Northern Black Polished Ware

Map of some NBPW sites.

Fragment of Northern Black Polished Ware, 500-100 BCE, Sonkh, Uttar Pradesh. Government Museum, Mathura

Palaeolithic (2,500,000–250,000 BCE)

Madrasian Culture	(2,500,000 BCE)
Riwatian Culture	(1,900,000 BCE)
Soanian Culture	(500,000–250,000 BCE)

Neolithic (10,800–3300 BCE)

Bhirrana Culture	(7570–6200 BCE)
Mehrgarh Culture	(7000–3300 BCE)

Chalcolithic (3500–1500 BCE)

Jorwe Culture	(3500–2000 BCE)
Ahar-Banas Culture	(3000–1500 BCE)
Pandu Culture	(1600–1500 BCE)

Bronze Age (3300–1300 BCE)

Indus Valley Civilisation	(3300–1300 BCE)
– Early Harappan Culture	(3300–2600 BCE)
– Mature Harappan Culture	(2600–1900 BCE)
– Late Harappan Culture	(1900–1300 BCE)
Vedic Civilisation	(2000–500 BCE)
– Ochre Coloured Pottery culture	(2000–1600 BCE)
– Swat culture	(1600–500 BCE)

Iron Age (1300–230 BCE)

Vedic Civilisation	(2000–500 BCE)
– Janapadas	(1500–600 BCE)
– Black and Red ware culture	(1300–1000 BCE)
– Painted Grey Ware culture	(1200–600 BCE)
– Northern Black Polished Ware	(700–200 BCE)
Pradyota Dynasty	(799–684 BCE)
Haryanka Dynasty	(684–424 BCE)
Three Crowned Kingdoms	(c. 600 BCE–1600 CE)
Maha Janapadas	(c. 600–300 BCE)
Achaemenid Empire	(550–330 BCE)
Ror Dynasty	(450 BCE–489 CE)
Shishunaga Dynasty	(424–345 BCE)
Nanda Empire	(380–321 BCE)
Macedonian Empire	(330–323 BCE)
Maurya Empire	(321–184 BCE)
Seleucid India	(312–303 BCE)
Pandya Empire	(c. 300 BCE–1345 CE)
Chera Kingdom	(c. 300 BCE–1102 CE)
Chola Empire	(c. 300 BCE–1279 CE)
Pallava Empire	(c. 250 BCE–800 CE)
Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire	(c. 250 BCE–c. 500 CE)
Parthian Empire	(247 BCE–224 CE)

Middle Kingdoms (230 BCE–1206 CE)

Satavahana Empire	(230 BCE–220 CE)
Kuninda Kingdom	(200 BCE–300 CE)
Mitra Dynasty	(c. 150 BCE–c. 50 BCE)
Shunga Empire	(185–73 BCE)
Indo-Greek Kingdom	(180 BCE–10 CE)
Kanva Empire	(75–26 BCE)
Indo-Scythian Kingdom	(50 BCE–400 CE)
Indo-Parthian Kingdom	(21–c. 130 CE)
Western Satrap Empire	(35–405 CE)
Kushan Empire	(60–240 CE)
Bharshiva Dynasty	(170–350 CE)
Nagas of Padmavati	(210–340)
Sasanian Empire	(224–651)
Indo-Sassanid Kingdom	(230–360)
Vakataka Empire	(c. 250–c. 500)
Kalabhras Empire	(c. 250–c. 600)
Gupta Empire	(280–550)
Kadamba Empire	(345–525)
Western Ganga Kingdom	(350–1000)
Kamarupa Kingdom	(350–1100)
Vishnukundina Empire	(420–624)
Maitraka Empire	(475–767)
Huna Kingdom	(475–576)
Rai Kingdom	(489–632)
Kabul Shahi Empire	(c. 500–1026)
Chalukya Empire	(543–753)
Maukhari Empire	(c. 550–c. 700)
Harsha Empire	(606–647)
Tibetan Empire	(618–841)
Eastern Chalukya Kingdom	(624–1075)
Rashidun Caliphate	(632–661)
Gurjara-Pratihara Empire	(650–1036)
Umayyad Caliphate	(661–750)
Pala Empire	(750–1174)
Rashtrakuta Empire	(753–982)
Paramara Kingdom	(800–1327)
Yadava Empire	(850–1334)
Chaulukya Kingdom	(942–1244)
Western Chalukya Empire	(973–1189)
Lohara Kingdom	(1003–1320)
Hoysala Empire	(1040–1346)
Sena Empire	(1070–1230)
Eastern Ganga Empire	(1078–1434)
Kakatiya Kingdom	(1083–1323)
Karnatas of Mithila	(1097-1325)
Zamorin Kingdom	(1102–1766)
Kalachuris of Tripuri	(675-1210)
Kalachuris of Kalyani	(1156–1184)
Sutiya Kingdom	(1187-1673)
Deva Kingdom	(c. 1200–c. 1300)

Late Medieval Period (1206–1600 CE)

Delhi Sultanate	(1206–1526 CE)
– Mamluk Sultanate	(1206–1290)
– Khilji Sultanate	(1290–1320)
– Tughlaq Sultanate	(1320–1414)
– Sayyid Sultanate	(1414–1451)
– Lodi Sultanate	(1451–1526)
Ahom Kingdom	(1228–1826)
Chitradurga Kingdom	(1300–1779)
Reddy Kingdom	(1325–1448)
Vijayanagara Empire	(1336–1646)
Bengal Sultanate	(1352–1576)
Garhwal Kingdom	(1358–1803)
Mysore Kingdom	(1399–1947)
Gajapati Kingdom	(1434–1541)
Deccan Sultanates	(1490–1596)
– Ahmadnagar Sultanate	(1490–1636)
– Berar Sultanate	(1490–1574)
– Bidar Sultanate	(1492–1619)
– Bijapur Sultanate	(1492–1686)
– Golkonda Sultanate	(1518–1687)
Keladi Kingdom	(1499–1763)
Koch Kingdom	(1515–1947)

Early Modern Period (1526–1858)

Mughal Empire	(1526–1858)
Sur Empire	(1540–1556)
Madurai Kingdom	(1559–1736)
Thanjavur Kingdom	(1572–1918)
Bengal Subah	(1576–1757)
Marava Kingdom	(1600–1750)
Thondaiman Kingdom	(1650–1948)
Maratha Empire	(1674–1818)
Sikh Confederacy	(1707–1799)
Travancore Kingdom	(1729–1947)
Sikh Empire	(1799–1849)

Colonial States (1510–1961)

Portuguese India	(1510–1961)
Dutch India	(1605–1825)
Danish India	(1620–1869)
French India	(1759–1954)
Company Raj	(1757–1858)
British Raj	(1858–1947)

Sri Lankan Kingdoms (544 BCE–1948 CE)

Kingdom of Tambapanni	(543–505 BCE)
Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara	(505–377 BCE)
Anuradhapura Kingdom	(377 BCE–1017 CE)
Kingdom of Ruhuna	(200 CE)
Kingdom of Polonnaruwa	(300–1310)
Jaffna Kingdom	(1215–1624)
Kingdom of Dambadeniya	(1220–1272)
Kingdom of Yapahuwa	(1272–1293)
Kingdom of Kurunegala	(1293–1341)
Kingdom of Gampola	(1341–1347)
Kingdom of Raigama	(1347–1415)
Kingdom of Kotte	(1412–1597)
Kingdom of Sitawaka	(1521–1594)
Kingdom of Kandy	(1469–1815)
Portuguese Ceylon	(1505–1658)
Dutch Ceylon	(1656–1796)
British Ceylon	(1815–1948)

National histories

Regional histories

Specialised histories

The Northern Black Polished Ware culture (abbreviated NBPW or NBP) is an urban Iron Age culture of the Indian Subcontinent, lasting c. 700–200 BCE, succeeding the Painted Grey Ware culture and Black and red ware culture. It developed beginning around 700 BC, or in the late Vedic period, and peaked from c. 500–300 BC, coinciding with the emergence of 16 great states or mahajanapadas in Northern India, and the subsequent rise of the Mauryan Empire. After recent excavations at Gotihwa in Nepal, archaeologist Giovanni Verardi by radiocarbon datings says that proto-NBPW is at least from 900 BC. Excavations in India at Ayodhya, Juafardih near Nalanda, and Kolhua near Vaisali, show even earlier radiocarbon datings around 1200 BC. Based on this, historian Carlos Aramayo proposes the following chronology: Proto-NBPW (1200–800 BC); Early NBPW (800–300 BC); and Late NBPW (300–100 BC).^[1]^[2]

A luxury style of burnished pottery used by elites, it is associated with the emergence of South Asia's first cities since the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization; this re-urbanization was accompanied by massive embankments and fortifications, significant population growth, increased social stratification, and wide-ranging trade networks.^[3]

Scholars have noted similarities between NBP and the much earlier Harappan cultures, among them the ivory dice and combs and a similar system of weights. Other similarities include the utilization of mud, baked bricks and stone in architecture, the construction of large units of public architecture, the systematic development of hydraulic features and a similar craft industry.^[4] There are also, however, important differences between these two cultures; for example, rice, millet and sorghum became more important in the NBP culture.^[4] The NBP culture may reflect the first state-level organization in the Indian Subcontinent.^[4]

Some sites where Northern Black Polished Ware have been found are Mahasthangarh, Chandraketugarh, Wari-Bateshwar, Bangarh and Mangalkot (all in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India).

Other NBPW sites, associated with the mahajanapadas, are Charsada (ancient Pushkalavati) and Taxila, in Pakistan; Delhi or ancient Indraprastha; Hastinapura, Mathura, Kampil/Kampilya, Ahichatra, Ayodhya, Sravasti, Kausambi, Varanasi all in Uttar Pradesh; Vaishali, Rajgir, Pataliputra, and Champa in Bihar; and Ujjain and Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh.^[5]

References

↑ https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/IndiaArchaeology/conversations/messages/14786
↑ https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/IndiaArchaeology/conversations/messages/14763
↑ http://a.harappa.com/sites/g/files/g65461/f/CulturesSocietiesIndusTrad.pdf
1 2 3 Shaffer, Jim. 1993, "Reurbanization: The eastern Punjab and beyond." In Urban Form and Meaning in South Asia: The Shaping of Cities from Prehistoric to Precolonial Times, ed. H. Spodek and D.M. Srinivasan.
↑ A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

External links

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