Oncology

Oncology

A coronal CT scan showing a malignant mesothelioma, indicated by the asterisk and the arrows
Focus Cancerous tumor
Subdivisions Medical oncology, radiation oncology, surgical oncology
Significant tests Tumor markers, TNM staging, CT scans, MRI

Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. A medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist.[1] The name's etymological origin is the Greek word ὄγκος (ónkos), meaning "tumor", "volume" or "mass".[2]

The three components which have improved survival in cancer are:

  1. Prevention - This is by reduction of risk factors like tobacco and alcohol consumption[3]
  2. Early diagnosis - Screening of common cancers[4] and comprehensive diagnosis and staging
  3. Treatment - Multimodality management[5] by discussion in tumor board and treatment in a comprehensive cancer centre[6]

Cancers are often managed through discussion on multi-disciplinary cancer conferences[7] where medical oncologist, surgical oncologist, radiation oncologist, pathologist, radiologist and organ specific oncologists meet to find the best possible management for an individual patient considering the physical, social, psychological, emotional and financial status of the patients. It is very important for oncologists to keep updated of the latest advancements in oncology, as changes in management of cancer are quite common. All eligible patients in whom cancer progresses and for whom no standard of care treatment options are available should be enrolled in a clinical trial.

Risk factors

Tobacco
It is the leading cause of cancer and of death from cancer. Smoking is associated with increased risk of cancers of lung, larynx, mouth, oesophagus, throat, bladder, kidney, liver, stomach, pancreas, colon, rectum, cervix and acute myeloid leukemia. Smokeless tobacco (snuff or chewing tobacco) is associated with increased risks of cancers of the mouth, oesophagus, and pancreas.[8]
Alcohol
It can increase your risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, oesophagus, larynx, liver and breast. The risk of cancer is much higher for those who drink alcohol and also use tobacco.[9]
Obesity
Obese individuals have an increased risk of cancers of breast, colon, rectum, endometrium, oesophagus, kidney, pancreas, and gallbladder.[10]
Age
Advanced age is a risk factor for many cancers. The median age of cancer diagnosis is 66 years.[11]

Screening

Screening is recommended for cancers of breast,[12] cervix,[13] colon[14] and lung.[15]

Symptoms

Symptoms usually depend on the site and type of cancer.

Breast cancer
Lump in breast and axilla associated with or without ulceration or bloody nipple discharge.[16]
Endometrial cancer
Bleeding per vagina.[17]
Cervix cancer
Bleeding after sexual intercourse.[18]
Ovary cancer
Nonspecific symptoms like abdominal distension, dyspepsia.[19]
Lung cancer
Persistent cough, breathlessness, blood in the sputum, hoarseness of voice.[20]
Head and neck cancer
Non-healing ulcer or growth, lump in the neck.[21]
Brain cancer
Persistent headache, vomiting, loss of consciousness, double vision.[22]
Thyroid cancer
Lump in the neck.[23]
Oesophagus cancer
Painful swallowing predominantly to solid food, weight loss.[24]
Stomach cancer
Vomiting, dyspepsia, weight loss.[25]
Colon & rectal cancer
Bleeding per rectum, alteration of bowel habits.[26]
Liver cancer
Jaundice, pain and mass in right upper abdomen.[27]
Pancreatic cancer
Weight loss, jaundice.[28]
Skin cancer
Non-healing ulcer or growth, mole with sudden increase in size, irregular border, induration or pain.[29]
Kidney cancer
Blood in urine, abdominal lump.[30]
Bladder cancer
Blood in urine.[31]
Prostate cancer
Urgency, hesitancy and frequency while passing urine, bony pain.[32]
Testis cancer
Swelling of testis, back pain, dyspnoea.[33]
Bone cancer
Pain and swelling of bones.[34]
Lymphoma
Fever, weight loss more than 10% body weight in preceding 6 months and drenching night sweats which constitutes the B symptoms, lump in neck, axilla or groin.[35]
Blood cancer
Bleeding manifestations including bleeding gums, bleeding from nose, blood in vomitus, blood in sputum, blood stained urine, black coloured stools, fever, lump in neck, axilla or groin, lump in upper abdomen.[20]

Diagnosis and staging

Diagnostic and staging investigations depend on the site and type of malignancy

Blood cancer

Blood investigations including Haemoglobin, Total leucocyte count, Platelet count, Peripheral Smear, Red cell indices

Bone marrow studies including aspiration, Flow-cytometry,[36] Cytogenetics,[37] Fluorescent in situ hybridisation and molecular studies.[38]

Lymphoma

Excision biopsy of lymph node for Histopathological Examination (HPE),[39] Immuno-histochemistry (IHC)[40] and molecular studies.[41]

Blood investigations including Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Serum Uric Acid, Renal Functions.[42]

Imaging tests like Computerised Tomography (CT), Positron emission tomography (PET CT).[43]

Bone marrow biopsy.[44]

Solid tumors

Biopsy for histopathology & IHC.[45]

Imaging tests like Roentgenogram (X-ray), Ultrasonography, Computerised tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and PET CT.[46]

Endoscopy including Naso-pharyngoscopy, Direct & Indirect Laryngoscopy, Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Colonoscopy, Cystoscopy.

tumor markers including alphafetoprotein (AFP),[47] Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG),[47] Carcinoembionic Antigen (CEA),[48] CA 125,[49] Prostate specific antigen (PSA).[50]

Treatment

Treatment depends on the site and type of cancer.

Solid tumors

Breast cancer
Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and targeted therapy (Her 2 neu inhibitors).[51]
Cervix cancer
Treatment options include radiation, surgery and chemotherapy.[52]
Endometrial cancer
Treatment options include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.[53]
Ovary cancer
Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (VEGF inhibitors).[54]
Lung cancer
Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (EGFR & ALK inhibitors).[55]
Head & Neck Cancer
Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (EGFR inhibitors).[56]
Brain cancer
Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (VEGF inhibitors).[51]
Thyroid cancer
Treatment options include surgery and radioactive iodine.[57]
Oesophageal cancer
Treatment options include radiation, chemotherapy and surgery.[58]
Stomach cancer
Treatment options include chemotherapy, surgery, radiation and targeted therapy (Her 2 neu inhibitors).[59]
Colon cancer
Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (EGFR & VEGF inhibitors).[60]
Rectum cancer
Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation, surgery.[61]
Liver cancer
Treatment options include surgery, Trans-arterial chemotherapy (TACE), Radio-frequency abalation (RFA) and multi-kinase (Sorafenib).[62]
Pancreas cancer
Treatment options include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.[63]
Skin cancer
Treatment options include surgery, radiation, targeted therapy (BRAF & MEK inhibitors), Immunotherapy (CTLA 4 & PD 1 inhibitors) and chemotherapy.[64]
Kidney cancer
Treatment options include surgery, multi-kinase inhibitors and targeted therapy (mTOR & VEGF inhibitors).[65]
Bladder cancer
Treatment options include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.[66]
Prostate cancer
Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, anti-androgens and immunotherapy.[67]
Testis cancer
Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.[68]
Bone cancer
Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.[69]

Lymphoma

It includes Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL):

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)
Chemotherapy with ABVD or BEACOPP regimen and Involved field radiation therapy (IFRT).[70]
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
Chemo-immunotherapy (R-CHOP) for B cell lymphomas and chemotherapy (CHOP) for T cell lymphomas.[71]

Blood cancer

Includes acute and chronic leukemias. Acute leukemias includes acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Chronic leukemias include chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
Intensive chemotherapy phase for initial 6 months and maintenance chemotherapy for 2 years. Prophylactic cranial and stem cell transplantation for high-risk patients.[72]
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
Induction with chemotherapy (Daunorubicin + Cytarabine) followed by consolidation chemotherapy (High dose cytarabine). Stem cell transplantation for high-risk patients.[73]
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): Chemo-immunotherapy (FCR or BR regimen) for symptomatic patients.[74]
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
Targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (Imatinib) as first-line treatment.[75]

Specialties

Progress and future

See also

References

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