Omri

Omri
King of Israel (Samaria)

Omri from Guillaume Rouillé's Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum
Reign 884 BC – 873 BC
Predecessor Zimri, Tibni
Successor Ahab
Issue Ahab
House House of Omri

Omri (Hebrew: עמרי, Modern Omri, Tiberian ‘Ɔmrî; fl. 9th century BC) was, according to the Bible, the sixth king of Israel. However, a "substantial" modern hypothesis maintains that, as founder of the House of Omri, an Israelite royal house, his kingdom formed the first state in the Land of Israel, and that Judah only achieved statehood later.[1] He was a successive military campaigner who extended the northern kingdom of Israel. Other monarchs from the House of Omri are Ahab, Ahaziah, Joram, and Athaliah. Along with his predecessor king Zimri who ruled for only seven days, Omri is the first king mentioned in the Bible without a statement of his tribal origin: although some scholars speculate that Omri was from the tribe of Issachar, this is not yet confirmed by any scientific or historical evidence.[2] Although the Hebrew Bible is silent about his actions during his reign, he is called more wicked than all the kings who preceded him.[3]

Other than the Hebrew Bible, extrabiblical sources such as the Mesha Stele and the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III mention his name, however in the case of the latter the mention is referring to the dynasty named for Omri rather than Omri himself. A minor thesis, argued by Thomas Thompson and Niels Peter Lemche suggests that Omri may be a dynastic name indicating the apical founder of the Kingdom of Israel rather than one denoting an actual historical king.[1] Omri is also credited with the construction of Samaria and establishing it as his capital.

Struggle for the succession

In the Biblical narrative, Omri was "commander of the army" of King Elah when Zimri, "commander of half the king's chariots", murdered Elah and made himself king. Instead, the troops at Gibbethon chose Omri as king, and he led them to Tirzah where they trapped Zimri in the royal palace. "To avoid the certain tortures of capture," Zimri set fire to the palace and died after a reign of only seven days.[4] Although Zimri was eliminated, "half of the people" supported Tibni in opposition to Omri.[5] It took Omri four years to subdue Tibni and at last proclaim himself undisputed king of Israel. Nothing is said in Scripture about the lineage of Omri. His name is either Amorite or Arabic.[6]

Reign

Omri became king of Israel in the 31st year of Asa, king of Judah and reigned for 12 years, 6 years of which were in Tirzah.[7] The biblical reference to the period of rivalry with Tibni is from the 27th year of Asa[8] to the 31st year.[9] William F. Albright has dated his reign to 876– 869 BC, while E. R. Thiele offers the dates of 888 BC to 880 BC for his rivalry with Tibni and 880 – 874 BC for his sole reign.[10]

Initially, Omri's capital was in Tirzah, but the associations of Tirzah were so repellent and the location so poor for a capital, that Omri purchased a new site on a hill, from Shemer for two talents of silver (about 60 kg), after which he built a new capital of the kingdom in Samaria.[4]

Omri's rule over Israel was secure enough that he could bequeath his kingdom to his son Ahab, thus beginning a new dynasty (sometimes called the "Omrides'), and his descendants not only ruled over the kingdom of Israel for the next forty years, but also briefly over Judah.

Omri in archaeological sources

The Mesha Stele.

The fortress at Jezreel was situated on one of the main east-west routes through kingdom. Hugh Williamson believes it served not only a military function, but also a political one; a very visible example of grandiose public works used as a means of social control and to assert claims of legitimacy.[11]

The Moabite Mesha stele (on display in the Louvre) indicates that Omri expanded his holdings to include northern Moab east of the Jordan River. It makes reference to the oppression of Moab by "Omri King of Israel". Israel would later become identified in sources as the "House of Omri" (Bit-Humria), with the term "Israel" being used less and less as history progressed (the other defining term for "Israel" is "Samaria", beginning in the reign of Joash). Thomas L. Thompson (The Bible in History), however, interprets the Mesha stele as suggesting that Omri is an eponym, or legendary founder of the kingdom rather than an historical person.

The Assyrian Black Obelisk in the British Museum has been interpreted as referring to Jehu "son of Omri", though that interpretation has been questioned.[12][13]

The Omride Dynasty

In a scene from the Black Obelisk Jehu, designated mIa-ú-a mar mHu-um-ri-i (Jehu of the land of people[14][15] of Omri) bows before Shalmaneser III.

The short-lived dynasty founded by Omri constitutes a new chapter in the history of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. It ended almost fifty years of constant civil war over the throne. There was peace with the Kingdom of Judah to the south, and even cooperation between the two rival states, while relations with neighboring Sidon to the north were bolstered by marriages negotiated between the two royal courts. This state of peace with two powerful neighbors enabled the Kingdom of Israel to expand its influence and even political control in Transjordan, and these factors combined brought economic prosperity to the kingdom.

On the other hand, peace with Sidon also resulted in the penetration of Phoenician religious ideas into the kingdom and led to a kulturkampf between traditionalists (as personified by the prophet Elijah and his followers) and the aristocracy (as personified by Omri's son and heir Ahab and his consort Jezebel). In foreign affairs, this period paralleled the rise of the Kingdom of Aram based in Damascus, and Israel soon found itself at war in the northeast. Most threatening, however, was the ascendancy of Assyria, which was beginning to expand westward from Mesopotamia: the Battle of Qarqar (853 BC), which pitted Shalmaneser III of Assyria against a coalition of local kings, including Ahab, was the first clash between Assyria and Israel. It was the first in a series of wars that would eventually lead to the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC and the reduction of the Kingdom of Judah to an Assyrian tributary state.

In 841 BC, the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III campaigned along the Mediterranean coast and forced Jehu to pay tribute. Assyrian kings frequently referred to Omri's successors as belonging to the "House of Omri" (Bit Hu-um-ri-a).[16]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Lester L. Grabbe, 'The Kingdom of Israel to the Fall of Samaria:If We Had Only the Bible,' in Lester L. Grabbe,Ahab Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty, A&C Black, 2007 pp.54-99 p.70; pp.82-4 (Lemche-Thompson hypothesis)
  2. ↑ "A History of Ancient Israel and Judah". James Maxwell Miller, John Haralson Hayes. 2006. Retrieved 2015-01-25.
  3. ↑ 1 kings 16:25
  4. 1 2 "Omri", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
  5. ↑ 1 Kings 16:21-22
  6. ↑ Thiel, W., "Omri", The Anchor Bible Dictionary, p. 17, vol. 5, D.N. Freedman (ed.). New York: Doubleday (1992)
  7. ↑ 1 Kings 16:23
  8. ↑ 1 Kings 16:15
  9. ↑ 16:23
  10. ↑ Edwin Thiele, The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, (1st ed.; New York: Macmillan, 1951; 2d ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965; 3rd ed.; Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983). ISBN 0-8254-3825-X, 9780825438257
  11. ↑ Williamson, Hugh G.M., "Tel Jezreel and the Dynasty of Omri", Palestine Exploration Quarterly 128: p.49, (1996)
  12. ↑ P. Kyle McCarter, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 216 (Dec., 1974), pp. 5-7
  13. ↑ Edwin R. Thiele, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 222 (Apr., 1976), pp. 19-23
  14. ↑ Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament - Robert William Rogers
  15. ↑ Bezold, Carl; King, L. W. (1889). Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British Museum. British Museum Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan. ISBN 1145519350.
  16. ↑ James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (3rd ed.; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969) 283. ISBN 0-691-03503-2
Omri
House of Omri
Contemporary King of Judah: Asa
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Zimri		 King of Israel
Rival to Tibni: 885 BC – 880 BC
Sole reign: 880 BC – 874 BC 		Succeeded by
Ahab
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