Novi Sad

Novi Sad Град Нови Сад Hungarian: Újvidék Slovak: Nový Sad
City
City of Novi Sad
Clockwise, from top: Petrovaradin Fortress, main square, The Name of Mary Church, Panorama of Novi Sad at night, Government of Vojvodina building complex, Bishop Palace
Flag Coat of arms
Nickname(s): Serbian Athens
Novi Sad Show map of Serbia Novi Sad Show map of Europe Location of the city of Novi Sad within Serbia and Europe
Coordinates: 45°15′N 19°51′E / 45.250°N 19.850°E / 45.250; 19.850Coordinates: 45°15′N 19°51′E / 45.250°N 19.850°E / 45.250; 19.850
Country	Serbia
Province	Vojvodina
District	South Bačka
Municipalities	2
Settled by Scordisci	4th century B.C.
Founded	1694
City status	1 February 1748
Government
• Mayor	Miloš Vučević (SNS)
Area
• Urban	129.7 km2 (50.1 sq mi)
Area rank	36th
• City proper	106.2 km2 (41.0 sq mi)
• Administrative	702.7 km2 (271.3 sq mi)
Elevation	80 m (262 ft)
Population (2011)[1]
• Rank	2nd
• Urban	277,522
• Urban density	2,100/km2 (5,500/sq mi)
• City proper	250,439
• City proper density	2,400/km2 (6,100/sq mi)
• Administrative	341,625
• Administrative density	490/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	21000
Area code	+381(0)21
Car plates	NS
Website	www.novisad.rs

Novi Sad (Serbian Cyrillic: Нови Сад, pronounced [nôʋiː sâːd]; Hungarian: Újvidék; Slovak: Nový Sad; see below for other names) is the second largest city of Serbia, the capital of the autonomous province of Vojvodina and the administrative center of the South Bačka District. It is located in the southern part of the Pannonian Plain, on the border of the Bačka and Srem geographical regions, on the banks of the Danube river, facing the northern slopes of Fruška Gora mountain.

According to the 2011 census, the city has a population of 250,439,^[2] while the urban area of Novi Sad (with the adjacent urban settlements of Petrovaradin and Sremska Kamenica) has 277,522 inhabitants. The population of the administrative area of the city stands at 341,625 people.^[3]

Novi Sad was founded in 1694, when Serb merchants formed a colony across the Danube from the Petrovaradin fortress, a Habsburg strategic military post. In the 18th and 19th centuries, it became an important trading and manufacturing centre, as well as a centre of Serbian culture of that period, earning the nickname of the Serbian Athens.^[4][5] The city was heavily devastated in the 1848 Revolution, but it was subsequently restored. Today, along with the capital city of Belgrade, Novi Sad is the industrial and financial center of the Serbian economy; also, it was named one of the 2021 European Capital of Culture cities.^[6]

Name

The name Novi Sad means "New Plant" (noun) in Serbian. Its Latin name, stemming from establishment of city rights, is "Neoplanta". The official names of Novi Sad used by the local administration are:^[7]

Serbian Cyrillic: Нови Сад Hungarian: Újvidék Slovak: Nový Sad Rusyn: Нови Сад (transliterated: Novi Sad)

In both Croatian and Romanian, which are official in the provincial administration, the city is called "Novi Sad". Historically, it was also called "Neusatz" in German.

In its wider meaning, the name Grad Novi Sad refers to the "City of Novi Sad", which is one of the city-level administrative units of Serbia. Novi Sad could also refer strictly to the urban part of the City of Novi Sad (including "Novi Sad proper", and towns of Sremska Kamenica and Petrovaradin), as well as only to the historical core on the left Danube bank, i.e. "Novi Sad proper" (excluding Sremska Kamenica and Petrovaradin).

History

Older settlements

Human dwelling on the territory of present-day Novi Sad has been traced as far back as the Stone Age (about 4500 BC). Several settlements and necropoleis were unearthed during the construction of a new boulevard in Avijaticarsko Naselje, and were dated to 5000 BC.^[8] A settlement was located on the right bank of the river Danube in the territory of present-day Petrovaradin. In antiquity, the region was inhabited by Celtic tribes, especially by the Scordisci. Celts were present in the area since the 4th century BC and founded the first fortress on the right bank of the Danube. Later, in the 1st century BC, the region was conquered by the Romans. During Roman rule, a larger fortress was built in the 1st century with the name Cusum and was included in the Roman province of Pannonia.

• 
  Roman Golden Helmet, Museum of Vojvodina
• 
  Battle of Petrovaradin
• 
  Petrovaradin fortress after 1830.

In the 5th century, Cusum was devastated by the invasion of the Huns. By the end of the 5th century, Byzantines had reconstructed the town and called it by the names Petrikon or Petrikov (Greek: Πέτρικον) after St. Peter. Slavic tribes such as the Severians, Obotrites and Serbs, with its subgroup tribes Braničevci and Timočani, settled today's region about Novi Sad mainly in the 6th and 7th centuries.^[9] The Serbs absorbed the aforementioned Slavs as well as the Paleo-Balkanic peoples in the region.^[9]

In the Middle Ages, the area was subsequently controlled by the Ostrogoths, Gepids, Avars, Franks, Great Moravia, Bulgaria, again by Byzantines, and finally by the Hungarians. It was included into the medieval Kingdom of Hungary between the 11th and 12th centuries. Hungarians began to settle in the area, which before that time was mostly populated by Slavs, and the place was mentioned first time under the Hungarian variant Peturwarad or Pétervárad (Serbian: Petrovaradin / Петроварадин), which derived from the Byzantine variant, in documents from 1237. In the same year, several other settlements were mentioned to exist in the territory of modern urban area of Novi Sad.

From the 13th to 16th centuries, the following settlements existed in the territory of modern urban area of Novi Sad:^[10][11]

• on the right bank of the Danube: Pétervárad (Serbian: Petrovaradin) and Kamanc (Serbian: Kamenica).
• on the left bank of the Danube: Baksa or Baksafalva (Serbian: Bakša, Bakšić), Kűszentmárton (Serbian: Sent Marton), Bivalyos or Bivalo (Serbian: Bivaljoš, Bivalo), Vásárosvárad or Várad (Serbian: Vašaroš Varad, Varadinci), Zajol I (Serbian: Sajlovo I, Gornje Sajlovo, Gornje Isailovo), Zajol II (Serbian: Sajlovo II, Donje Sajlovo, Donje Isailovo), Bistritz (Serbian: Bistrica).

Some other settlements existed in the suburban area of Novi Sad: Mortályos (Serbian: Mrtvaljoš), Csenei (Serbian: Čenej), Keménd (Serbian: Kamendin), Rév (Serbian: Rivica).

Etymology of the settlement names show that some of them are of Slavic origin, which indicate that they were initially inhabited by Slavs. For example, Bivalo (Bivaljoš) was a large Slavic settlement dating to the 5th-6th century.^[10] Some other settlement names are of Hungarian origin (for example Bélakút, Kűszentmárton, Vásárosvárad, Rév), which indicate that they were inhabited by Hungarians before the Ottoman invasion in the 16th century.^[11] Some settlement names are of uncertain origin.

Tax records from 1522 showed a mix of Hungarian and Slavic names among inhabitants of these villages, including Slavic names like Bozso (Božo), Radovan, Radonya (Radonja), Ivo, etc. Following the Ottoman invasion in the 16th-17th centuries, some of these settlements were destroyed. Most surviving Hungarian inhabitants retreated from this area. Some of the settlements persisted during the Ottoman rule and were populated by ethnic Serbs.

Between 1526 and 1687, the region was under Ottoman rule. In the year 1590, population of all villages that existed in the territory of present-day Novi Sad numbered 105 houses, inhabited exclusively by Serbs. Ottoman records mention only those inhabitants who paid taxes, thus the number of Serbs who lived in the area (for example those that served in the Ottoman army) was larger than that recorded.^[12]

Founding of Novi Sad

Habsburg rule was aligned with the Roman Catholic church and as it took over this area near the end of the 17th century, the government prohibited people of Orthodox faith from residing in Petrovaradin. Unable to build homes there, Serbs founded a new settlement in 1694 on the left bank of the Danube. They initially called it the "Serb city" (German: Ratzen Stadt). Another name used for the settlement was Petrovaradinski Šanac. In 1718, the inhabitants of the village of Almaš were resettled to Petrovaradinski Šanac, where they founded Almaški Kraj ("the Almaš quarter").

According to 1720 data, the population of Ratzen Stadt was composed of 112 Serbian, 14 German, and 5 Hungarian houses. The settlement officially gained the present names Novi Sad and Újvidék (Neoplanta in Latin) in 1748 when it became a "free royal city".

The edict that made Novi Sad a "free royal city" was proclaimed on 1 February 1748. The edict reads:

" We, Maria Theresa, by the grace of God Holy Roman Empress,
Queen of Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Carinthia, [...]
cast this proclamation to anyone, whom it might concern... so that the renowned Petrovaradinski Šanac, which lies on the other side of the Danube in the Bačka province on the Sajlovo land, by the might of our divine royal power and prestige...make this town a Free Royal City and to fortify, accept and acknowledge it as one of the free royal cities of our Kingdom of Hungary and other territories, by abolishing its previous name of Petrovaradinski Šanac, renaming it Neoplantae (Latin), Új-Vidégh (Hungarian), Neusatz (German) and Novi Sad (Serbian) ".

In the 18th century, the Habsburg monarchy also recruited Germans from the southern principalities to relocate to the Danube valley. They wanted both to increase the population and to redevelop the river valley for agriculture, which had declined markedly under the Ottomans. To encourage such settlement, the government agreed that the German communities could practice their religion (mostly Catholicism) and use their original German dialect.

Habsburg Monarchy and Austria-Hungary

For much of the 18th and 19th centuries, Novi Sad was the largest Serb-inhabited city in the world; reformer of the Serbian language, Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, wrote in 1817 that Novi Sad was the "largest Serb municipality in the world". It was a cultural and political centre of Serbs (see also Serbian Revival), who did not have their own national state at the time. Because of its cultural and political influence, Novi Sad became known as the "Serbian Athens" (Srpska Atina in Serbian). According to 1843 data, Novi Sad had 17,332 inhabitants, of whom 9,675 were Orthodox Christians, 5,724 Catholics, 1,032 Protestants, 727 Jews, and 30 adherents of the Armenian church. The largest ethnic group in the city were Serbs, and the second largest were Germans.

During the Revolution of 1848-1849, Novi Sad was part of Serbian Vojvodina, a Serbian autonomous region within the Austrian Empire. In 1849, the Hungarian garrison located on the Petrovaradin Fortress bombarded and devastated the city, which lost much of its population. According to an 1850 census, there were only 7,182 citizens in the city, compared with 17,332 in 1843. Between 1849 and 1860, the city was part of a separate Austrian crownland known as the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar. After the abolishment of this province, the city was included into Batsch-Bodrog County. The post-office was opened in 1853.

After the compromise of 1867, Novi Sad was located within the Kingdom of Hungary, the Transleithania, one of two parts of Austria-Hungary. During this time, the Magyarization policy of the Hungarian government drastically altered the demographic structure of the city, i.e. from the predominantly Serbian, the population of the city became ethnically mixed. In 1880 41.2% of the city's inhabitants used Serbian language most frequently and 25.9% used Hungarian. In the following decades, percentual participation of Serbian-speakers decreased, while Hungarian-speakers increased. According to the 1910 census, the city had 33,590 residents, of whom 13,343 (39.72%) spoke Hungarian, 11,594 (34.52%) Serbian, 5,918 (17.62%) German and 1,453 (4.33%) Slovak. It is not certain whether Hungarians or Serbs were the larger ethnic group in the city in 1910, since the various ethnic groups (Bunjevci, Romani, Jews, other South Slavic people, etc.) were classified in census results according to the language they spoke.^[16]

Similar demographic change can be seen in the religious structure: in 1870, population of Novi Sad included 8,134 Orthodox Christians, 6,684 Catholics, 1,725 Calvinists, 1,343 Lutherans, and others.^[17] In 1910, the population included 13,383 Roman Catholics and 11,553 Orthodox Christians, while 3,089 declared themselves as Lutheran, 2,751 as Calvinist, and 2,326 as Jewish.^[18]

Yugoslavia and Serbia

On 25 November 1918, the Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci and other Slavs of Vojvodina in Novi Sad proclaimed the union of Vojvodina region with the Kingdom of Serbia. Since 1 December 1918, Novi Sad was part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes; and in 1929, it became the capital of the Danube Banovina, a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1921, population of Novi Sad numbered 39,122 inhabitants, of whom 16,293 spoke Serbian language, 12,991 Hungarian, 6,373 German, 1,117 Slovak, etc.^[19]

In 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded and partitioned by the Axis powers, and its northern parts, including Novi Sad, were annexed by Hungary. During World War II, about 5,000 citizens were murdered and many others were resettled. In three days of Novi Sad raid (21–23 January 1942) alone, Hungarian police killed 1,246 citizens, among them more than 800 Jews, and threw their corpses into the icy waters of the Danube.

The total death toll of the raid was around 2,500.^[20][21] Citizens of all nationalities—Serbs, Hungarians, Slovaks, and others—fought together against the Axis authorities.^[21] In 1975 the whole city was awarded the title People's Hero of Yugoslavia.

The Yugoslav Partisans from Syrmia and Bačka entered the city on 23 October 1944. During the Military administration in Banat, Bačka and Baranja (October 17, 1944 – January 27, 1945), the Partisans killed a number of citizens, mostly Serbs, who were perceived as opponents to the new regime.^[22]

Novi Sad became part of the new Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Since 1945, Novi Sad has been the capital of Vojvodina, a province of the Republic of Serbia. The city went through rapid industrialization and its population more than doubled in the period between World War II and the breakup of Yugoslavia after the fall of the Soviet Union.

After 1992, Novi Sad was part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Devastated by NATO bombardment during the Kosovo War of 1999, Novi Sad was left without any of its three Danube bridges, communications, water, and electricity. Residential areas were cluster-bombed several times while its oil refinery was bombarded daily, causing severe pollution and widespread ecological damage. In 2003 FR Yugoslavia transformed into the state union of Serbia and Montenegro, while Serbia and Montenegro separated in June 2006 (following the May 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum).

Geography

The city lies on the S-shaped meander of the river Danube, which is only 350 meters wide beneath the Petrovaradin rock.^[23] A section of the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal marks the northern edge of wider city centre, and merges with the Danube. The main part of the city lies on the left bank of the Danube, in Bačka region, while smaller parts Petrovaradin and Sremska Kamenica lie on the right bank, in Srem (Syrmia) region. Bačka side of the city lies on one of the southern lowest parts of Pannonian Plain, while Fruška Gora side (Syrmia) is a horst mountain. Alluvial plains along Danube are well-formed, especially on the left bank, in some parts 10 kilometres (6 miles) from the river. A large part of Novi Sad lies on a fluvial terrace with an elevation of 80 to 83 metres (262 to 272 feet). The northern part of Fruška Gora is composed of massive landslide zones, but they are not active, except in the Ribnjak neighborhood (between Sremska Kamenica and Petrovaradin Fortress).^[24]

The total land area of the city is 699 square kilometres (270 sq mi), while the urban area is 129.7 km² (50 sq mi).^[23]

Climate

Novi Sad has a temperate continental climate, with four seasons. Autumn is longer than spring, with long sunny and warm periods. Winter is not so severe, with an average of 22 days of complete sub-zero temperature, and averages 25 days of snowfall. January is the coldest month, with an average temperature of −1.9 °C (28.6 °F). Spring is usually short and rainy, while summer arrives abruptly. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Novi Sad was −30.7 °C (−23.3 °F) on 24 January 1963; and the hottest temperature ever recorded was 41.6 °C (106.9 °F) on 24 July 2007.

The east-southeasterly wind Košava, which blows from the Carpathians and brings clear and dry weather, is characteristic of the local climate. It mostly blows in autumn and winter, in 2–3 days intervals. The average speed of Košava is 25 to 43 km (16 to 27 mi) per hour but certain strokes can reach up to 130 km/h (81 mph). In winter time, accompanied by snow storms, it can cause snowdrifts.

Climate data for Rimski Šančevi, Novi Sad (1981–2010, extremes 1961–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	18.7 (65.7)	22.4 (72.3)	28.4 (83.1)	31.0 (87.8)	34.2 (93.6)	37.6 (99.7)	41.6 (106.9)	40.0 (104)	37.4 (99.3)	29.3 (84.7)	26.9 (80.4)	21.0 (69.8)	41.6 (106.9)
Average high °C (°F)	3.7 (38.7)	6.1 (43)	12.0 (53.6)	17.7 (63.9)	23.0 (73.4)	25.8 (78.4)	28.1 (82.6)	28.3 (82.9)	23.6 (74.5)	18.0 (64.4)	10.5 (50.9)	4.8 (40.6)	16.8 (62.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)	0.2 (32.4)	1.6 (34.9)	6.4 (43.5)	11.8 (53.2)	17.3 (63.1)	20.1 (68.2)	21.9 (71.4)	21.6 (70.9)	16.9 (62.4)	11.8 (53.2)	5.9 (42.6)	1.5 (34.7)	11.4 (52.5)
Average low °C (°F)	−3.1 (26.4)	−2.4 (27.7)	1.5 (34.7)	6.2 (43.2)	11.3 (52.3)	14.1 (57.4)	15.5 (59.9)	15.3 (59.5)	11.4 (52.5)	6.9 (44.4)	2.2 (36)	−1.5 (29.3)	6.5 (43.7)
Record low °C (°F)	−28.6 (−19.5)	−24.2 (−11.6)	−19.9 (−3.8)	−6.2 (20.8)	−0.4 (31.3)	0.2 (32.4)	6.6 (43.9)	6.9 (44.4)	−1.6 (29.1)	−6.2 (20.8)	−13.8 (7.2)	−24.0 (−11.2)	−28.6 (−19.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	39.1 (1.539)	31.4 (1.236)	42.5 (1.673)	49.2 (1.937)	63.0 (2.48)	91.4 (3.598)	64.3 (2.531)	57.5 (2.264)	53.8 (2.118)	52.7 (2.075)	53.8 (2.118)	48.8 (1.921)	647.3 (25.484)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	12	10	11	12	13	12	10	9	10	9	11	13	132
Average snowy days	6	7	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	6	24
Average relative humidity (%)	85	79	71	67	66	69	68	68	72	76	82	86	74
Mean monthly sunshine hours	64.8	99.0	156.4	190.1	250.8	269.4	303.6	285.8	205.7	158.9	92.4	58.4	2,135.3
Source: Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia[25]

Cityscape

Novi Sad is a typical Central European town. There are only a few buildings dating before 19th century, because the city was almost totally destroyed during the 1848/1849 revolution, so the architecture from 19th century dominates the city centre. Around the center, old small houses used to dominate the cityscape, but they are being replaced by modern multi-story buildings.

During the socialist period, new blocks with wide streets and multi-story buildings were built around the city core. However, not many communist-style high-rise buildings were built, and the total number of 10+ floor buildings remained at 40-50, most of the rest being 3-6 floor apartment buildings. City's new boulevard (today's Bulevar oslobođenja) was cut through the old housings in 1962-1964, establishing major communication lines. Several more boulevards were subsequently built in a similar manner, creating an orthogonal network over what used to be mostly radial structure of the old town. Those interventions paved the way for a relatively unhampered growth of the city, which almost tripled its population since the 1950s, and traffic congestions (except on a few critical points) are still relatively mild despite the huge boost of car numbers, especially in later years.

Neighbourhoods

Some of the oldest neighbourhoods in the city are Stari Grad (Old Town), Rotkvarija, Podbara and Salajka. Sremska Kamenica and Petrovaradin, on the right bank of the Danube, were separate towns in the past, but today are parts of the urban area of Novi Sad. Liman (divided into four parts, numbered I-IV), as well as Novo Naselje are neighbourhoods built during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s with modern buildings and wide boulevards.

New neighbourhoods, like Liman, Detelinara and Novo Naselje, with modern high residential buildings emerged from fields and forests surrounding the city to house the huge influx of people from the countryside following World War II. Many old houses in the city centre, Rotkvarija and Bulevar neighbourhoods were torn down in the 1950s and 1960s to be replaced with multi-story buildings, as the city experienced a major construction boom during the last 10 years; some neighbourhoods, like Grbavica have completely changed their face.

Neighbourhoods with individual housing are mostly located away from the city center; Telep in the southwest and Klisa on the north are the oldest such quarters, while Adice and Veternik on the west significantly expanded during last 15 years, partly due to an influx of Serb refugees during the Yugoslav wars.

Suburbs and villages

Besides the urban part of the city (which includes Novi Sad proper, with population of around 250,000, Petrovaradin (around 15,000) and Sremska Kamenica (around 12,000), there are 12 more settlements and 1 town in Novi Sad's administrative city area.^[3] Some 23.7% of total city's population live in suburbs, the largest being Futog (20,000), and Veternik (17,000) to the west, which over the years, especially in the 1990s, have grown and physically merged to the city.

The most isolated and the least populated village in the suburban area is Stari Ledinci. Ledinci, Stari Ledinci and Bukovac are located on Fruška Gora slopes and the last two have only one paved road, which connect them to other places. Besides the urban area of Novi Sad, the suburb of Futog is also officially classified as "urban settlement" (a town), while other suburbs are mostly "rural" (villages).

Towns and villages in adjacent municipalities of Sremski Karlovci, Temerin and Beočin, share the same public transportation and are economically connected with Novi Sad.

No.	Name	Status	City municipality	Population[3]
1	Begeč	village	Novi Sad	3,325
2	Budisava	village	Novi Sad	3,656
3	Bukovac	village	Petrovaradin	3,936
4	Čenej	village	Novi Sad	2,125
5	Futog	town	Novi Sad	18,641
6	Kać	town	Novi Sad	11,740
7	Kisač	village	Novi Sad	5,091
8	Kovilj	village	Novi Sad	5,414
9	Ledinci	village	Petrovaradin	1,912
10	Rumenka	village	Novi Sad	6,495
11	Stari Ledinci	village	Petrovaradin	934
12	Stepanovićevo	village	Novi Sad	2,021
13	Veternik	town	Novi Sad	17,454

Demographics

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1798	6,890	—
1848	18,530	+168.9%
1900	28,763	+55.2%
1910	33,089	+15.0%
1921	39,122	+18.2%
1931	63,985	+63.6%
1941	61,731	−3.5%
1948	69,431	+12.5%
1953	76,752	+10.5%
1961	102,469	+33.5%
1971	141,375	+38.0%
1981	170,020	+20.3%
1991	198,326	+16.6%
2002	216,583	+9.2%
2011	277,522	+28.1%

Novi Sad is the second largest city in Serbia (after Belgrade), and the largest city in Vojvodina. Since its founding, the population of the city has been constantly increasing. According to the 1991 census, 56.2% of the people who came to Novi Sad from 1961 to 1991 were from Vojvodina, while 15.3% came from Bosnia and Herzegovina and 11.7% from rest of Serbia.

In the 1990s and 2000s, the city experienced significant population growth. According to the 2011 census,^[2] the city's population is 250,439, while in urban area (including adjacent settlements of Petrovaradin, Sremska Kamenica, Veternik and Futog) there are 277,522 inhabitants. Metro area which encompass territory within administrative city limits has 341,625 inhabitants.^[3] According to the information collected by a local public service company "Informatika" in 2014, Novi Sad city was inhabited by 270,979 people, while the administrative area was inhabited by 389,784 people.^[26]

Ethnic groups

The ethnic composition in the city administrative area (last three censuses):

Ethnicity	1991[27]	2002[28]	2011[29]
Serbs	173,420	225,995	269,117
Hungarians	20,245	15,687	13,272
Slovaks	8,165	7,230	6,596
Croats	8,848	6,263	5,335
Romani	1,133	1,740	3,636
Montenegrins	6,226	5,040	3,444
Rusyns	-	2,032	2,160
Yugoslavs	32,803	9,514	2,355
Muslims	1,737	1,015	1,138
Macedonians	-	1,144	1,111
Romanians	902	860	891
Gorani	-	358	709
Others	18,211	22,416	31,861
Total	265,464	299,294	341,625

All of the inhabited places in the municipalities have an ethnic Serb majority, while the village of Kisač has an ethnic Slovak majority.

Religion

According to the 2011 census, the population of the administrative area of Novi Sad (comprising both municipalities) included 270,831 Orthodox Christians, 21,530 Catholics, 8,499 Protestants, 4,760 Muslims, 84 Jews, and others. The city is the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Bačka and of the Muftiship of Novi Sad of the Islamic Community in Serbia.

• 
  Saint George's Cathedral Orthodox church
• 
  The Name of Mary Church Catholic church
• 
  Novi Sad Synagogue
• 
  Almaška Orthodox church
• 
  The Our Lady of Snow, main Marian shrine in Serbia
• 
  Lutheran church

Politics

Novi Sad is the administrative center of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, and as such, the home to Vojvodina's Government and Provincial Assembly.

The city's administrative bodies are the city assembly as the representative body, as well as the mayor and the city government as the executive bodies. The members of the city assembly and the mayor are elected by direct elections. The city assembly has 78 seats, while the city government consists of 11 members. The mayor and members of the city's assembly are elected to four-year terms. The city government is elected by the city assembly at the proposal of the mayor.

as of the 2012 election, the mayor of Novi Sad has been Miloš Vučević (Serbian Progressive Party); while the Serbian Progressive Party holds the majority of seats in the city assembly, the Socialist Party of Serbia, Democratic Party of Serbia as well as other parties and groups are also represented.

The city of Novi Sad has been divided into 46 local communities within two urban municipalities, Novi Sad and Petrovaradin, the border between which is the Danube river.

Coat of arms

In the center, there are three towers with eaves encircling their central and top parts. The towers stand separately, the eaves on the roof are cogged, the gates are closed, and the windows are open. The tower in the middle is a bit higher and wider and a white dove flies above it with the olive branch. Below the towers, the wavy stripes represent the Danube River.

City holidays

February 1	On this day, in 1748, Novi Sad gained "free royal city" status.
October 23	The partisan forces from Srem and Bačka entered and liberated the city from occupation on this day, in 1944.
November 9	Troops of the Kingdom of Serbia entered the city on this day, in 1918, led by commandant Petar Bojović.
November 25	In 1918, the Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci, and other Slavs of Vojvodina (Banat, Bačka and Baranja) in Novi Sad proclaimed the unification of Vojvodina region with the Kingdom of Serbia.

The city also commemorates the year 1694, when it was established.

Economy

Novi Sad is the economic centre of Vojvodina, the most fertile agricultural region in Serbia. The city also is one of the largest economic and cultural centres in Serbia and former Yugoslavia.

Novi Sad had always been a relatively developed city within Yugoslavia. In 1981 its GDP per capita was 172% of the Yugoslav average.^[30] In the 1990s, the city (like the rest of Serbia) was severely affected by an internationally imposed trade embargo and hyperinflation of the Yugoslav dinar. The embargo and economic mismanagement lead to a decay or demise of once big industrial combines, such as Novkabel (electric cable industry), Pobeda (metal industry), Jugoalat (tools), Albus and HINS (chemical industry). Practically the only viable remaining large facility is the oil refinery, located northeast of the town (along with the thermal power plant).

The economy of Novi Sad has mostly recovered from that period and it has grown strongly since 2001, shifting from industry-driven economy to the tertiary sector. The processes of privatization of state and society-owned enterprises, as well as strong private incentive, increased the share of privately owned companies to over 95% in the district, and small and medium-size enterprises dominated the city's economic development.^[31]

The significance of Novi Sad as a financial centre is proven by numerous banks such as Vojvođanska Bank, Erste Bank, Crédit Agricole, and OTP bank;^[32] and third largest insurance company in Serbia - DDOR Novi Sad. The city is also home to the major energy companies - Naftna Industrija Srbije oil company and Srbijagas gas company. It is also the seat of the wheat market.

Novi Sad is also a growing information technology center in Serbia second only to Belgrade.

Culture

In the 19th century, the city was the capital of Serbian culture, earning the nickname Serbian Athens. In that time, almost every Serbian novelist, poet, jurist, and publicist at the end of 19th century and at the beginning of 20th century had lived or worked in Novi Sad some time of his or her career. Among others, these cultural workers include Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, Mika Antić, Đura Jakšić, etc. Matica srpska, the oldest cultural-scientific institution of Serbia, was moved from Budapest to Novi Sad in 1864, and contains second-largest library in the country (the Library of Matica srpska) with over 3.5 million volumes. The Serbian National Theatre, the oldest professional theatre among the South Slavs, was founded in Novi Sad in 1861.

Today, Novi Sad is the second cultural centre in Serbia (besides Belgrade) and city's officials try to make the city more attractive to numerous cultural events and music concerts. Since 2000, Novi Sad is home to the EXIT festival, one of the biggest music summer festival in Europe. Other important cultural events are Sterijino pozorje theatre festival, Zmaj Children Games, International Novi Sad Literature Festival, Novi Sad Jazz Festival, and many others.^[33] Besides Serbian National Theatre, the most prominent theatres are also Novi Sad Theatre, Youth Theatre, and Cultural centre of Novi Sad. Novi Sad Synagogue also houses many cultural events . Other city's cultural institutions include Detachment of the Serbian Academy of Science and Art, Library of Matica Srpska, Novi Sad City Library and Azbukum. City is also home to the Archive of Vojvodina, which collect many documents from Vojvodina dating from 1565.

Novi Sad has several folk song societies, which are known as kulturno-umetničko društvo or KUD. The most well known societies in the city are: KUD Svetozar Marković, AKUD Sonja Marinković, SKUD Željezničar, FA Vila and the oldest SZPD Neven, established in 1892.

National minorities expose their own tradition, folklore and songs in Hungarian MKUD Petőfi Sándor, Slovak SKUD Pavel Jozef Šafárik, Ruthenian RKC Novi Sad, and other societies.

Museums

The city has several museums and galleries, public and privately owned. The most well known museum in the city is Museum of Vojvodina, founded in 1847, which houses a permanent collection of Serbian culture and a life in Vojvodina through history. Museum of Novi Sad in Petrovaradin Fortress has a permanent collection of history of fortress.

Gallery of Matica Srpska is the biggest and most respected gallery in the city, which has two galleries in the city centre. There is also The Gallery of Fine Arts - Gift Collection of Rajko Mamuzić and The Pavle Beljanski Memorial Collection - one of the biggest collections of Serbian art from the 1900s until the 1970s.

Education

Novi Sad is one of the most important centers of higher education and research in Serbia, with four universities and numerous professional, technical, and private colleges and research institutes, including a law school with its own publication.

Novi Sad is home to two universities and seven private faculties.^[34] The largest educational institution in the city is the University of Novi Sad, established in 1960. As of 2012, it has with 14 faculties, 9 of which are located in the modern university campus.^[35] It is attended by more than 50,000 students and has total staff of nearly 5,000.^[35]

There are 36 elementary schools (33 regular and 3 special) with 26,000 students.^[36] The secondary school system consists of 11 vocational schools and 4 grammar schools with almost 18,000 students.^[36] Other educational institutions include Novi Sad Open University, offering professional courses in adult education and Protestant Theological Seminary.

Tourism

The number of tourists visiting Novi Sad each year has steadily risen since 2000. Every year, in the beginning of July, during the annual EXIT music festival, the city is full of young people from all over Europe. In 2008, over 200,000 people visited the festival.^[37] Besides EXIT festival, Novi Sad Fair attracts many business people into the city; in May, the city is home to the biggest agricultural show in the region, which 600,000 people visited in 2005.^[38] There is also a tourist port near Varadin Bridge in the city centre welcoming various river cruise vessels from across Europe who cruise on Danube river.

The most recognized structure in Novi Sad is Petrovaradin Fortress, which dominates the city and with scenic views of the city. Besides the fortress, there is also historic neighborhood of Stari Grad, with many monuments, museums, caffes, restaurants and shops. There is also a National Park of Fruška Gora nearby, approx. 20 km (12 mi) from city centre.

Media

Novi Sad has one major daily newspaper, Dnevnik, and among the periodicals monthly magazine Vojvodjanski magazin stands out. The city is home to the main headquarters of the regional public broadcaster Radio Television of Vojvodina – RTV and city's public broadcaster Novosadska televizija,^[39] as well as a few commercial TV stations: Kanal 9,^[40] Panonija^[41] and RTV Most.^[42] Major local commercial radio stations are Radio AS FM and Radio 021.^[43]

Novi Sad is also known as a center of publishing. The most prominent publishers are Matica srpska, Stilos and Prometej. Well-known journals in literature and art are Letopis Matice srpske, the oldest Serbian Journal; Polja,^[44] issued by the Cultural Center of Novi Sad and Zlatna greda by the Association of Writers of Vojvodina.^[45]

Sport

Sports started to develop in 1790 with the foundation of "City Marksmen Association". However, its serious development started after the establishment of the Municipal Association of Physical Culture in 1959 and after 1981, when SPC Vojvodina (commonly referred to as Spens Sports Center) was built. Today, about 220 sports organizations are active in Novi Sad.

Professional sport in Novi Sad revolves around Vojvodina multi-sport club. FK Vojvodina football club is 3rd all-time best football club in Serbia, behind Belgrade rivals of Red Star and Partizan, having won 2 championships (1966 and 1989, respectively). OK Vojvodina is most successful volleyball club in the country with 13 championship titles. RK Vojvodina handball club are current national champions.

Citizens of Novi Sad participated in the first Olympic Games in Athens. The largest number of sportsmen from Novi Sad participated in the Atlanta Olympic Games – 11, and they won 6 medals, while in Moscow – 3, and in Montreal and Melbourne – 2.

Novi Sad was the host of the European and World Championships in table tennis in 1981,^[46] 29th Chess Olympiad in 1990, European and World Championships in sambo, Balkan and European Championships in judo, 1987 final match in the Cup Winners Cup of European Basketball^[46][47] and final tournament of the European Cup in volleyball.^[46] Apart from that Novi Sad is the host of the World League in volleyball and traditional sport events such as Novi Sad marathon, international swimming rally and many other events. Between the 16 and 20 September 2005, Novi Sad co-hosted the 2005 European Basketball Championship.^[46]

Club	Sport	Founded	League	Venue
FK Vojvodina	Football	1914	Jelen Superliga	Karađorđe Stadium
FK Novi Sad	Football	1921	First League	Detelinara Stadium
FK Proleter	Football	1951	First League	Slana Bara Stadium
KK Vojvodina	Basketball	1948	League B	Spens Sports Center
OK Vojvodina	Volleyball	1946	Serbian volley league	Spens Sports Center
RK Vojvodina	Handball	1949	Handball League of Serbia	Slana Bara Sports Center
HK Vojvodina	Hockey	1957	Serbian Hockey League	Spens Sports Center

Recreation

Apart from the culture of attending sports events, people from Novi Sad participate in a wide range of recreational and leisure activities. Football and basketball are the most popular participation team sports in Novi Sad. Cycling is also very popular in Novi Sad. Novi Sad's flat terrain and extensive off-road paths in the mountainous part of town, in Fruška Gora is conducive to riding. Hundreds of commuters cycle the roads, bike lanes and bike paths daily.

Proximity to the Fruška Gora National Park attracts many people from the city on weekends in many hiking trails, restaurants and monasteries on the mountain. In the first weekend of May, there is a "Fruška Gora Marathon", with many hiking trails for hikers, runners and cyclists.^[48] During the summer, there is Lake of Ledinci in Fruška Gora, but also there are numerous beaches on the Danube, the largest being Štrand in the Liman neighborhood. There are also a couple of small recreational marinas on the river.

Infrastructure

Novi Sad lies on the branch B of Pan-European Corridor X. A1 motorway connects the city with Subotica on north and Belgrade on south. It is concurrent with Budapest–Belgrade railroad, which connects it to major European cities. Novi Sad is connected with Zrenjanin and Timișoara on the northwest and Ruma on south with a regional highway; there are long-term plans to upgrade it to a motorway or an expressway, with a tunnel under the Fruška Gora shortcutting the Iriški Venac mountain pass.^[49][50]

Novi Sad currently does not have its own civil airport. The city is about a one-hour drive from Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport, which connects it with capitals across Europe. Small Čenej Airport north of the city is used for sport and agricultural purposes. There are plans to upgrade it to serve for cargo and small-scale public transport,^[51] but the future of this initiative is uncertain.

Three bridges cross the Danube in Novi Sad: Liberty Bridge (Most Slobode) connects Sremska Kamenica with the city proper. Varadin Bridge (Varadinski most), connects Petrovaradin with city centre, along with the temporary Road-Railway Bridge, used chiefly for railway and heavy truck traffic. Its replacement with the new Žeželj Bridge is currently under construction and will be opened to traffic in 2017. Four bridges span the Danube-Tisa-Danube canal, running north of the city center.

The main public transportation system in Novi Sad consists of bus lines. There are twenty-one urban lines and twenty-nine suburban lines. The operator is JGSP Novi Sad, with its main bus station at the northern end of the Liberation Boulevard, next to the railway station. In addition, there are numerous taxi companies serving the city. The city used to have a tram system, but it was disassembled in 1958.

International cooperation

Novi Sad has relationships with several twin towns. One of the main streets in its city centre is named after Modena in Italy; and likewise Modena has named a park in its town centre Parco di Piazza d'Armi Novi Sad. The Novi Sad Friendship Bridge in Norwich, United Kingdom, by Buro Happold, was also named in honour of Novi Sad. Besides twin cities, Novi Sad has many signed agreements on joint cooperation with many European cities (see also: Twin cities of Novi Sad). Novi Sad's twin towns are:

Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina[52] Budva, Montenegro[53] Changchun, China[53] Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany[54] Gomel, Belarus[55] Ilioupoli, Greece[53] Modena, Modena, Emilia-Romagna, Italy[53]

Kranj, Slovenia[53] Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia[53] Lviv, Ukraine[53] Norwich, Norfolk, England, United Kingdom[53] Pécs, Hungary[53] Timișoara, Romania[53] Toluca, Mexico, Mexico[56]

Novi Sad is an associated member of Eurocities.^[57]

See also

• NATO bombing of Novi Sad in 1999
• List of places in Serbia
• List of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina
• List of people from Novi Sad
• Novi Sad Fair
• Municipalities of Serbia
• South Bačka District

References

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Novi Sad.

• Novi Sad travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Novi Sad - Official website (in Serbian) (in English)
• City assembly - Official website (in Serbian)
• Virtual tours through Novi Sad