OCR-A

OCR-A
Category Sans-serif
Designer(s) American Type Founders
Commissioned by American National Standards Institute
Date released 1968[1]
Variations OCR-A Extended

OCR-A is a font that arose in the early days of computer optical character recognition when there was a need for a font that could be recognized not only by the computers of that day, but also by humans.[2] OCR-A uses simple, thick strokes to form recognizable characters.[3] The font is monospaced (fixed-width), with the printer required to place glyphs 0.254 cm (0.10 inch) apart, and the reader required to accept any spacing between 0.2286 cm (0.09 inch) and 0.4572 cm (0.18 inch).

Standardization

The OCR-A font was standardized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as ANSI X3.17-1981. X3.4 has since become the INCITS and the OCR-A standard is now called ISO 1073-1:1976. There is also a German standard for OCR-A called DIN 66008.[4]

Implementations

In 1968, American Type Founders produced OCR-A, one of the first optical character recognition typefaces to meet the criteria set by the U.S. Bureau of Standards. The design is simple so that it can be easily read by a machine, but it is more difficult for the human eye to read.[5]

As metal type gave way to computer-based typesetting, Tor Lillqvist used MetaFont to describe the OCR-A font. That definition was subsequently improved by Richard B. Wales. Their work is available from CTAN.[6]

To make the free version of the font more accessible to users of Microsoft Windows, John Sauter converted the MetaFont definitions to TrueType using potrace and FontForge in 2004.[7] In 2007, Gürkan Sengün created a Debian package from this implementation.[8] In 2008. Luc Devroye corrected the vertical positioning in John Sauter's implementation, and fixed the name of lower case z.[9]

Independently, Matthew Skala[10] used mftrace[11] to convert the Metafont definitions to TrueType format in 2006. In 2011 he released a new version created by rewriting the Metafont definitions to work with METATYPE1, generating outlines directly without an intermediate tracing step. On September 27, 2012, he updated his implementation to version 0.2.[12]

In addition to these free implementations of OCR-A, there are also implementations sold by several vendors.

Use

Although optical character recognition technology has advanced to the point where such simple fonts are no longer necessary, the OCR-A font has remained in use. Its usage remains widespread in the encoding of cheques around the world. Some lockbox companies still insist that the account number and amount owed on a bill return form be printed in OCR-A.[13] Also, because of its unusual look, it is sometimes used in advertising and display graphics.

Notably, it is used for the subtitles in the show Blacklist.

Code points

A font is a set of character shapes, or glyphs. For a computer to use a font, each glyph must be assigned a code point in a character set. When OCR-A was being standardized the usual character coding was the American Standard Code for Information Interchange or ASCII. Not all of the glyphs of OCR-A fit into ASCII, and for five of the characters there were alternate glyphs, which might have suggested the need for a second font. However, for convenience and efficiency all of the glyphs were expected to be accessible in a single font using ASCII coding, with the additional characters placed at coding points that would otherwise have been unused.

The modern descendant of ASCII is Unicode, also known as ISO 10646. Unicode contains ASCII and has special provisions for OCR characters, so some implementations of OCR-A have looked to Unicode for guidance on character code assignments.

Dedicated OCR-A characters

The following characters have been defined for control purposes and are now in the "Optical Character Recognition" Unicode range 2440–245F: [14]

Dedicated OCR-A code points based on ASCII and Unicode
Name Glyph Unicode
OCR Hook U+2440
OCR Chair U+2441
OCR Fork U+2442
OCR Inverted fork ⑃ U+2443
OCR Belt buckle ⑄ U+2444
OCR Bow tie ⑅ U+2445

Space, digits, and unaccented letters

OCR-A digits
OCR-A unaccented capital letters
OCR-A unaccented small letters

All implementations of OCR-A use U+0020 for space, U+0030 through U+0039 for the decimal digits, U+0041 through U+005A for the unaccented upper case letters, and U+0061 through U+007A for the unaccented lower case letters.

Regular characters

In addition to the digits and unaccented letters, many of the characters of OCR-A have obvious code points in ASCII. Of those that do not, most, including all of OCR-A's accented letters, have obvious code points in Unicode.

Additional OCR-A code points based on ASCII and Unicode
Name Glyph Unicode
Exclamation Mark U+0021
Quotation Mark U+0022
Number Sign U+0023
Dollar Sign U+0024
Percent Sign U+0025
Ampersand U+0026
Apostrophe U+0027
Left Parenthesis U+0028
Right Parenthesis U+0029
Asterisk U+002A
Plus Sign U+002B
Comma U+002C
Hyphen-Minus U+002D
Full Stop (Period) U+002E
Solidus (Slash) U+002F
Colon U+003A
Semicolon U+003B
Less-Than Sign U+003C
Equals Sign U+003D
Greater-Than Sign U+003E
Question Mark U+003F
Commercial At U+0040
Left Square Bracket U+005B
Reverse Solidus (Backslash) U+005C
Right Square Bracket U+005D
Circumflex Accent U+005E
Left Curly Bracket U+007B
Right Curly Bracket U+007D
Pound Sign (Sterling) U+00A3
Yen Sign U+00A5
Latin Capital Letter A with Dieresis U+00C4
Latin Capital Letter A with Ring Above U+00C5
Latin Capital Letter AE U+00C6
Latin Capital Letter N with Tilde U+00D1
Latin Capital Letter O with Dieresis U+00D6
Latin Capital Letter O with Stroke U+00D8
Latin Capital Letter U with Dieresis U+00DC

Remaining characters

Linotype[15] coded the remaining characters of OCR-A as follows:

Additional OCR-A Characters
Name Glyph Unicode Unicode Name
Long Vertical Mark U+007C Vertical Line
Alternate Comma U+E000 private use 0
Character Erase U+E001 private use 1
Alternate Hyphen U+E003 private use 3
Alternate Period U+E004 private use 4
Alternate Question Mark U+E005 private use 5
Alternate Apostrophe U+E006 private use 6

Additional characters

The fonts that descend from the work of Tor Lillqvist and Richard B. Wales define four characters not in OCR-A to fill out the ASCII character set. These shapes use the same style as the OCR-A character shapes. They are:

Additional ASCII Characters
Name Glyph Unicode
Low Line U+005F
Grave Accent U+0060
Vertical Line U+007C
Tilde U+007E

Linotype also defines additional characters.[16]

Exceptions

Some implementations do not use the above code point assignments for some characters.

PrecisionID

The PrecisionID implementation of OCR-A has the following non-standard code points:[17]

Barcodesoft

The Barcodesoft implementation of OCR-A has the following non-standard code points:[18][19]

Morovia

The Morovia implementation of OCR-A has the following non-standard code points:[20]

IDAutomation

The IDAutomation implementation of OCR-A has the following non-standard code points:[21]

Sellers of font standards

See also

Notes

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