Ol Doinyo Lengai

Ol Doinyo Lengai
Highest point
Elevation 3,188 m (10,459 ft) [1]
Coordinates 02°45′52″S 35°54′58″E / 2.76444°S 35.91611°E / -2.76444; 35.91611Coordinates: 02°45′52″S 35°54′58″E / 2.76444°S 35.91611°E / -2.76444; 35.91611 
Geography
Ol Doinyo Lengai
Parent range East African Rift
Geology
Mountain type Stratovolcano
Last eruption 2011 to 2013
Climbing
Easiest route Scramble

Ol Doinyo Lengai, "Mountain of God" in the Maasai language,[2] is an active volcano located in the Gregory Rift, south of Lake Natron within the Arusha Region of Tanzania. Part of the volcanic system of the East African Rift, it uniquely produces natrocarbonatite lava. The 1960 eruption of Ol Doinyo Lengai led to geological investigations that finally confirmed the view that carbonatite rock is derived from magma.[3][note 1]

Geology

Ol Doinyo Lengai is unique among active volcanoes in that it produces natrocarbonatite lava, a unique occurrence of volcanic carbonatite. A few older extinct carbonatite volcanoes are located nearby, including Homa Mountain.

Lava

Whereas most lavas are rich in silicate minerals, the lava of Ol Doinyo Lengai is a carbonatite. It is rich in the rare sodium and potassium carbonates, nyerereite and gregoryite. Due to this unusual composition, the lava erupts at relatively low temperatures of approximately 510 °C (950 °F). This temperature is so low that the molten lava appears black in sunlight, rather than having the red glow common to most lavas. It is also much more fluid than silicate lavas, often less viscous than water. The sodium and potassium carbonate minerals of the lavas erupted at Ol Doinyo Lengai are unstable at the Earth's surface and susceptible to rapid weathering, quickly turning from black to grey in colour. The resulting volcanic landscape is different from any other in the world.

Ecology

The carbonatite ash spread over the surrounding grasslands leads to a uniquely succulent, enriched pasture. This makes the area a vital stage on the annual wildebeest beast migration, where it becomes the nursery for the birth of several thousand calves.

Eruptive activity

1883-1915

The record of eruptions on the mountain dates to 1883. Flows were recorded between 1904 and 1910 and between 1913 and 1915.

1917

A major eruption in June 1917 deposited volcanic ash up to 48 kilometres (30 mi) away.

1926

An eruption took place for several months in 1926.

1940

An eruption between July and December 1940 deposited ash as far as Loliondo, 100 kilometres (62 mi) away.

1950s

Several minor eruptions of lava were observed in 1954, 1955, and 1958.

1960s

Minor eruptions of lava were observed in the early 1960s.

A major eruption occurred on 14 August 1966. Geologists J. B. Dawson and G. C. Clark visited the crater a week later and reported seeing "a thick column of black ash" that rose for approximately three thousand feet above the volcano and drifted away northwards towards Lake Natron. When they climbed the cone-shaped vent, they reported seeing a continuous discharge of gas and whitish-grey ash and dust from the centre of the pit.

2007

Volcanic activity in the mountain caused daily earth tremors in Kenya and Tanzania from 12 July 2007 until 18 July 2007 at 8.30pm in Nairobi. The strongest tremor measured 6.0 on the Richter scale. Geologists suspected that the sudden increase of tremors was indicative of the movement of magma through the Ol Doinyo Lengai. The volcano erupted on 4 September 2007, sending a plume of ash and steam at least 18 kilometres (11 mi) downwind and covering the north and west flanks in fresh lava flows.

2008

The 2007 eruption continued intermittently into 2008. At the end of February it was reported to be gathering strength, with a major outburst taking place on 5 March. Periods of inactivity were followed by eruptions on 8 and 17 April. Eruptive activity continued until late August 2008. A visit to the summit in September 2008 discovered that lava emission had resumed from two vents in the floor of the new crater. Visits to the crater in March/April 2009 showed that this activity appeared to have ceased.[4]

2010

In October 2010, two separate lava flows and a small lava lake were photographed in an overflight.

2013

The volcano resumed natrocarbonatite lava flow which started to fill the large crater from the 2007-2008 eruption. As of July 2013, there is a large active hornito on the western edge of the crater floor. During June, residents near the volcano reported several earthquakes. The new crater is inaccessible and climbers have only occasionally glimpsed into it.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The magmatic origin of carbonatite had been claimed in 1948 by Swedish geologist Harry von Eckermann basen on his study of Alnö Complex.[3]

References

  1. ↑ Tanzania in figures 2012, National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance, June 2013, page 9
  2. ↑ Northern Tanzania with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar by Phillip Briggs 2006 page 194 ISBN 1-84162-146-3
  3. 1 2 Hode Vuorinen, Jaana (2005). The Alnö alkaline and carbonatitic complex, east central Sweden – a petrogenetic study (Ph.D.). Stockholm University. pp. 1–28.
  4. ↑ Ol Doinyo Lengai, The Mountain of God, Website maintained by Frederick A. Belton.
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