Ulugh Muhammad

Ulugh Muhammad (died 1445) (Urdu; Persian; Arabic: الغ محمد ; Tatar: Oluğ Möxämmäd, Russian: Olugh Mokhammad), written as Ulanus by orientalists, was twice Khan of the Golden Horde and founder of the Khanate of Kazan.

Reign

Ulugh Muhammad first came to power following the death of Yeremferden. His main competitor for control of the Horde was his cousin[1] Dawlat Berdi, The son of Yeremferden. For much of his reign Ulugh Muhammad controlled Sarai, and was therefore seen as the more legitimate ruler within the Horde, although it was captured by his rival after the Siege of Sarai in 1420 and held by him for two years.

In 1422 Baraq Khan defeated both Ulugh Muhammad and Dawlat and drove them out of the country. while Dawlat remained in the outskirts of Crimea, Ulugh Muhammad fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and plead for assistance from Vytautas the Great. With this assistance he was able to march on Baraq and capture Sarai.

After regaining control over the Khanate, Ulugh Muhammad marched on Crimea, where Dawlat Berdi had re-established himself following Baraq's defeat and death. After a series of indecisive skirmishes his invasion was cut short due to the death of Vytautas, which forced Ulugh Muhammad to concentrate his forces on Lithuania, where he supported Sigismund Kęstutaitis against Švitrigaila in the fight for the Lithuanian throne. Svitrigaila in turn supported Dawlat Berdi and later Sayid Ahmad I, as did Vasili II of Russia.

Ulugh Muhammad lost control of the Golden Horde again in the late 1430s and fled east, where he captured Kazan and founded the Khanate of Kazan. From that location he waged a series of successful wars against Muscovy which culminated in the capture and ransom of Vasili II.[2]

Family

Ulugh Muhammad was most likely the son of Jalal ad-Din khan, and the grandson of Tokhtamysh, although he may have been descended from Hassan Jefai, a relative of Tokhtamysh.[3] Either way, he was a descendant of Jochi and therefore of Genghis Khan.[4]

Genealogy

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ , Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, p. 253. Edinburgh University Press, 2004.
  2. ↑ Grousset, Rene: The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, p. 181. Rutgers University Press, 1970.
  3. ↑ Howorth, Henry Hoyle, History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: Part 2: The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia, p. 449. Adamant Media Corporation, 2006.
  4. ↑ , Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, p. 253. Edinburgh University Press, 2004.
Ulugh Muhammad
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Yeremferden		 Khan of the Golden Horde (with Dawlat Berdi)
1419–1421 		Succeeded by
Baraq
Preceded by
Baraq		 Khan of the Golden Horde (with Dawlat Berdi)
1427–1437 		Succeeded by
Sayid Ahmad I
Preceded by
the Khanate established		 Khan of the Kazan Khanate
1437–1445 		Succeeded by
Mäxmüd


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