Operation Nougat

Operation Nougat

Nougat Gnome salt dome cavity.
Information
Country United States
Test site
  • near Carlsbad, New Mexico
  • NTS Area 12, Rainier Mesa
  • NTS Area 15
  • NTS Area 16, Shoshone Mountain
  • NTS Area 18, Buckboard Mesa
  • NTS, Areas 1-4, 6-10, Yucca Flat
Period 1961-1962
Number of tests 44
Test type cratering, underground shaft, underground tunnel
Max. yield 67 kilotonnes of TNT (280 TJ)
Test series chronology

Operation Nougat[1] was a series of 44 nuclear tests conducted (with one exception) at the Nevada Test Site in 1961 and 1962, immediately after the Soviet Union abrogated a testing moratorium, with the US' Mink test shot taking place the day before the Soviets test-detonated the Tsar Bomba. Most tests were limited-yield underground test shots.[2] New designs would be further developed in atmospheric testing during Operation Dominic I and II.

Operation Dominic I and II would follow Operation Nougat, with some testing overlap. Operation Hardtack II preceded Nougat and the testing moratorium.

United States' Nougat series tests and detonations
Name [note 1] Date time (UT) Local time zone [note 2][3] Location [note 3] Elevation + height [note 4] Delivery [note 5]
Purpose [note 6]		 Device [note 7] Yield [note 8] Fallout [note 9] References Notes
Antler 15 September 1961 17:00:00.12 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U12e.03a 37°11′16″N 116°12′31″W / 37.1879°N 116.20863°W / 37.1879; -116.20863 (Antler) 2,254 m (7,395 ft) - 402.03 m (1,319.0 ft) underground tunnel,
weapons development		 W-45 2.6 kt Venting detected off site, 210 kCi (7,800 TBq) [1][4][5][6][7][8]
Shrew 16 September 1961 19:45:00.12 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3ac 37°02′54″N 116°02′01″W / 37.0484°N 116.03367°W / 37.0484; -116.03367 (Shrew) 1,200 m (3,900 ft) - 98.07 m (321.8 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 XW-54 Gnat ? 17 t Venting detected on site, less than 490 Ci (18,000 GBq) [1][4][5][6][7][8]
Boomer 1 October 1961 21:30:00.12 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3aa 37°02′54″N 116°02′07″W / 37.04829°N 116.03526°W / 37.04829; -116.03526 (Boomer) 1,200 m (3,900 ft) - 100.64 m (330.2 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 XW-54 Gnat ? less than 0.1 kt Venting detected on site, less than 2.5 kCi (93 TBq) [1][4][5][6][7][8]
Chena 10 October 1961 18:00:00.13 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U12b.09 37°11′39″N 116°12′28″W / 37.19423°N 116.20791°W / 37.19423; -116.20791 (Chena) 2,250 m (7,380 ft) - 255.42 m (838.0 ft) underground tunnel,
weapons development		 W44 "Arrow" ? less than 20 kt Venting detected on site, 760 Ci (28,000 GBq) [1][4][5][6][7][8] Similar to Fishbowl Swordfish, yield much lower than predicted.
Mink 29 October 1961 18:30:00.13 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3ae 37°02′55″N 116°01′55″W / 37.04851°N 116.03195°W / 37.04851; -116.03195 (Mink) 1,201 m (3,940 ft) - 192.1 m (630 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 less than 20 kt Venting detected on site, 500 Ci (18,000 GBq) [1][4][5][6][8] similar to HT-II Quay, HT-I Linden, fizzle.
Fisher 3 December 1961 23:04:59.63 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3ah 37°02′45″N 116°01′43″W / 37.04581°N 116.02853°W / 37.04581; -116.02853 (Fisher) 1,198 m (3,930 ft) - 363.72 m (1,193.3 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 XW-50 primary ? 13.4 kt Venting detected on site, less than 500 Ci (18,000 GBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] Repeat of Mink, yield below predicted due to Zipper failure.
Gnome 10 December 1961 19:00:00.0 MST (-7 hrs)
 near Carlsbad, New Mexico 32°15′47″N 103°51′57″W / 32.26298°N 103.86592°W / 32.26298; -103.86592 (Gnome) 1,013 m (3,323 ft) - 360 m (1,180 ft) underground shaft,
peaceful research		 3.1 kt Venting detected off site [1][5][8][10] Project Gnome, fired in salt dome, cavity formed was 170 ft (52 m) in diameter, and 80 ft (24 m) high, some radioactivity accidentally released and detected off-site. Shaft drilled 341 m (1,119 ft) to SW.
Mad 13 December 1961 18:00:00.16 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U9a 37°07′36″N 116°02′59″W / 37.12656°N 116.04962°W / 37.12656; -116.04962 (Mad) 1,254 m (4,114 ft) - 219.15 m (719.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 500 t I-131 venting detected on site, 0 [1][4][5][6][8] Similar to Hoosic and Stillwater, yield below predicted, attempt to standardize low yield energy source for future experiments.
Ringtail 17 December 1961 16:35:00.13 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3ak 37°02′35″N 116°01′34″W / 37.04317°N 116.02616°W / 37.04317; -116.02616 (Ringtail) 1,196 m (3,924 ft) - 362.99 m (1,190.9 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 XW-54 Gnat ? less than 20 kt Venting detected on site, less than 10 Ci (370 GBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] Possible XW-54 test, similar to Shrew and Boomer, purpose to optimize small light system for high yield tactical weapon.
Feather 22 December 1961 16:30:00.13 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U12b.08 37°11′42″N 116°12′33″W / 37.1949°N 116.20916°W / 37.1949; -116.20916 (Feather) 2,242 m (7,356 ft) - 247.5 m (812 ft) underground tunnel,
weapons development		 150 t Venting detected off site, 380 Ci (14,000 GBq) [1][4][5][6][8] "...results quite striking.".
Stoat 9 January 1962 16:30:00.14 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3ap 37°02′41″N 116°02′09″W / 37.04459°N 116.03592°W / 37.04459; -116.03592 (Stoat) 1,198 m (3,930 ft) - 302.33 m (991.9 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 5.1 kt Venting detected on site, 8 Ci (300 GBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] Performed as expected, 1st in series to develop new multi-point detonation system, similar to Agouti, Armadillo, Ermine, Chinchilla I/II.
Agouti 18 January 1962 18:00:00.13 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3ao 37°02′50″N 116°02′07″W / 37.0472°N 116.03523°W / 37.0472; -116.03523 (Agouti) 1,200 m (3,900 ft) - 260.95 m (856.1 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 6.4 kt [1][6][7][8][9] Develop test for new 10 in (250 mm) implosion system, similar to Stoat.
Dormouse 30 January 1962 18:00:00.13 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3aq 37°02′48″N 116°02′25″W / 37.04679°N 116.04034°W / 37.04679; -116.04034 (Dormouse) 1,200 m (3,900 ft) - 363.14 m (1,191.4 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 10 kt I-131 venting detected, 0 [1][4][6][7][8][9] Configuration optimization test, similar to Mink, Fisher, Raccoon, Dormouse Prime, Packrat.
Stillwater 8 February 1962 18:00:00.16 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U9c 37°07′38″N 116°03′13″W / 37.1272°N 116.05354°W / 37.1272; -116.05354 (Stillwater) 1,259 m (4,131 ft) - 181.36 m (595.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 3.1 kt I-131 venting detected, 0 [1][4][6][7][8][9] Similar to Mad and Hoosic.
Armadillo 9 February 1962 16:30:00.13 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3ar 37°02′37″N 116°02′23″W / 37.04354°N 116.03981°W / 37.04354; -116.03981 (Armadillo) 1,198 m (3,930 ft) - 239.69 m (786.4 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 7.1 kt Venting detected on site, less than 120 Ci (4,400 GBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] Develop test for new 10 in (250 mm) implosion system, similar Stoat.
Hardhat 15 February 1962 18:00:00.1 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U15a 37°13′35″N 116°03′37″W / 37.22626°N 116.06018°W / 37.22626; -116.06018 (Hardhat) 1,532 m (5,026 ft) - 287.43 m (943.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapon effect		 5.7 kt I-131 venting detected, 0 [1][4][5][6][8][11] Test of underground structure hardening.
Chinchilla I 19 February 1962 16:30:00.13 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3ag 37°02′57″N 116°01′49″W / 37.04905°N 116.03023°W / 37.04905; -116.03023 (Chinchilla I) 1,201 m (3,940 ft) - 150.08 m (492.4 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 1.9 kt Venting detected on site, 2 Ci (74 GBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] Test of new 10 in (250 mm) implosion system, performed as expected, showed device not 1-point safe.
Codsaw 19 February 1962 17:50:00.16 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U9g 37°07′39″N 116°02′17″W / 37.12743°N 116.03806°W / 37.12743; -116.03806 (Codsaw) 1,258 m (4,127 ft) - 212.14 m (696.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 W45 2 kt Venting detected on site, less than 1 kCi (37 TBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] Similar to Hoosic, Hudson, Arikaree.
Cimarron 23 February 1962 18:00:00.16 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U9h 37°07′44″N 116°02′57″W / 37.12881°N 116.04918°W / 37.12881; -116.04918 (Cimarron) 1,256 m (4,121 ft) - 304.8 m (1,000 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 11.9 kt Venting detected, 750 Ci (28,000 GBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] Confirmed advanced warhead design, device performed better than expected.
Platypus 24 February 1962 16:30:00.13 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3ad 37°02′54″N 116°01′58″W / 37.0483°N 116.03264°W / 37.0483; -116.03264 (Platypus) 1,200 m (3,900 ft) - 57.84 m (189.8 ft) cratering,
weapons development		 less than 20 kt I-131 venting detected, 0 [1][4][5][6][8] similar to Shrew, Boomer, Ringtail.
Danny Boy 5 March 1962 18:15:00.12 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U18a 37°06′39″N 116°21′57″W / 37.11091°N 116.3658°W / 37.11091; -116.3658 (Danny Boy) 1,641 m (5,384 ft) - 30 m (98 ft) cratering,
weapon effect		 430 t Venting detected off site, 850 kCi (31,000 TBq) [1][4][5][7][8][9][10] Test of atomic demolition munition (ADM) cratering effects in basalt, crater 265 ft × 84 ft (81 m × 26 m), design yield 470 tonnes.
Ermine 6 March 1962 16:30:00.13 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3ab 37°02′54″N 116°02′04″W / 37.04837°N 116.0344°W / 37.04837; -116.0344 (Ermine) 1,201 m (3,940 ft) - 73.15 m (240.0 ft) underground shaft,
safety experiment		 less than 20 kt I-131 venting detected, 0 [1][4][5][6][8] Test of new 10 in (250 mm) implosion system, 1-point safety test.
Brazos 8 March 1962 18:00:00.21 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U9d 37°07′20″N 116°02′59″W / 37.12212°N 116.04976°W / 37.12212; -116.04976 (Brazos) 1,254 m (4,114 ft) - 256.34 m (841.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 XW-55 primary ? 8.4 kt Venting detected on site, 1.1 kCi (41 TBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] Successful system proof test, developmental test of advanced implosion system, design yield 5-10 kt.
Hognose 15 March 1962 16:30:00.13 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3ai 37°02′38″N 116°01′55″W / 37.04393°N 116.03186°W / 37.04393; -116.03186 (Hognose) 1,198 m (3,930 ft) - 240.33 m (788.5 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 8 kt I-131 venting detected, 0 [1][4][6][7][8][9] similar to HT-II Mercury and Oberon.
Hoosic 28 March 1962 18:00:00.16 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U9j 37°07′28″N 116°02′05″W / 37.12437°N 116.03483°W / 37.12437; -116.03483 (Hoosic) 1,264 m (4,147 ft) - 186.84 m (613.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 XW-45 ? 3.4 kt Venting detected, 10 kCi (370 TBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] Test to determine minimum boosted yield for device previously tested in Mad and Stillwater, predicted yield 2-3.5 kt, similar to Hudson and Arikaree.
Chinchilla II 31 March 1962 18:00:00.13 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3as 37°02′49″N 116°02′16″W / 37.04687°N 116.03776°W / 37.04687; -116.03776 (Chinchilla II) 1,200 m (3,900 ft) - 136.67 m (448.4 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 2 kt Venting detected on site, less than 10 Ci (370 GBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] Retest of Chinchilla I which was not 1-point safe, similar to Stoat.
Dormouse Prime 5 April 1962 18:00:00.13 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3az 37°02′40″N 116°01′27″W / 37.04446°N 116.02425°W / 37.04446; -116.02425 (Dormouse Prime) 1,197 m (3,927 ft) - 261.03 m (856.4 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 10.6 kt I-131 venting detected, 0 [1][4][6][7][8][9] Yield verification test, design yield 10.5 kt, boron lined shot hole, similar to Dormouse, Mink, Fisher, Raccoon, Packrat, HT-I Linden, HT-II Quay.
Passaic 6 April 1962 18:00:00.16 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U9l (i?) 37°07′03″N 116°02′42″W / 37.11762°N 116.04487°W / 37.11762; -116.04487 (Passaic) 1,248 m (4,094 ft) - 233.48 m (766.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 9 kt Venting detected, 600 Ci (22,000 GBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] Verification test.
Hudson 12 April 1962 18:00:00.16 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U9n (h?) 37°07′38″N 116°02′45″W / 37.12719°N 116.04577°W / 37.12719; -116.04577 (Hudson) 1,253 m (4,111 ft) - 150.88 m (495.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 W45 ? 1 kt Venting detected, 500 Ci (18,000 GBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] similar to Arikaree, Hoosic, Codsaw'.
Platte 14 April 1962 18:00:00.13 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U12k.01 37°13′19″N 116°09′30″W / 37.22198°N 116.15832°W / 37.22198; -116.15832 (Platte) 1,695 m (5,561 ft) - 170.69 m (560.0 ft) underground tunnel,
weapons development		 1.9 kt Venting detected off site, 1.9 MCi (70 PBq) [1][4][5][6][8] Yield reproducibility test, failed, retested in Des Moines.
Dead 21 April 1962 18:40:00.16 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U9k 37°07′08″N 116°01′57″W / 37.11895°N 116.03237°W / 37.11895; -116.03237 (Dead) 1,272 m (4,173 ft) - 193.24 m (634.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 3 kt Venting detected, 40 kCi (1,500 TBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9]
Black 27 April 1962 18:00:00.16 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U9p 37°07′06″N 116°02′19″W / 37.11843°N 116.03857°W / 37.11843; -116.03857 (Black) 1,259 m (4,131 ft) - 217.63 m (714.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 XW-55 5 kt Venting detected, 150 Ci (5,600 GBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] Thermonuke mockup.
Paca 7 May 1962 19:33:00.14 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3ax 37°02′48″N 116°01′32″W / 37.04654°N 116.02567°W / 37.04654; -116.02567 (Paca) 1,199 m (3,934 ft) - 258.32 m (847.5 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 8 kt Venting detected on site, less than 10 Ci (370 GBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] Test of "100 lb/100 kt" class device.
Arikaree 10 May 1962 15:00:00.16 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U9r 37°07′39″N 116°02′57″W / 37.12754°N 116.04917°W / 37.12754; -116.04917 (Arikaree) 1,254 m (4,114 ft) - 166.73 m (547.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 W45 ? less than 20 kt Venting detected, 2 kCi (74 TBq) [1][4][5][6][7][8] similar to Hudson, Hoosic, Codsaw.
Aardvark 12 May 1962 19:00:00.1 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3am(s) 37°03′54″N 116°01′51″W / 37.06512°N 116.03092°W / 37.06512; -116.03092 (Aardvark) 1,214 m (3,983 ft) - 434.04 m (1,424.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 TX-33Y2 AFAP 40 kt Venting detected on site, less than 10 Ci (370 GBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] One of only four gun-type weapons ever tested, along with Little Boy, Grable and Laplace. The TX-33 was a gun shell.
Eel 19 May 1962 15:00:00.16 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U9m 37°07′21″N 116°02′53″W / 37.12256°N 116.04809°W / 37.12256; -116.04809 (Eel) 1,253 m (4,111 ft) - 217.63 m (714.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 4.5 kt Venting detected on site, 1.9 MCi (70 PBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] Successful.
White 25 May 1962 15:00:00.15 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U9b 37°07′29″N 116°03′10″W / 37.12479°N 116.05287°W / 37.12479; -116.05287 (White) 1,253 m (4,111 ft) - 192.63 m (632.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 XW-58 primary ? 8 kt Venting detected, 1.6 kCi (59 TBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] Similar to Sacramento.
Raccoon 1 June 1962 17:00:00.14 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3ajs 37°02′44″N 116°02′07″W / 37.04556°N 116.03534°W / 37.04556; -116.03534 (Raccoon) 1,199 m (3,934 ft) - 164.25 m (538.9 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 3 kt [1][6][7][8][9] Successful, similar to Dormouse, Dormouse Prime, Mink, Fisher, Packrat, HT-I Linden, HT-II Quay.
Packrat 6 June 1962 17:00:00.12 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3aw 37°02′44″N 116°02′25″W / 37.04567°N 116.04015°W / 37.04567; -116.04015 (Packrat) 1,199 m (3,934 ft) - 261.98 m (859.5 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 13 kt I-131 venting detected, 0 [1][4][6][7][8][9] Successful (see above for similarities), investigated internal initiator to improve safety, increase yield, reduce weight 10 lb (4.5 kg).
Des Moines 13 June 1962 21:00:00.12 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U12j.01 37°13′20″N 116°09′47″W / 37.22217°N 116.16301°W / 37.22217; -116.16301 (Des Moines) 1,696 m (5,564 ft) - 185.93 m (610.0 ft) underground tunnel,
weapons development		 2.9 kt Venting detected off site, 11 MCi (410 PBq) [1][4][5][6][8] similar to Platte.
Daman I 21 June 1962 17:00:00.13 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3be 37°02′35″N 116°01′52″W / 37.04303°N 116.03103°W / 37.04303; -116.03103 (Daman I) 1,197 m (3,927 ft) - 260.4 m (854 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 11 kt I-131 venting detected, 0 [1][4][6][7][8][9] Successful.
Haymaker 27 June 1962 18:00:00.12 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U3au(s) 37°02′30″N 116°02′10″W / 37.04154°N 116.03612°W / 37.04154; -116.03612 (Haymaker) 1,196 m (3,924 ft) - 408.56 m (1,340.4 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 Moccasin 67 kt Venting detected on site, less than 150 Ci (5,600 GBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] Possible Mocassin device (tested in Project 58 #2, HT-II Hidalgo).
Marshmallow 28 June 1962 17:00:00.11 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U16a 37°00′33″N 116°12′07″W / 37.00906°N 116.20193°W / 37.00906; -116.20193 (Marshmallow) 2,241 m (7,352 ft) - 310.9 m (1,020 ft) underground tunnel,
weapon effect		 less than 20 kt Venting detected on site, 35 kCi (1,300 TBq) [1][4][5][6][8] Simulated high altitude effects shot in low pressure chamber, successful, x-ray effects of re-entry vehicles investigated.
Sacramento 30 June 1962 21:30:00.16 PST (-8 hrs)
 NTS Area U9v 37°07′03″N 116°02′54″W / 37.11737°N 116.04829°W / 37.11737; -116.04829 (Sacramento) 1,246 m (4,088 ft) - 149.05 m (489.0 ft) underground shaft,
weapons development		 XW-58 4 kt I-131 venting detected, less than 1 kCi (37 TBq) [1][4][6][7][8][9] similar to White device.
  1. ↑ The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
  2. ↑ To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. All historical timezone data are derived from here:
  3. ↑ Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
  4. ↑ Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
  5. ↑ Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
  6. ↑ Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
  7. ↑ Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
  8. ↑ Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
  9. ↑ Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000), CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3), SMDC Monitoring Research
  2. ↑ http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Nougat.html
  3. ↑ "Timezone Historical Database". iana.com. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
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  11. ↑ Hechanova, Anthony E.; O'Donnell, James E. (1998-09-25), Estimates of yield for nuclear tests impacting the groundwater at the Nevada Test Site, Nuclear Science and Technology Division
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