OpenJDK

OpenJDK
Developer(s) Oracle Corporation
Initial release May 8, 2007 (2007-05-08)
Written in C++ and Java
Operating system Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, OpenIndiana; several other ports in progress
Type Java platform
License GNU GPL+linking exception
Website openjdk.java.net

OpenJDK (Open Java Development Kit) is a free and open source implementation of the Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE).[1] It is the result of an effort Sun Microsystems began in 2006. The implementation is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) version 2 with a linking exception. Were it not for the GPL linking exception, components that linked to the Java class library would be subject to the terms of the GPL license. OpenJDK is the official reference implementation of Java SE since version 7.[2][3][4]

Components

The OpenJDK project produces a number of components: most importantly the virtual machine (HotSpot), the Java Class Library and the Java compiler (javac).

The web-browser plugin and Web Start, which form part of Oracle Java, are not included in OpenJDK. Sun previously indicated that they would try to open-source these components, but neither Sun nor Oracle have done so.[5] The only currently available free plugin and Web Start implementations as of 2016 are those provided by IcedTea.

In September 2016, an Oracle employee detailed plans to add AOT compilation to the OpenJDK using the Graal compiler.[6]

Supported JDK versions

OpenJDK was initially based only on the JDK 7 version of the Java platform.[7]

There are several separate OpenJDK projects:

IcedTea and inclusion in software distributions

In order to bundle OpenJDK in Fedora and other free GNU/Linux distributions, OpenJDK needed to be buildable using only free software components. Due to the encumbered components in the class library and implicit assumptions within the build system that the JDK being used to build OpenJDK was a Sun JDK, this was not possible. To achieve openness, Red Hat started the IcedTea project in June 2007.[10] It began life as an OpenJDK/GNU Classpath hybrid that could be used to bootstrap OpenJDK, replacing the encumbrances with code from GNU Classpath.[11][12]

On November 5, 2007, Red Hat signed both the Sun Contributor Agreement and the OpenJDK Community TCK License.[13] One of the first benefits of this agreement is tighter alignment with the IcedTea project, which brings together Fedora, the Linux distribution, and JBoss, the application server, technologies in a Linux environment. IcedTea provided free software alternatives for the few remaining proprietary sections in the OpenJDK project.

In May 2008, the Fedora 9[14][15] and Ubuntu 8.04[16] distributions included IcedTea 6, based completely on free and open source code.[17] Fedora 9 was the first version to be shipped with IcedTea6, based on the OpenJDK6 sources from Sun rather than OpenJDK7. It was also the first to use OpenJDK for the package name (via the OpenJDK trademark agreement) instead of IcedTea.[14] Ubuntu also first packaged IcedTea7[18] before later moving to IcedTea6. Packages for IcedTea6 were also created for Debian and included in lenny. On July 12, 2008, Debian accepted OpenJDK-6 in unstable,[19][20] and it is now in stable.[21] OpenJDK is also available on openSUSE,[22] Red Hat Enterprise Linux and RHEL derivatives such as CentOS.[23]

In June 2008, Red Hat announced that the packaged binaries for OpenJDK on Fedora 9, built using IcedTea 6, had passed the Technology Compatibility Kit tests and could claim to be a fully compatible Java 6 implementation.[24] In July 2009, an IcedTea 6 binary build for Ubuntu 9.04 passed all of the compatibility tests in the Java SE 6 TCK.[25]

Since August 2008, OpenJDK 7 is usable on Mac OS X and other BSD variants.[26]

On Android Nougat, OpenJDK replaces the now-discontinued Apache Harmony as the Java libraries in the source code of the mobile operating system. Google has been in an ongoing legal dispute with Oracle over claims of copyright and patent infringement through its use of re-implementations of copyrighted Java APIs via Harmony. While also stating that this change was to create a more consistent platform between Java on Android and other platforms, the company admitted that the switch was motivated by the lawsuit, arguing that Oracle had authorized its use of the OpenJDK code by licensing it under the GPL.[27]

History

Sun's promise and initial release

Sun announced in JavaOne 2006 that Java would become open-source software,[28][29] and on October 25, 2006, at the Oracle OpenWorld conference, Jonathan Schwartz said that the company intended to announce the open-sourcing of the core Java Platform within 30 to 60 days.[30]

Sun released the Java HotSpot virtual machine and compiler as free software under the GNU General Public License on November 13, 2006, with a promise that the rest of the JDK (which includes the Java Runtime Environment) would be placed under the GPL by March 2007, "except for a few components that Sun does not have the right to publish in source form under the GPL".[31] According to free-software advocate Richard Stallman, this would end the "Java trap", the vendor lock-in that he argues applied to Java and programs written in Java.[32]

Release of the class library

Following their promise to release a Java Development Kit (JDK) based almost completely on free and open source code in the first half of 2007,[33] Sun released the complete source code of the Java Class Library under the GPL on May 8, 2007, except for some limited parts that had been licensed to Sun by third parties and Sun was unable to re-license under the GPL.[34] Included in the list of encumbered parts were several major components of the Java graphical user interface (GUI). Sun stated that it planned to replace the remaining proprietary components with alternative implementations and to make the class library completely free.

When initially released in May 2007, 4% of the OpenJDK class library remained proprietary.[35] By the appearance of OpenJDK 6 in May 2008, less than 1% (the SNMP implementation,[36] which is not part of the Java specification) remained,[14] making it possible to build OpenJDK without any binary plugs.[36] The binary plug requirement was later dropped from OpenJDK 7 as part of b53 in April 2009.[37]

This was made possible, over the course of the first year, by the work of Sun Microsystems and the OpenJDK community. Each encumbrance[38] was either released as free and open source software or replaced with an alternative. Beginning in December 2010, all the so-called binary plugs were replaced by Open source replacements, making the whole JDK open sourced and the binary plugs not necessary anymore.[39]

Community improvements

On November 5, 2007, Red Hat announced an agreement with Sun, signing Sun's broad contributor agreement (which covers participation in all Sun-led free and open source software projects by all Red Hat engineers) and Sun's OpenJDK Community Technology Compatibility Kit (TCK) License Agreement (which gives the company access to the test suite that determines whether a project based on OpenJDK complies with the Java SE 6 specification).[40]

Also on November 2007, the Porters Group was created on OpenJDK to aid in efforts to port OpenJDK to different processor architectures and operating systems. The BSD porting project is led by Kurt Miller and Greg Lewis and the Mac OS X porting project (based on the BSD one) led by Landon Fuller have expressed interest in joining OpenJDK via the Porters Group and as of January 2008 are part of the mailing list discussions. Another project pending formalization on the Porters Group is the Haiku Java Team, led by Bryan Varner.[41]

On December 2007, Sun moved the revision control of OpenJDK from TeamWare to Mercurial, as part of the process of releasing it to open source communities.[42][43]

OpenJDK has comparatively strict procedures of accepting code contributions: every proposed contribution must be reviewed by another OpenJDK committer and the contributor must have signed the Sun/Oracle Contributor Agreement.(SCA/OCA[44]) Preferably, there should also be a jtreg[45] test demonstrating that the bug has been fixed. Initially, the external patch submission process was slow[46] and commits to the codebase were only made by Sun engineers, until September 2008.[47] The process has improved and, as of 2010, simple patches and backports from OpenJDK 7 to OpenJDK 6 can take place within hours rather than days.[48]

On 25 September 2013, Microsoft and Azul Systems collaborated to create Zulu,[49] a build of OpenJDK for users of the Windows Azure cloud. Zulu is available as a free download from the community site at Zulu.org. You can also get Zulu on Amazon Web Services,[50] via Canonical’s Juju Charm Store,[51] the Docker Hub,[52] and Azul Systems repositories.

Collaboration with IBM, Apple, and SAP

On October 11, 2010, IBM, by far the biggest participant in the Apache Harmony project, decided to join Oracle on the OpenJDK project, effectively shifting its efforts from Harmony to OpenJDK.[53][54] Bob Sutor, IBM's head of Linux and open source, blogged that "IBM will be shifting its development effort from the Apache Project Harmony to OpenJDK".[55]

On November 12, 2010, Apple Inc. (just three weeks after deprecating its own Java runtime port[56]) and Oracle Corporation announced the OpenJDK project for Mac OS X. Apple will contribute most of the key components, tools and technology required for a Java SE 7 implementation on Mac OS X, including a 32-bit and 64-bit HotSpot-based Java virtual machine, class libraries, a networking stack and the foundation for a new graphical client.[57]

On January 11, 2011, the Mac OS X Port Project was created on OpenJDK, and Apple made the first public contribution of code to the project. The initial Apple contribution built on the OpenJDK BSD port.[58]

In July 2011, SAP AG announced that SAP officially joined the OpenJDK project.[59]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "OpenJDK homepage". Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  2. ↑ Moving to OpenJDK as the official Java SE 7 Reference Implementation
  3. ↑ Java Platform, Standard Edition 7 Reference Implementations
  4. ↑ Java Platform, Standard Edition 8 Reference Implementations
  5. ↑ Darcy, Joe (June 8, 2009). "OpenJDK and the new plugin". Retrieved September 5, 2009.
  6. ↑ "Ahead-of-Time (AOT) Compilation May Come to OpenJDK HotSpot in Java 9". InfoQ.com. 2016-10-01. Retrieved 2016-10-06. AOT brings about a new tool called ‘jaotc' which uses Graal as the backend (to generate code)
  7. ↑ "Didn't you promise to open source both JDK 6 and JDK 7 last November? What happened to JDK 6?". Sun Microsystems. Retrieved October 14, 2007. Sun did make that promise, and we plan to keep it. But in the six months since the November 2006 announcement, it has become clear that doing this is far more complex than just changing the license and publishing the source code.
  8. ↑ It will be (Open)JDK7 where OpenJDK==JDK | Java.net. Weblogs.java.net. Retrieved on 2013-08-09.
  9. ↑ Darcy, Joe (February 11, 2008). "The code is coming! The code is coming!". Retrieved February 16, 2008. At Sun we're making final preparations for the first source release for the OpenJDK 6 project. We plan to release a tarball of the source, along with matching binary plugs, by February 15, 2008.
  10. ↑ Fitzsimmons, Thomas (June 8, 2007). "Credits". Retrieved June 8, 2007.
  11. ↑ Andrew, Haley (June 7, 2007). "Experimental Build Repository at icedtea.classpath.org". Retrieved June 9, 2007.
  12. ↑ Mark, Wielaard (June 7, 2007). "Experimental Build Repository at icedtea.classpath.org". Retrieved June 9, 2007.
  13. ↑ "Red Hat and Sun Collaborate to Advance Open Source Java Technology". Red Hat. November 5, 2007. Retrieved November 6, 2007.
  14. 1 2 3 Wade, Karsten (March 13, 2008). "OpenJDK in Fedora 9!". redhatmagazine.com. Retrieved April 5, 2008. Thomas Fitzsimmons updated the Fedora 9 release notes source pages to reflect that Fedora 9 would ship with OpenJDK 6 instead of the IcedTea implementation of OpenJDK 7. Fedora 9 (Sulphur) is due to release in May 2008.
  15. ↑ "Open Source Java Technology Debuts In GNU/Linux Distributions". Sun Microsystems. Retrieved May 2, 2008.
  16. ↑ "openjdk-6 in Ubuntu". Retrieved April 19, 2008.
  17. ↑ Reinhold, Mark (April 24, 2008). "There’s not a moment to lose!". Retrieved April 19, 2008.
  18. ↑ "icedtea-java7 in Ubuntu". Retrieved April 19, 2008.
  19. ↑ Topic, Dalibor (July 14, 2008). "QotD: Debian Overview of openjdk-6 source package". Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  20. ↑ "Overview of openjdk-6 source package". debian.org. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  21. ↑ "Package: openjdk-6-jdk". debian.org. February 14, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
  22. ↑ "Package: OpenJDK". opensuse.org. Archived from the original on May 27, 2009. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
  23. ↑ "How to download and install prebuilt OpenJDK packages". Retrieved March 3, 2010.
  24. ↑ Sharples, Rich (June 19, 2008). "Java is finally Free and Open".
  25. ↑ Announcing OpenJDK 6 Certification for Ubuntu 9.04 (jaunty)
  26. ↑ Fuller, Landon (August 19, 2008). "SoyLatte, Meet OpenJDK: OpenJDK 7 for Mac OS X". Retrieved August 22, 2008.
  27. ↑ "Android N switches to OpenJDK, Google tells Oracle it is protected by the GPL". Ars Technica. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  28. ↑ Schwartz, Jonathan (May 23, 2006). "Busy Week...". Sun Microsystems. Archived from the original on July 17, 2006. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
  29. ↑ "Sun Opens Java". Sun Microsystems. Archived from the original (OGG Theora) on March 19, 2009.
  30. ↑ "Sun CEO sets open source Java time frame - Announcement set for 30 to 60 days". InfoWorld. October 25, 2006. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
  31. ↑ "Sun Opens Java". Sun Microsystems. November 13, 2006. Archived from the original on April 21, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
  32. ↑ Stallman, Richard. "Free But Shackled—The Java Trap". Retrieved December 4, 2007.
  33. ↑ Oracle and Sun. Sun.com (2011-10-04). Retrieved on 2013-08-09.
  34. ↑ "Open JDK is here!". Sun Microsystems. May 8, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
  35. ↑ Fitzsimmons, Thomas (May 18, 2007). "Plans for OpenJDK". Retrieved May 22, 2007.
  36. 1 2 "OpenJDK 6 b10 source posted". May 30, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
  37. ↑ "Changes in OpenJDK7 b53". April 2, 2009. Retrieved September 5, 2009.
  38. ↑ Herron, David (October 4, 2007). "Plans for OpenJDK". Retrieved October 9, 2007.
  39. ↑ Kelly O'Hair (December 2010). "OpenJDK7 and OpenJDK6 Binary Plugs Logic Removed". Oracle Corporation. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  40. ↑ Broad contributor agreement and TCK License pave way for a fully compatible, free and open source Java Development Kit for Red Hat Enterprise Linux
  41. ↑ koki (January 3, 2008). "New java for haiku team formed". Haiku.
  42. ↑ James Gosling (October 2006). "James Gosling on Open Sourcing Sun's Java Platform Implementations, Part 1" (Interview). Interview with Robert Eckstein.
  43. ↑ O'Hair, Kelly (December 12, 2007). "Mercurial OpenJDK Questions".
  44. ↑ "Sun Microsystems Inc. Contributor Agreement" (PDF).
  45. ↑ "Regression Test Harness for the OpenJDK platform: jtreg". Retrieved August 26, 2008.
  46. ↑ Tripp, Andy (July 16, 2007). "Classpath hackers frustrated with slow OpenJDK process". Retrieved April 20, 2008.
  47. ↑ Kennke, Roman (September 29, 2008). "A small step for me". Archived from the original on October 3, 2008. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
  48. ↑ Darcy, Joe (June 10, 2010). "Backporting changeset from 7 to 6 for bugfix".
  49. ↑ "Microsoft, Azul Bring OpenJDK to Windows Azure With 'Zulu'". www.eweek.com. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  50. ↑ "Azul Zing goes live on Red Hat Enterprise Linux on Amazon Web Services | Financial Industry & Algorithmic Trading News | Automated Trader". www.automatedtrader.net. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  51. ↑ "Azul Systems Joins Canonical’s Charm Partner Program". EnterpriseTech. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  52. ↑ "Azul Systems puts Java 8 into Docker containers for Linux users". www.v3.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
  53. ↑ "Oracle and IBM Collaborate to Accelerate Java Innovation Through OpenJDK". Oracle Corporation. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
  54. ↑ Ryan Paul. "Java wars: IBM joins OpenJDK as Oracle shuns Apache Harmony". Ars Technica. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
  55. ↑ Bob Sutor. "IBM joins the OpenJDK community, will help unify open source Java efforts". Retrieved October 22, 2010. IBM will be shifting its development effort from the Apache Project Harmony to OpenJDK. For others who wish to do the same, we’ll work together to make the transition as easy as possible. IBM will still be vigorously involved in other Apache projects.
  56. ↑ "Java for Mac OS X 10.6 Update 3 and 10.5 Update 8 Release Notes". October 20, 2010.
  57. ↑ "Oracle and Apple Announce OpenJDK Project for Mac OS X". Business Wire. November 12, 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-12. Oracle and Apple today announced the OpenJDK project for Mac OS X. Apple will contribute most of the key components, tools and technology required for a Java SE 7 implementation on Mac OS X, including a 32-bit and 64-bit HotSpot-based Java virtual machine, class libraries, a networking stack and the foundation for a new graphical client. OpenJDK will make Apple’s Java technology available to open source developers so they can access and contribute to the effort.
  58. ↑ Mike Swingler (Apple) (January 11, 2011). "Announcing: OpenJDK for Mac OS X source repository, mailing list, project home". OpenJDK. Retrieved 2010-11-12. I'm very happy to let you know that today we made the first public contribution of code to the OpenJDK project for Mac OS X. This initial contribution builds on the hard work of the BSD port, and initially has the same functionality. Today's contribution simply modifies the build process to create universal binary, and produces a .jdk bundle which is recognized by Java Preferences and the JVM detection logic in Mac OS X.
  59. ↑ Volker Simonis (SAP AG) (July 14, 2011). "SAP joins the OpenJDK". OpenJDK. Retrieved 2010-11-12. I'm really happy that as of today, SAP has signed the Oracle Contributor Agreement (OCA). This means that with immediate effect the SAP JVM developers can officially join the discussions on the various OpenJDK mailing lists and contribute patches and enhancements to the project.
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