଠ୍ସ ଠ୍ହ
ଡ ଡ୍କ ଡ୍ଖ ଡ୍ଗ ଡ୍ଘ ଡ୍ଙ ଡ୍ଚ ଡ୍ଛ ଡ୍ଜ ଡ୍ଝ ଡ୍ଞ ଡ୍ଟ ଡ୍ଠ ଡ୍ଡ ଡ୍ଢ ଡ୍ଡ ଡ୍ଢ ଡ୍ଣ ଡ୍ତ ଡ୍ଥ ଡ୍ଦ ଡ୍ଧ ଡ୍ନ ଡ୍ପ ଡ୍ଫ ଡ୍ବ ଡ୍ଵ ଡ୍ଭ ଡ୍ମ ଡ୍ଯ ଡ୍ୟ ଡ୍ର ଡ୍ଲ ଡ୍ଳ ଡ୍ୱ ଡ୍ଶ ଡ୍ଷ ଡ୍ସ ଡ୍ହ
ଢ ଢ୍କ ଢ୍ଖ ଢ୍ଗ ଢ୍ଘ ଢ୍ଙ ଢ୍ଚ ଢ୍ଛ ଢ୍ଜ ଢ୍ଝ ଢ୍ଞ ଢ୍ଟ ଢ୍ଠ ଢ୍ଡ ଢ୍ଢ ଢ୍ଡ ଢ୍ଢ ଢ୍ଣ ଢ୍ତ ଢ୍ଥ ଢ୍ଦ ଢ୍ଧ ଢ୍ନ ଢ୍ପ ଢ୍ଫ ଢ୍ବ ଢ୍ଵ ଢ୍ଭ ଢ୍ମ ଢ୍ଯ ଢ୍ୟ ଢ୍ର ଢ୍ଲ ଢ୍ଳ ଢ୍ୱ ଢ୍ଶ ଢ୍ଷ ଢ୍ସ ଢ୍ହ
ଡ ଡ୍କ ଡ୍ଖ ଡ୍ଗ ଡ୍ଘ ଡ୍ଙ ଡ୍ଚ ଡ୍ଛ ଡ୍ଜ ଡ୍ଝ ଡ୍ଞ ଡ୍ଟ ଡ୍ଠ ଡ୍ଡ ଡ୍ଢ ଡ୍ଡ ଡ୍ଢ ଡ୍ଣ ଡ୍ତ ଡ୍ଥ ଡ୍ଦ ଡ୍ଧ ଡ୍ନ ଡ୍ପ ଡ୍ଫ ଡ୍ବ ଡ୍ଵ ଡ୍ଭ ଡ୍ମ ଡ୍ଯ ଡ୍ୟ ଡ୍ର ଡ୍ଲ ଡ୍ଳ ଡ୍ୱ ଡ୍ଶ ଡ୍ଷ ଡ୍ସ ଡ୍ହ
ଢ ଢ୍କ ଢ୍ଖ ଢ୍ଗ ଢ୍ଘ ଢ୍ଙ ଢ୍ଚ ଢ୍ଛ ଢ୍ଜ ଢ୍ଝ ଢ୍ଞ ଢ୍ଟ ଢ୍ଠ ଢ୍ଡ ଢ୍ଢ ଢ୍ଡ ଢ୍ଢ ଢ୍ଣ ଢ୍ତ ଢ୍ଥ ଢ୍ଦ ଢ୍ଧ ଢ୍ନ ଢ୍ପ ଢ୍ଫ ଢ୍ବ ଢ୍ଵ ଢ୍ଭ ଢ୍ମ ଢ୍ଯ ଢ୍ୟ ଢ୍ର ଢ୍ଲ ଢ୍ଳ ଢ୍ୱ ଢ୍ଶ ଢ୍ଷ ଢ୍ସ ଢ୍ହ
ଣ ଣ୍କ ଣ୍ଖ ଣ୍ଗ ଣ୍ଘ ଣ୍ଙ ଣ୍ଚ ଣ୍ଛ ଣ୍ଜ ଣ୍ଝ ଣ୍ଞ ଣ୍ଟ ଣ୍ଠ ଣ୍ଡ ଣ୍ଢ ଣ୍ଡ ଣ୍ଢ ଣ୍ଣ ଣ୍ତ ଣ୍ଥ ଣ୍ଦ ଣ୍ଧ ଣ୍ନ ଣ୍ପ ଣ୍ଫ ଣ୍ବ ଣ୍ଵ ଣ୍ଭ ଣ୍ମ ଣ୍ଯ ଣ୍ୟ ଣ୍ର ଣ୍ଲ ଣ୍ଳ ଣ୍ୱ ଣ୍ଶ ଣ୍ଷ ଣ୍ସ ଣ୍ହ
ତ ତ୍କ ତ୍ଖ ତ୍ଗ ତ୍ଘ ତ୍ଙ ତ୍ଚ ତ୍ଛ ତ୍ଜ ତ୍ଝ ତ୍ଞ ତ୍ଟ ତ୍ଠ ତ୍ଡ ତ୍ଢ ତ୍ଡ ତ୍ଢ ତ୍ଣ ତ୍ତ ତ୍ଥ ତ୍ଦ ତ୍ଧ ତ୍ନ ତ୍ପ ତ୍ଫ ତ୍ବ ତ୍ଵ ତ୍ଭ ତ୍ମ ତ୍ଯ ତ୍ୟ ତ୍ର ତ୍ଲ ତ୍ଳ ତ୍ୱ ତ୍ଶ ତ୍ଷ ତ୍ସ ତ୍ହ
ଥ ଥ୍କ ଥ୍ଖ ଥ୍ଗ ଥ୍ଘ ଥ୍ଙ ଥ୍ଚ ଥ୍ଛ ଥ୍ଜ ଥ୍ଝ ଥ୍ଞ ଥ୍ଟ ଥ୍ଠ ଥ୍ଡ ଥ୍ଢ ଥ୍ଡ ଥ୍ଢ ଥ୍ଣ ଥ୍ତ ଥ୍ଥ ଥ୍ଦ ଥ୍ଧ ଥ୍ନ ଥ୍ପ ଥ୍ଫ ଥ୍ବ ଥ୍ଵ ଥ୍ଭ ଥ୍ମ ଥ୍ଯ ଥ୍ୟ ଥ୍ର ଥ୍ଲ ଥ୍ଳ ଥ୍ୱ ଥ୍ଶ ଥ୍ଷ ଥ୍ସ ଥ୍ହ
ଦ ଦ୍କ ଦ୍ଖ ଦ୍ଗ ଦ୍ଘ ଦ୍ଙ ଦ୍ଚ ଦ୍ଛ ଦ୍ଜ ଦ୍ଝ ଦ୍ଞ ଦ୍ଟ ଦ୍ଠ ଦ୍ଡ ଦ୍ଢ ଦ୍ଡ ଦ୍ଢ ଦ୍ଣ ଦ୍ତ ଦ୍ଥ ଦ୍ଦ ଦ୍ଧ ଦ୍ନ ଦ୍ପ ଦ୍ଫ ଦ୍ବ ଦ୍ଵ ଦ୍ଭ ଦ୍ମ ଦ୍ଯ ଦ୍ୟ ଦ୍ର ଦ୍ଲ ଦ୍ଳ ଦ୍ୱ ଦ୍ଶ ଦ୍ଷ ଦ୍ସ ଦ୍ହ
ଧ ଧ୍କ ଧ୍ଖ ଧ୍ଗ ଧ୍ଘ ଧ୍ଙ ଧ୍ଚ ଧ୍ଛ ଧ୍ଜ ଧ୍ଝ ଧ୍ଞ ଧ୍ଟ ଧ୍ଠ ଧ୍ଡ ଧ୍ଢ ଧ୍ଡ ଧ୍ଢ ଧ୍ଣ ଧ୍ତ ଧ୍ଥ ଧ୍ଦ ଧ୍ଧ ଧ୍ନ ଧ୍ପ ଧ୍ଫ ଧ୍ବ ଧ୍ଵ ଧ୍ଭ ଧ୍ମ ଧ୍ଯ ଧ୍ୟ ଧ୍ର ଧ୍ଲ ଧ୍ଳ ଧ୍ୱ ଧ୍ଶ ଧ୍ଷ ଧ୍ସ ଧ୍ହ
ନ ନ୍କ ନ୍ଖ ନ୍ଗ ନ୍ଘ ନ୍ଙ ନ୍ଚ ନ୍ଛ ନ୍ଜ ନ୍ଝ ନ୍ଞ ନ୍ଟ ନ୍ଠ ନ୍ଡ ନ୍ଢ ନ୍ଡ ନ୍ଢ ନ୍ଣ ନ୍ତ ନ୍ଥ ନ୍ଦ ନ୍ଧ ନ୍ନ ନ୍ପ ନ୍ଫ ନ୍ବ ନ୍ଵ ନ୍ଭ ନ୍ମ ନ୍ଯ ନ୍ୟ ନ୍ର ନ୍ଲ ନ୍ଳ ନ୍ୱ ନ୍ଶ ନ୍ଷ ନ୍ସ ନ୍ହ
ପ ପ୍କ ପ୍ଖ ପ୍ଗ ପ୍ଘ ପ୍ଙ ପ୍ଚ ପ୍ଛ ପ୍ଜ ପ୍ଝ ପ୍ଞ ପ୍ଟ ପ୍ଠ ପ୍ଡ ପ୍ଢ ପ୍ଡ ପ୍ଢ ପ୍ଣ ପ୍ତ ପ୍ଥ ପ୍ଦ ପ୍ଧ ପ୍ନ ପ୍ପ ପ୍ଫ ପ୍ବ ପ୍ଵ ପ୍ଭ ପ୍ମ ପ୍ଯ ପ୍ୟ ପ୍ର ପ୍ଲ ପ୍ଳ ପ୍ୱ ପ୍ଶ ପ୍ଷ ପ୍ସ ପ୍ହ
ଫ ଫ୍କ ଫ୍ଖ ଫ୍ଗ ଫ୍ଘ ଫ୍ଙ ଫ୍ଚ ଫ୍ଛ ଫ୍ଜ ଫ୍ଝ ଫ୍ଞ ଫ୍ଟ ଫ୍ଠ ଫ୍ଡ ଫ୍ଢ ଫ୍ଡ ଫ୍ଢ ଫ୍ଣ ଫ୍ତ ଫ୍ଥ ଫ୍ଦ ଫ୍ଧ ଫ୍ନ ଫ୍ପ ଫ୍ଫ ଫ୍ବ ଫ୍ଵ ଫ୍ଭ ଫ୍ମ ଫ୍ଯ ଫ୍ୟ ଫ୍ର ଫ୍ଲ ଫ୍ଳ ଫ୍ୱ ଫ୍ଶ ଫ୍ଷ ଫ୍ସ ଫ୍ହ
ବ ବ୍କ ବ୍ଖ ବ୍ଗ ବ୍ଘ ବ୍ଙ ବ୍ଚ ବ୍ଛ ବ୍ଜ ବ୍ଝ ବ୍ଞ ବ୍ଟ ବ୍ଠ ବ୍ଡ ବ୍ଢ ବ୍ଡ ବ୍ଢ ବ୍ଣ ବ୍ତ ବ୍ଥ ବ୍ଦ ବ୍ଧ ବ୍ନ ବ୍ପ ବ୍ଫ ବ୍ବ ବ୍ଵ ବ୍ଭ ବ୍ମ ବ୍ଯ ବ୍ୟ ବ୍ର ବ୍ଲ ବ୍ଳ ବ୍ୱ ବ୍ଶ ବ୍ଷ ବ୍ସ ବ୍ହ
ଵ ଵ୍କ ଵ୍ଖ ଵ୍ଗ ଵ୍ଘ ଵ୍ଙ ଵ୍ଚ ଵ୍ଛ ଵ୍ଜ ଵ୍ଝ ଵ୍ଞ ଵ୍ଟ ଵ୍ଠ ଵ୍ଡ ଵ୍ଢ ଵ୍ଡ ଵ୍ଢ ଵ୍ଣ ଵ୍ତ ଵ୍ଥ ଵ୍ଦ ଵ୍ଧ ଵ୍ନ ଵ୍ପ ଵ୍ଫ ଵ୍ବ ଵ୍ଵ ଵ୍ଭ ଵ୍ମ ଵ୍ଯ ଵ୍ୟ ଵ୍ର ଵ୍ଲ ଵ୍ଳ ଵ୍ୱ ଵ୍ଶ ଵ୍ଷ ଵ୍ସ ଵ୍ହ
ଭ ଭ୍କ ଭ୍ଖ ଭ୍ଗ ଭ୍ଘ ଭ୍ଙ ଭ୍ଚ ଭ୍ଛ ଭ୍ଜ ଭ୍ଝ ଭ୍ଞ ଭ୍ଟ ଭ୍ଠ ଭ୍ଡ ଭ୍ଢ ଭ୍ଡ ଭ୍ଢ ଭ୍ଣ ଭ୍ତ ଭ୍ଥ ଭ୍ଦ ଭ୍ଧ ଭ୍ନ ଭ୍ପ ଭ୍ଫ ଭ୍ବ ଭ୍ଵ ଭ୍ଭ ଭ୍ମ ଭ୍ଯ ଭ୍ୟ ଭ୍ର ଭ୍ଲ ଭ୍ଳ ଭ୍ୱ ଭ୍ଶ ଭ୍ଷ ଭ୍ସ ଭ୍ହ
ମ ମ୍କ ମ୍ଖ ମ୍ଗ ମ୍ଘ ମ୍ଙ ମ୍ଚ ମ୍ଛ ମ୍ଜ ମ୍ଝ ମ୍ଞ ମ୍ଟ ମ୍ଠ ମ୍ଡ ମ୍ଢ ମ୍ଡ ମ୍ଢ ମ୍ଣ ମ୍ତ ମ୍ଥ ମ୍ଦ ମ୍ଧ ମ୍ନ ମ୍ପ ମ୍ଫ ମ୍ବ ମ୍ଵ ମ୍ଭ ମ୍ମ ମ୍ଯ ମ୍ୟ ମ୍ର ମ୍ଲ ମ୍ଳ ମ୍ୱ ମ୍ଶ ମ୍ଷ ମ୍ସ ମ୍ହ
ଯ ଯ୍କ ଯ୍ଖ ଯ୍ଗ ଯ୍ଘ ଯ୍ଙ ଯ୍ଚ ଯ୍ଛ ଯ୍ଜ ଯ୍ଝ ଯ୍ଞ ଯ୍ଟ ଯ୍ଠ ଯ୍ଡ ଯ୍ଢ ଯ୍ଡ ଯ୍ଢ ଯ୍ଣ ଯ୍ତ ଯ୍ଥ ଯ୍ଦ ଯ୍ଧ ଯ୍ନ ଯ୍ପ ଯ୍ଫ ଯ୍ବ ଯ୍ଵ ଯ୍ଭ ଯ୍ମ ଯ୍ଯ ଯ୍ୟ ଯ୍ର ଯ୍ଲ ଯ୍ଳ ଯ୍ୱ ଯ୍ଶ ଯ୍ଷ ଯ୍ସ ଯ୍ହ
ୟ ୟ୍କ ୟ୍ଖ ୟ୍ଗ ୟ୍ଘ ୟ୍ଙ ୟ୍ଚ ୟ୍ଛ ୟ୍ଜ ୟ୍ଝ ୟ୍ଞ ୟ୍ଟ ୟ୍ଠ ୟ୍ଡ ୟ୍ଢ ୟ୍ଡ ୟ୍ଢ ୟ୍ଣ ୟ୍ତ ୟ୍ଥ ୟ୍ଦ ୟ୍ଧ ୟ୍ନ ୟ୍ପ ୟ୍ଫ ୟ୍ବ ୟ୍ଵ ୟ୍ଭ ୟ୍ମ ୟ୍ଯ ୟ୍ୟ ୟ୍ର ୟ୍ଲ ୟ୍ଳ ୟ୍ୱ ୟ୍ଶ ୟ୍ଷ ୟ୍ସ ୟ୍ହ
ର ର୍କ ର୍ଖ ର୍ଗ ର୍ଘ ର୍ଙ ର୍ଚ ର୍ଛ ର୍ଜ ର୍ଝ ର୍ଞ ର୍ଟ ର୍ଠ ର୍ଡ ର୍ଢ ର୍ଡ ର୍ଢ ର୍ଣ ର୍ତ ର୍ଥ ର୍ଦ ର୍ଧ ର୍ନ ର୍ପ ର୍ଫ ର୍ବ ର୍ଵ ର୍ଭ ର୍ମ ର୍ଯ ର୍ୟ ର୍ର ର୍ଲ ର୍ଳ ର୍ୱ ର୍ଶ ର୍ଷ ର୍ସ ର୍ହ
ଲ ଲ୍କ ଲ୍ଖ ଲ୍ଗ ଲ୍ଘ ଲ୍ଙ ଲ୍ଚ ଲ୍ଛ ଲ୍ଜ ଲ୍ଝ ଲ୍ଞ ଲ୍ଟ ଲ୍ଠ ଲ୍ଡ ଲ୍ଢ ଲ୍ଡ ଲ୍ଢ ଲ୍ଣ ଲ୍ତ ଲ୍ଥ ଲ୍ଦ ଲ୍ଧ ଲ୍ନ ଲ୍ପ ଲ୍ଫ ଲ୍ବ ଲ୍ଵ ଲ୍ଭ ଲ୍ମ ଲ୍ଯ ଲ୍ୟ ଲ୍ର ଲ୍ଲ ଲ୍ଳ ଲ୍ୱ ଲ୍ଶ ଲ୍ଷ ଲ୍ସ ଲ୍ହ
ଳ ଳ୍କ ଳ୍ଖ ଳ୍ଗ ଳ୍ଘ ଳ୍ଙ ଳ୍ଚ ଳ୍ଛ ଳ୍ଜ ଳ୍ଝ ଳ୍ଞ ଳ୍ଟ ଳ୍ଠ ଳ୍ଡ ଳ୍ଢ ଳ୍ଡ ଳ୍ଢ ଳ୍ଣ ଳ୍ତ ଳ୍ଥ ଳ୍ଦ ଳ୍ଧ ଳ୍ନ ଳ୍ପ ଳ୍ଫ ଳ୍ବ ଳ୍ଵ ଳ୍ଭ ଳ୍ମ ଳ୍ଯ ଳ୍ୟ ଳ୍ର ଳ୍ଲ ଳ୍ଳ ଳ୍ୱ ଳ୍ଶ ଳ୍ଷ ଳ୍ସ ଳ୍ହ
ୱ ୱ୍କ ୱ୍ଖ ୱ୍ଗ ୱ୍ଘ ୱ୍ଙ ୱ୍ଚ ୱ୍ଛ ୱ୍ଜ ୱ୍ଝ ୱ୍ଞ ୱ୍ଟ ୱ୍ଠ ୱ୍ଡ ୱ୍ଢ ୱ୍ଡ ୱ୍ଢ ୱ୍ଣ ୱ୍ତ ୱ୍ଥ ୱ୍ଦ ୱ୍ଧ ୱ୍ନ ୱ୍ପ ୱ୍ଫ ୱ୍ବ ୱ୍ଵ ୱ୍ଭ ୱ୍ମ ୱ୍ଯ ୱ୍ୟ ୱ୍ର ୱ୍ଲ ୱ୍ଳ ୱ୍ୱ ୱ୍ଶ ୱ୍ଷ ୱ୍ସ ୱ୍ହ
ଶ ଶ୍କ ଶ୍ଖ ଶ୍ଗ ଶ୍ଘ ଶ୍ଙ ଶ୍ଚ ଶ୍ଛ ଶ୍ଜ ଶ୍ଝ ଶ୍ଞ ଶ୍ଟ ଶ୍ଠ ଶ୍ଡ ଶ୍ଢ ଶ୍ଡ ଶ୍ଢ ଶ୍ଣ ଶ୍ତ ଶ୍ଥ ଶ୍ଦ ଶ୍ଧ ଶ୍ନ ଶ୍ପ ଶ୍ଫ ଶ୍ବ ଶ୍ଵ ଶ୍ଭ ଶ୍ମ ଶ୍ଯ ଶ୍ୟ ଶ୍ର ଶ୍ଲ ଶ୍ଳ ଶ୍ୱ ଶ୍ଶ ଶ୍ଷ ଶ୍ସ ଶ୍ହ
ଷ ଷ୍କ ଷ୍ଖ ଷ୍ଗ ଷ୍ଘ ଷ୍ଙ ଷ୍ଚ ଷ୍ଛ ଷ୍ଜ ଷ୍ଝ ଷ୍ଞ ଷ୍ଟ ଷ୍ଠ ଷ୍ଡ ଷ୍ଢ ଷ୍ଡ ଷ୍ଢ ଷ୍ଣ ଷ୍ତ ଷ୍ଥ ଷ୍ଦ ଷ୍ଧ ଷ୍ନ ଷ୍ପ ଷ୍ଫ ଷ୍ବ ଷ୍ଵ ଷ୍ଭ ଷ୍ମ ଷ୍ଯ ଷ୍ୟ ଷ୍ର ଷ୍ଲ ଷ୍ଳ ଷ୍ୱ ଷ୍ଶ ଷ୍ଷ ଷ୍ସ ଷ୍ହ
ସ ସ୍କ ସ୍ଖ ସ୍ଗ ସ୍ଘ ସ୍ଙ ସ୍ଚ ସ୍ଛ ସ୍ଜ ସ୍ଝ ସ୍ଞ ସ୍ଟ ସ୍ଠ ସ୍ଡ ସ୍ଢ ସ୍ଡ ସ୍ଢ ସ୍ଣ ସ୍ତ ସ୍ଥ ସ୍ଦ ସ୍ଧ ସ୍ନ ସ୍ପ ସ୍ଫ ସ୍ବ ସ୍ଵ ସ୍ଭ ସ୍ମ ସ୍ଯ ସ୍ୟ ସ୍ର ସ୍ଲ ସ୍ଳ ସ୍ୱ ସ୍ଶ ସ୍ଷ ସ୍ସ ସ୍ହ
ହ ହ୍କ ହ୍ଖ ହ୍ଗ ହ୍ଘ ହ୍ଙ ହ୍ଚ ହ୍ଛ ହ୍ଜ ହ୍ଝ ହ୍ଞ ହ୍ଟ ହ୍ଠ ହ୍ଡ ହ୍ଢ ହ୍ଡ ହ୍ଢ ହ୍ଣ ହ୍ତ ହ୍ଥ ହ୍ଦ ହ୍ଧ ହ୍ନ ହ୍ପ ହ୍ଫ ହ୍ବ ହ୍ଵ ହ୍ଭ ହ୍ମ ହ୍ଯ ହ୍ୟ ହ୍ର ହ୍ଲ ହ୍ଳ ହ୍ୱ ହ୍ଶ ହ୍ଷ ହ୍ସ ହ୍ହ

Special forms

⟨ẏ⟩ and ⟨r⟩ as components of a ligature are given a special treatment. As last member they become and respectively:

⟨r⟩ as first member of a ligature becomes (called Repha as in other Indic scripts) and is shifted to the end of the ligature:

Ambiguities

The Odia alphabet exhibits quite a few ambiguities which add to the difficulties beginners encounter in learning it.

Some of the letters of the script may easily be confounded. In order to reduce ambiguities a small oblique stroke is added at the lower right end as a diacritic. It resembles Halanta (Virāma) but it is joined to the letter, whereas Halanta is not joined. When the consonant forms a vowel ligature by which the lower right end is affected, this stroke is shifted to another position. This applies also to consonant ligatures bearing the stroke (see table of consonant ligatures).

Some of the subjoined consonants, some other ligature components, and variants of vowel diacritics have changing functions:

Open top consonants get a subjoined variant of the vowel diacritic for ⟨i⟩ as in

This same little hook is used in some consonant ligatures to denote ⟨t⟩ as first component:

The subjoined form of ⟨ch⟩ is also used for subjoined ⟨th⟩:

The subjoined form of ⟨bh⟩ serves also as a diacritic for different purposes:

The subjoined forms of ⟨ṇ⟩ and ⟨tu⟩ are almost identical:

The sign for the nasal ⟨ṁ⟩ may be used as a diacritic too:

Numerals

୦ ୧ ୨ ୩ ୪ ୫ ୬ ୭ ୮ ୯ ୵ ୶ ୷ ୲ ୳ ୴
0123456789¹⁄₁₆⅛³⁄₁₆¼½¾

Comparison of Odia script with its neighbours

At a first look the great number of signs with round shapes suggests a closer relation to the southern neighbour Telugu than to the other neighbours Bengali in the north and Devanāgarī in the west. The reason for the round shapes in Odia and Telugu (and also in Kannaḍa and Malayāḷam) is the former method of writing using a stylus to scratch the signs into a palm leaf. These tools do not allow for horizontal strokes because that would damage the leaf.

Odia letters are mostly round shaped whereas in Devanāgarī and Bengali have horizontal lines. So in most cases the reader of Oṛiyā will find the distinctive parts of a letter only below the hoop. Considering this the following tables clearly show a closer relation to Devanāgarī and Bengali than to any southern script, though both northern and southern scripts have the same origin, Brāhmī.

Vowel signs

Consonant signs

Vowel diacritics

The treatment of ⟨e⟩ ⟨ai⟩ ⟨o⟩ ⟨au⟩ is similar to Bengali, Malayāḷam, Sinhalese, Tamiḻ, Grantha and also to SE Asian scripts like Burmese, Khmer and Thai, but it differs clearly from Devanāgarī, Gujarātī, Gurmukhī, Kannaḍa, Telugu and Tibetan.

Unicode

Odia script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for Odia is U+0B00–U+0B7F:

Oriya[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+0B0x ଁ ଂ ଃ ଅ ଆ ଇ ଈ ଉ ଊ ଋ ଌ ଏ
U+0B1x ଐ ଓ ଔ କ ଖ ଗ ଘ ଙ ଚ ଛ ଜ ଝ ଞ ଟ
U+0B2x ଠ ଡ ଢ ଣ ତ ଥ ଦ ଧ ନ ପ ଫ ବ ଭ ମ ଯ
U+0B3x ର ଲ ଳ ଵ ଶ ଷ ସ ହ ଼ ଽ ା ି
U+0B4x ୀ ୁ ୂ ୃ ୄ େ ୈ ୋ ୌ ୍
U+0B5x ୖ ୗ ଡ଼ ଢ଼ ୟ
U+0B6x ୠ ୡ ୢ ୣ ୦ ୧ ୨ ୩ ୪ ୫ ୬ ୭ ୮ ୯
U+0B7x ୰ ୱ ୲ ୳ ୴ ୵ ୶ ୷
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 10.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Footnotes

  1. ^ Ancient Scripts

See also

References

  1. ↑ Oriya Lipi, Satya N. Rajaguru, Orissa Sahitya Academy, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Page 1-58
  2. ↑ Les Langues écrites Du Monde: Relevé Du Degré Et Des Modes D'utilisation. Presses Université Laval. 1978. pp. 389–. ISBN 978-2-7637-7186-1. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  3. ↑ "Orissareview, Page 66-67" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-06-14.
  4. ↑ Archived December 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  5. ↑ http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf
  6. ↑ "Odia alphabet, pronunciation and language". Omniglot.com. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
  7. ↑ Grierson, George A. (1903). Linguistic Survey of India. Volume V, Part 2, Indo-Aryan family. Eastern group. Specimens of the Bihārī and Oriyā languages. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
  8. ↑ http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=6&pages=286#page/33/mode/1up
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