Teneurin

TENM1
Identifiers
Aliases	TENM1, ODZ1, ODZ3, TEN-M1, TNM, TNM1, teneurin transmembrane protein 1
External IDs	MGI: 1345185 HomoloGene: 56542 GeneCards: TENM1
Gene location (Human) Chr. X chromosome (human)[1] Band No data available Start 124,375,903 bp[1] End 124,963,817 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. X chromosome (mouse)[2] Band No data available Start 42,527,866 bp[2] End 43,429,126 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • heparin binding • protein homodimerization activity • protein heterodimerization activity • cell adhesion molecule binding Cellular component • cytoplasm • integral component of membrane • Golgi apparatus • nuclear speck • membrane • nuclear matrix • plasma membrane • endoplasmic reticulum • cytoskeleton • nucleus • extracellular region • perinuclear region of cytoplasm • integral component of plasma membrane • neuron projection Biological process • positive regulation of intracellular protein transport • regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • transcription, DNA-templated • nervous system development • immune response • neuropeptide signaling pathway • signal transduction • negative regulation of cell proliferation • regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase III promoter • positive regulation of actin filament polymerization • positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation • positive regulation of MAP kinase activity • positive regulation of filopodium assembly • cell morphogenesis • heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules • neuron development Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	10178	23963
Ensembl	ENSG00000009694	ENSMUSG00000016150
UniProt	Q9UKZ4	Q9WTS4
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001163278 NM_001163279 NM_014253	NM_011855
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001156750 NP_001156751 NP_055068	NP_035985
Location (UCSC)	Chr X: 124.38 – 124.96 Mb	Chr X: 42.53 – 43.43 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
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TENM2
Identifiers
Aliases	TENM2, ODZ2, TEN-M2, TNM2, ten-2, teneurin transmembrane protein 2
External IDs	MGI: 1345184 HomoloGene: 22672 GeneCards: TENM2
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 5 (human)[1] Band No data available Start 167,284,799 bp[1] End 168,264,157 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 11 (mouse)[2] Band No data available Start 36,006,656 bp[2] End 37,235,964 bp[2]
Gene ontology Molecular function • protein binding • receptor binding • calcium ion binding • protein homodimerization activity • protein heterodimerization activity • cell adhesion molecule binding Cellular component • integral component of membrane • PML body • Golgi apparatus • postsynaptic membrane • cell projection • membrane • cell-cell junction • filopodium • growth cone • plasma membrane • dendritic spine • synapse • cell junction • dendrite • endoplasmic reticulum • nucleus • intracellular • integral component of plasma membrane • neuron projection Biological process • single organismal cell-cell adhesion • regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • self proteolysis • negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • transcription, DNA-templated • axon guidance • cell adhesion • calcium-mediated signaling using intracellular calcium source • positive regulation of filopodium assembly • signal transduction • cell morphogenesis • heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules • neuron development Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	57451	23964
Ensembl	ENSG00000145934	ENSMUSG00000049336
UniProt	Q9NT68	Q9WTS5
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001080428 NM_001122679	NM_001290702 NM_011856
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001073897 NP_001116151	n/a
Location (UCSC)	Chr 5: 167.28 – 168.26 Mb	Chr 5: 36.01 – 37.24 Mb
PubMed search	[5]	[6]
Wikidata
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TENM3
Identifiers
Aliases	TENM3, MCOPCB9, ODZ3, TNM3, Ten-m3, ten-3, teneurin transmembrane protein 3
External IDs	MGI: 1345183 HomoloGene: 22673 GeneCards: TENM3
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 4 (human)[1] Band No data available Start 182,143,987 bp[1] End 182,803,024 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 8 (mouse)[2] Band No data available Start 48,227,682 bp[2] End 48,843,951 bp[2]
Gene ontology Molecular function • protein homodimerization activity • protein heterodimerization activity • cell adhesion molecule binding Cellular component • integral component of membrane • axon • cell projection • membrane • integral component of plasma membrane • neuron projection Biological process • cell differentiation • self proteolysis • cell adhesion • camera-type eye morphogenesis • signal transduction • homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules • positive regulation of neuron projection development • cell morphogenesis • heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules • neuron development Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	55714	23965
Ensembl	ENSG00000218336	ENSMUSG00000031561
UniProt	Q9P273	Q9WTS6
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001080477	NM_001145937 NM_011857
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001073946	n/a
Location (UCSC)	Chr 4: 182.14 – 182.8 Mb	Chr 4: 48.23 – 48.84 Mb
PubMed search	[7]	[8]
Wikidata
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TENM4
Identifiers
Aliases	TENM4, Doc4, ODZ4, TNM4, Ten-M4, ETM5, teneurin transmembrane protein 4, ten-4
External IDs	MGI: 2447063 HomoloGene: 8034 GeneCards: TENM4
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 11 (human)[1] Band No data available Start 78,652,831 bp[1] End 79,440,948 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 7 (mouse)[2] Band No data available Start 96,171,246 bp[2] End 96,911,093 bp[2]
Gene ontology Molecular function • protein homodimerization activity • protein heterodimerization activity • cell adhesion molecule binding Cellular component • cytoplasm • integral component of membrane • cell projection • membrane • nucleus • plasma membrane • integral component of plasma membrane • neuron projection Biological process • multicellular organism development • positive regulation of myelination • positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation • cardiac cell fate specification • gastrulation with mouth forming second • cell differentiation • self proteolysis • cardiac muscle cell proliferation • positive regulation of gastrulation • signal transduction • central nervous system myelin formation • neuron development • regulation of myelination • cell morphogenesis • heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	26011	23966
Ensembl	ENSG00000149256	ENSMUSG00000048078
UniProt	Q6N022	Q3UHK6
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001098816	NM_011858 NM_001310760 NM_001310762
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001092286	NP_001297689 NP_001297691 NP_035988
Location (UCSC)	Chr 11: 78.65 – 79.44 Mb	Chr 11: 96.17 – 96.91 Mb
PubMed search	[9]	[10]
Wikidata
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Teneurins are transmembrane proteins. The name refers to "ten-a" (from "tenascin-like protein, accessory") and "neurons", the primary site of teneurin expression. Ten-m refers to tenascin-like protein major are type II transmembrane glycoproteins.

Teneurins are highly conserved between Drosophila, C. elegans and vertebrates. In each species they are expressed by a subset of neurons as well as at sites of pattern formation and morphogenesis. In Drosophila, a teneurin known as ten-m or Odz is a pair-rule gene, and its expression is required for normal development. The knockdown of teneurin (ten-1) expression in C. elegans with RNAi leads to abnormal neuronal pathfinding and abnormal development of the gonads.

The intracellular domain of some, if not all, teneurins can be cleaved and transported to the cell nucleus, where it proposed to act as a transcription factor. A peptide derived from the terminus of the extracellular domain shares structural homology with certain neuropeptides.

There are four teneurin genes in vertebrates named teneurin-1 through -4. Other names found in the literature include Odz-1 through -4 and Tenm-1 through -4.

Homology

Teneurins are a family of phylogenetically conserved transmembrane glycoproteins expressed during pattern formation and morphogenesis.^[11]

History

Originally discovered as ten-m and ten-a in Drosophila melanogaster, the teneurin family is conserved from Caenorhabditis elegans (ten-1) to vertebrates, in which four paralogs exist (teneurin-1 to -4 or odz-1 to -4). Their distinct protein domain architecture is highly conserved between invertebrate and vertebrate teneurins, particularly in the extracellular part. The intracellular domains of Ten-a, Ten-m/Odz and C. elegans Ten-1 are significantly different, both in size and structure, from the comparable domains of vertebrate teneurins, but the extracellular domains of all of these proteins are remarkably similar.

Function

Teneurins translocate to the nucleus where they regulate transcriptional activity. Teneurins promote neurite outgrowth and cell adhesion. The intracellular domain interacts with the DNA-binding transcriptional repressors and also regulate the activity of transcription factors.

Additionally, they have been known to interact with the cytoskeleton adaptor protein, CAP/ponsin, suggesting cell signalling roles and regulation of actin organisation.^[12]

Teneurin-3 regulates the structural and functional wiring of retinal ganglion cells in the vertebrate visual system.^[13]

Structure

Ten-m1–4, exist as homodimers and undergo homophilic interactions in vertebrates.

C terminal domain

The large C-terminal extracellular domain consists of eight EGF-like repeats (see PROSITEDOC), a region of conserved cysteines and unique YD-repeats.

N terminal domain

The teneurin intracellular (IC) domain (∼300–400 aa) is located at the N-terminus and contains a number of conserved putative tyrosine phosphorylation sites, two EF-hand-like calcium-binding motifs, and two polyproline domains. These proline-rich stretches are characteristic of SH3-binding sites. There is considerable divergence between intracellular domains of invertebrate and vertebrate teneurins as well as between different invertebrate proteins.^{[14][15][16][17][18]}

This domain is found in the intracellular N-terminal region of the teneurin family.

Human genes

Human genes encoded teneurin domain proteins (TENM1-4) are list in the infoboxes.

References

Further reading