Masterpiece

Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam (c. 1512), part of the Sistine Chapel ceiling, is considered an archetypal masterpiece of painting.
In painting, Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa (c. 1503–06) is considered an archetypal masterpiece,[1][2][3] though it was not produced for admission to a guild or academy.

Masterpiece, magnum opus (Latin, great work) or chef d'œuvre (French, master of work, plural chefs d'œuvre) in modern use is a creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or to a work of outstanding creativity, skill, profundity, or workmanship. Historically, a "masterpiece"' was a work of a very high standard produced to obtain membership of a guild or academy in various areas of the visual arts and crafts.

Etymology

The word masterpiece probably derives from the Dutch meesterstuk or German meisterstück via loan translation. The form masterstik is recorded in English or Scots in a set of Aberdeen guild regulations dated to 1579, whereas "masterpiece" is first found in 1605, already outside a guild context, in a Ben Jonson play.[4] "Masterprize" was another early variant in English.[5]

In English, the term rapidly became used in a variety of contexts for an exceptionally good piece of creative work, and was "in early use, often applied to man as the 'masterpiece' of God or Nature".[6]

History

Two painter's apprentices. They would have to produce a masterpiece to become masters at the end of their apprenticeships. Drawing by Federico Zuccari, 1609

Originally, the term masterpiece referred to a piece of work produced by an apprentice or journeyman aspiring to become a master craftsman in the old European guild system. His fitness to qualify for guild membership was judged partly by the masterpiece, and if he was successful, the piece was retained by the guild. Great care was therefore taken to produce a fine piece in whatever the craft was, whether confectionery, painting, goldsmithing, knifemaking, or many other trades.

In the 17th century, the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, for instance, required an apprentice to produce a masterpiece under their supervision at a "workhouse" in Goldsmiths' Hall. The workhouse had been set up as part of a tightening of standards after the company became concerned that the level of skill of goldsmithing was being diluted. The wardens of the company had complained in 1607 that the "true practise of the Art & Mystery of Goldsmithry is not only grown into great decays but also dispersed into many parts, so as now very few workmen are able to finish & perfect a piece of plate singularly with all the garnishings & parts thereof without the help of many & several hands...". The same goldsmithing organization still requires the production of a masterpiece but it is no longer produced under supervision.[7][8]

In Nuremberg, Germany, between 1531 and 1572, apprentices who wished to become master goldsmith were required to produce columbine cups, dice for a steel seal, and gold rings set with precious stones before they could be admitted to the goldsmiths' guild. If they failed to be admitted, then they could continue to work for other goldsmiths but not as a master themselves. In some guilds, apprentices were not allowed to marry until they had obtained full membership.[9]

The practice of producing a masterpiece has continued in some modern academies of art, where the general term for such works is now reception piece. The Royal Academy in London uses the term "diploma work" and it has acquired a fine collection of diploma works received as a condition of membership.

See also

References

  1. ↑ The Theft That Made Mona Lisa a Masterpiece
  2. ↑ Why Mona Lisa Became An Icon
  3. ↑ Lichfield, John (1 April 2005). "The Moving of the Mona Lisa". "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world".work= The Independent
  4. ↑ OED:"Masterpiece". See also: Encarta. Archived 2009-11-01.
  5. ↑ OED:"Masterprize"
  6. ↑ OED, and examples
  7. ↑ A History of the Goldsmiths' Company. The Goldsmiths' Company. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  8. ↑ Goldsmiths' Company Apprenticeship Programme. The Goldsmiths' Centre. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  9. ↑ Cup, Silver, room 69, case 25. Victoria & Albert Museum. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
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