Oligogenic inheritance

Oligogenic inheritance (Greek ὀλίγος – ὀligos = few, a little) is a concept introduced after it was learned that the model of inheritance of most of the previously described "monogenic traits" cannot validly explain the phenotype distribution in the offspring of certain types of reproductive couples. It may be noted that the exposed theory concept of monogenic control of the phenotypic traits based on the classic route: one gene – one feature. There is a small number of genes involved in the control of only one property, and it seems that even fewer features that are controlled by the alleles from only one locus.

Although the modern genetics does not know the genes that control the absolutely only one phenotypic trait (but, logically, not one that is determined by a single gene!), the corresponding literature will (probably) long many traits treated as monogenic.[1][2][2][3]

Further studies, however, have shown that this simplification enough arguments to justify the prevailing view that the majority of monogenic features have oligogenic determination, or that such traits genetically certain small number of oligogenes[4][5] with a very dominant phenotypic effect major gene; effect of other, so-called minor genes from the corresponding oligogenic series (as well as environmental factors) on the expression of the observed characteristics is, in fact, practically negligible. It should be noted, however, that the difference between major and minor genes, as well as criteria for separating the oligogenic and polygenetically feature is still arbitrary.

The term oligogene into the science of inheritance was introduced by Keneth Mather (1941).[6]

Human properties with possible oligogenic inheritance

Dominant Recessive References
Widow's peak Straight frontal hair line [7][8]
Ocular hypertelorism Hypotelorism
Facial dimples * No facial dimples [9][10]
Able to taste PTC Unable to taste PTC [11]
Unattached (free) earlobe Attached earlobe [9][12][13]
Clockwise hair direction (left to right) Counter-clockwise hair direction (right to left) [14]
Cleft chin Smooth chin [15]
Ability to roll tongue (Able to hold tongue in a U shape) No ability to roll tongue [16]
Extra finger or toe Normal five fingers and toes [16]
Straight thumb Hitchhiker's thumb [16]
Freckles No freckles [9][17]
Wet-type earwax Dry-type earwax [12][18]
Shortness in fingers Normal finger length [16]
Webbed fingers Normal separated fingers [16]
Roman nose No prominent bridge [19]
Marfan's syndrome Normal body proportions [20]
Huntington's disease No nerve damage [21]
Normal mucus lining Cystic fibrosis [22]
Forged chin Receding chin [19]
White forelock Dark forelock [23]
Ligamentous angustus Ligamentous laxity [24]
Ability to eat sugar Galactosemia [25]
Total leukonychia and Bart pumphrey syndrome Partial leukonychia [26]
Absence of fish-like body odour Trimethylaminuria [27]
Lactose persistence * Lactose intolerance * [28]
Prominent chin (V-shaped) Less prominent chin (U-shaped) [29]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Rieger R. Michaelis A., Green M. M. (1976). Glossary of genetics and cytogenetics: Classical and molecular. Heidelberg – New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-07668-9.
  2. 1 2 Hadžiselimović R., Pojskić N. (2005). Uvod u humanu imunogenetiku. Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju (INGEB), Sarajevo. ISBN 9958-9344-3-4.
  3. ↑ King R. C., Stransfield W. D. (1998). Dictionary of genetics. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-50944-1-7.
  4. ↑ Rieger R. Michaelis A., Green M. M. (1976): Glossary of genetics and cytogenetics: Classical and molecular. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg - New York, ISBN 3-540-07668-9; ISBN 0-387-07668-9.
  5. ↑ Lawrence E. (1999): Henderson's Dictionary of biological terms. Longman Group Ltd., London, ISBN 0-582-22708-9.
  6. ↑ Mather K. (1941): Variation and selection of polygenetic characters. J. Genet., 41: 159.
  7. ↑ Campbell, Neil; Reece, Jane (2005). Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. p. 265. ISBN 0-07-366175-9.
  8. ↑ McKusick, Victor A. (10 February 2009). "Widow's Peak". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University. 194000.
  9. 1 2 3 "Genetics/Reproduction". ScienceNet – Life Science. Singapore Science Centre. Archived from the original on 2003-09-25.
  10. ↑ McKusick, Victor A. (25 June 1994). "Dimples, Facial". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University. 126100.
  11. ↑ Wooding, Stephen (28 June 2004). "Natural selection at work in genetic variation to taste". Medial News Today. Archived from the original on 2007-12-13.
  12. 1 2 Cruz-Gonzalez, L.; Lisker, R. (1982). "Inheritance of ear wax types, ear lobe attachment and tongue rolling ability". Acta Anthropogenet. 6 (4): 247–54. PMID 7187238.
  13. ↑ McKusick, Victor A.; Lopez, A (30 July 2010). "Earlobe Attachment, Attached vs. Unattached". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University. 128900.
  14. ↑ McDonald, John H. (8 December 2011). "Hair Whorl". Myths of Human Genetics. University of Delaware.
  15. ↑ McKusick, Victor A. (23 March 2013). "Cleft Chin". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University. 119000.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Hadžiselimović R. (2005). Bioantropologija – Biodiverzitet recentnog čovjeka/Bioanthropology – Biodiversity of recent man. Sarajevo: INGEB. ISBN 9958-9344-2-6.
  17. ↑ Xue-Jun Zhang; et al. (2004). "A Gene for Freckles Maps to Chromosome 4q32–q34". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 122: 286–290. doi:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2004.22244.x.
  18. ↑ McKusick, Victor A.; O'Neill, Marla J. F. (22 November 2010). "Apocrine Gland Secretion, Variation in". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University. 117800.
  19. 1 2 "Mendelian Traits in Humans" (PDF). Human Genetics. San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC).
  20. ↑ Chen, Harold. Buehler, Bruce, ed. "Genetics of Marfan Syndrome". Medscape. WebMD LLC.
  21. ↑ Stafford, Kate; Mannor, Michael. "Mutations and Genetic Disease". Genetic Diseases. ThinkQuest. Archived from the original on 2007-01-03.
  22. ↑ "Autosomal Recessive: Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, Tay Sachs Disease". Medical Genetics. Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. 3 February 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-08-24.
  23. ↑ "Inherited Human Traits". EdQuest. Archived from the original on 2012-02-01.
  24. ↑ Scott, C. I. (1971). "Unusual facies, joint hypermobility, genital anomaly and short stature: A new dysmorphic syndrome". Birth defects original article series. 7 (6): 240–246. PMID 5173168.
  25. ↑ Fankhauser, D. B. (2 Feb 2006). "Human Heritable Traits". University of Cincinnati Clermont College.
  26. ↑ Tüzün, Yalçın; Karaku, Özge (2009). "Leukonychia" (PDF). Journal of the Turkish Academy of Dermatology. JTAD.
  27. ↑ "Learning About Trimethylaminuria". genome.gov. National Human Genome Research Institute.
  28. ↑ Bowen, R. (25 April 2009). "Lactose Intolerance (Lactase Non-Persistence)". Colorado State University.
  29. ↑ Jablecki, Donna Mae. "Variations on a Human Face" (PDF). Science Experiments on File. Facts on File.
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