Operation Clean-up

Operation Clean-up
Part of Sectarian violence in Pakistan
Location Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Planned by Intelligence Bureau
Target MQM interests
Date 19 June 1992 − 16 August 1994
(2 years, 1 month and 4 weeks)
Executed by
Casualties 23500 (+1000 government) killed
29350 injured

Operation Clean-up (other codename: Operation Blue Fox), was an armed military intelligence program led by the Sindh Police and Pakistan Rangers, with an additional assistance from the Pakistan Army and its related intelligence agencies. Planned by the FIA, Intelligence Bureau and launched under the directives of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 1992, the program was more roughly pursued by upcoming Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1993–94, as part of her internal policies.

Its objective was to "cleanse" Karachi city of "anti-social" elements. The program targeted the Muttahida Qaumi Movement over the controversy regarding the Jinnahpur plan— which supposedly planned on having the city of Karachi break away from Pakistan.

Program overview

Political dynamics in 1980s

The Muttahida Qaumi Movement (denoted as MQM) is a centre-left and liberal political party which was founded in 1984 by its activist leader, Altaf Hussain who was a student at the University of Karachi in the 1970s.[1] According to the memoirs of General Mirza Beg, the MQM had its support from President General Zia-ul-Haq since its very early foundation in 1984, in a view to sideline the JeI in Karachi and PPP in rural Sindh.[1] Such claims had been dismissed by party's convener Imran Farooq.[2][3] MQM took part in local government elections and participated well in 1985 general elections, initially becoming part of military–technocratic government of PresidentGeneral Zia-ul-Haq. After death of President Zia-ul-Haq, MQM contested in 1988 general elections, acquiring considerable political leverage with 13 seats in parliament.[4] MQM was part of PPP-led government of Benazir Bhutto but its repressive persuasion of repatriation of Biharis from Bangladesh camps soured the relations between each other.[4] MQM went on to support the "vote of no confidence" against Benazir Bhutto took the incumbency by surprise.[4] As early as 1988–89, the political problems in Karachi began to arise and reached its climax in 1990 when Sindh Police opened fire on Muhajir locale in Hyderabad city. The ensuing violence led to the events dismissing Benazir Bhutto from the office.[4]

After coming in power as a result of 1990 general elections, MQM redemonstrated its political power in Sindh as part of IDA government led by Nawaz Sharif.[4] During this time, the violence arose with the disagreements between one faction led by Afaq Ahmed and Altaf Hussain of MQM. MQM was later subdued by Nawaz Sharif in 1991 due to a brief clash of ideology.[4]

Persuasive studies

In 1992, the program's studies were concluded under the Director-General of the Intelligence Bureau, Brigadier (retired) Imtiaz Ahmed as codename: Operation Clean-up, recommending the protocol. On personal initiatives of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, Clean-up protocol was initiated under Imtiaz Ahmed and the Pakistan Rangers, focusing on taking measures against the decoits in rural Sindh, not specific political parties.[4] According to the sources, the program's protocol was to last six months, deadline was until June 1992.[5]

The program went in cold storage after Sharif was dismissed but again came in effect and revival after the 1993 general elections which saw Benazir Bhutto coming in power and MQM winning the provisional elections decisively.[4] The proposal was put forward and Benazir Bhutto renamed the program's protocol as "Blue Fox in 1993 and more aggressively persuade with the program.[6] Among the reasons given for the launching of the Blue Fox were the Jinnahpur affair and the Major Kaleem Case in Karachi that occurred in 1993.[7] The street fighting with the PPP continued in rural Karachi with the PPP's controversial decision of forming of Malir District in 1994.[4]

Initiation of protocol

The program's protocol actually took place during the Government of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto.[7][8] The diameter and focus of the program was widened to Pakistan Armed Forces when the 25th Mechanized Division of V Corps (for ground support) and the ISI (on intelligence) was invited by Benazir Bhutto. The army's search and destroy operation led to the discovery of arm caches and torture chambers in elsewhere in Karachi.[4] The gun and street fighting in Karachi increased the Muhajir Sindh violence.[4] Lieutenant-General Naseer Akhtar and Major-General Safdar Ali Khan, assisting Brigadier Imtiaz Ahmed, directly reported to the government on the course of actions. In December 1993, Defence minister Aftab Mirani maintained that the army operation in Sindh "will continue as long as it is needed."[9] In a press release in January 1994, Interior Minister, Major-General (retired) Naseerullah Babar, added in that "Operation Clean-Up" was likely to continue until June.[10]

During its final phases on 19 May 1994, Prime minister Benazir Bhutto chaired a meeting with Chief minister of Sindh Muzafar Hussain, Interior minister Naseerullah Babar, chief of army staff General Waheed Kakar and other key civilian and military officials at General Headquarters (GHQ) to decide on the modalities of Operation Clean-up in Sindh; operation to be carried out by the Army Rangers with full backing by the Army.[11]

Halt and legacy

Ending in 1994, the period is regarded as the bloodiest period in Karachi's history, with thousands killed or gone missing in the fighting. In May 1995, arm clashes again broke out between the MQM and the Sindh Police managed by the PPP.[4] Benazir Bhutto's steps towards the counterinsurgency did, however, brought some calm in Karachi by the spring of 1996.[4] Over this issue, Murtaza Bhutto was notably gunned down in a police encounter with the Sindh Police. Within seven-week, President Farooq Leghari dismissed the government of Benazir Bhutto, primarily charging the issue of Murtaza Bhutto and the killings of MQM workers.[4] MQM again participated well in 1997 general elections and redemonstrated its political leverage in the parliament.[4] Furthermore, the program came to its final halt in end years of 1996 after the dismissal of Benazir Bhutto's government.[4]

Although 19 years have passed since the alleged arrest or disappearance of MQM workers, families of the missing people are still hopeful after registering the cases in the Supreme Court of Pakistan.[12]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Paracha, Nadeem (23 August 2012). "Born to run: The rise and leveling of the APMSO". Dawn Newspapers. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  2. ↑ Press Trust of India (28 May 2007). "Zia had founded MQM, says Beg". Indian Express. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  3. ↑ Khalid Hasan (27 May 2007). "Zia formed the MQM: General Beg". Daily Times Pakistan. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Lyon, Peter (2008). Conflict between India and Pakistan : an encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 155–120. ISBN 1576077128.
  5. ↑ Agence France Presse (AFP). 1 June 1992. "Pakistan Army Chief Discusses Sindh Operation." (IRBDC Indexed Media Review [Ottawa] 26 May-1 June 1992, Vol. 3, No. 22, p. 61)
  6. ↑ "Timeline: A history of MQM". Timeline of MQM by Dawn. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  7. 1 2 U.S. Gov. "Profile Series: Pakistan" (PDF). United States Government. United States Department of Justice. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  8. ↑ "Pakistan: Human rights crisis in Karachi". Amnesty International. 1 February 1996. Archived from the original on 4 November 2006. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  9. ↑ Govt. of Canada (1 March 1994). "Pakistan: Information on whether the army is still present in Sindh following "Operation Clean-Up" and on the effect of this operation on the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and the Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM)". UNHR. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  10. ↑ The News [Islamabad, in English]. 13 January 1994. "Army Likely to Stay in Sindh Until June." (FBIS-NES-94-009 13 January 1994, pp. 43–44)
  11. ↑ http://www.pakistanihistory.com/92.htm
  12. ↑ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/karachi-families-of-missing-mqm-workers-still-hopeful-220
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