North Nicosia

North Nicosia
Lefkoşa  (Turkish)
City

From top to bottom, left to right: The Kyrenia Gate and the İnönü Square, Selimiye Mosque (former St. Sophia Cathedral), historical Samanbahçe neighborhood, the Büyük Han, Bedesten, Sarayönü and the Venetian Column, the entertainment center of Dereboyu, the Near East Medical School, part of North Nicosia skyline at night

Seal
Nickname(s): "The City that Smells of Jasmine"
in Turkish: "Yasemin Kokulu Şeher"
"The City" in Cypriot Turkish: "Şeher"[1]
North Nicosia

Location in Cyprus

Coordinates: 35°10′37″N 33°21′48″E / 35.177011°N 33.36324°E / 35.177011; 33.36324Coordinates: 35°10′37″N 33°21′48″E / 35.177011°N 33.36324°E / 35.177011; 33.36324
Claimed by Republic of Cyprus (internationally recognized)
Northern Cyprus (recognized only by Turkey)
Administered by Northern Cyprus
Cypriot District Nicosia
Turkish Cypriot District Lefkoşa
Government
 • Mayor Mehmet Harmancı (TDP)
Area[2]
 • City 92.8 km2 (35.8 sq mi)
 • Metro 165.2 km2 (63.8 sq mi)
Population (2011)[3]
 • City 61,378
 • Density 660/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
 • Metro 82,539
Time zone FET (UTC+3)
Website Nicosia Turkish Municipality

North Nicosia or Northern Nicosia (Turkish: [Kuzey] Lefkoşa [kuˈzej lefˈkoʃa]) is the capital and largest city of the de facto state of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. It is the northern part of the divided city of Nicosia and is governed by the Nicosia Turkish Municipality. As of 2011, North Nicosia had a population of 61,378 and a metropolitan area with a population of 82,539.

Following the intercommunal violence of the 1960s, the capital of Republic of Cyprus was divided between the island's Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities in the south and north respectively in 1963.[4][5] A coup by the Greek military junta in an attempt to unite the island with Greece in 1974 led to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, and the international community considers North Nicosia to have been under Turkish occupation since then.

The city is the economic, political and cultural centre of Northern Cyprus, with many shops, restaurants and shopping malls. It is home to a historic walled city, centred on the Sarayönü Square, and a modern metropolitan area, with the Dereboyu region as its centre of business and entertainment. Described as a city with high levels of welfare, it has seen great urban growth and development in the 21st century, including the construction of new highways and high-rises. It hosts a significant number of tourists and a variety of cultural activities, including its international festivals of theatre and music. With a student population over 34,000, North Nicosia is an important centre of education and research and is home to three universities, of which the Near East University is the biggest.

History

Sarayönü in 1969

In 1963, in the aftermath of constitutional amendments by the Greek Cypriots which were rejected by the Turkish Cypriots, intercommunal violence broke out. Nicosia was divided into Greek and Turkish Cypriot quarters by the Green Line, named after the colour of the pen used by the United Nations officer to draw the line on a map of the city.[6] This resulted in the ceasing of Turkish Cypriot participation in the government, and following more intercommunal violence in 1964, a number of Turkish Cypriots moved to the Turkish quarter of Nicosia, causing serious overcrowding.[7]

On 15 July 1974, there was an attempted coup d'état led by the Greek military junta to unite the island with Greece. The coup ousted president Makarios III and replaced him with pro-enosis nationalist Nikos Sampson.[8] On 20 July 1974, the Turkish army invaded the island, fearing that the coup would result in enosis.[9] The invasion included two phases. The second phase was performed on 14 August 1974, where the Turkish army advanced their positions, eventually capturing a total of 37% of Cypriot territory, including the northern part of Nicosia and the cities of Kyrenia and Famagusta.

On 23 April 2003, the Ledra Palace crossing was opened through the Green Line, the first time that crossing was allowed since 1974.[10] This was followed by the opening of Ayios Dometios crossing point on 9 May 2003.[11] On 3 April 2008, the Ledra Street crossing was also reopened.[12]

Administration

City hall of North Nicosia in August 2009.

As the capital, North Nicosia is Northern Cyprus's political, economic and cultural centre. North Nicosia hosts the ministries of Northern Cyprus. The city is governed by the Nicosia Turkish Municipality, which is recognized by the constitution of the Republic of Cyprus.[13]

The Nicosia Turkish Municipality is headed by the mayor, Mehmet Harmancı from the Communal Democracy Party (TDP).[14] He came to power in the local elections in 2014 with 38% of the popular vote, defeating the candidates of two major parties who were considered to be candidates with the highest chances by the Turkish Cypriot media in a feat that was seen as a major surprise victory.[15] The organisation of the municipality features a 22-member City Council, composed of 8 councilors from the Republican Turkish Party (CTP), 6 from the National Unity Party (UBP), 6 from the Communal Democracy Party, 1 from the Democratic Party (DP-UG) and 1 from the New Cyprus Party (YKP).[16]

Mayors of Nicosia Turkish Municipality

Below is a list of mayors of the Nicosia Turkish Municipality since its establishment in 1958:[17]

Quarters

Nicosia is divided into several administrative divisions known as mahalleler (singular: mahalle) or quarters. Each of these quarters are headed by a muhtar, who is elected by the residents in local elections. There are 25 quarters within the jurisdiction of the Nicosia Turkish Municipality, of which 12 are in the walled city and 13 are outside,[18] and below is list of them sorted according to population according to the 2011 census:[19]

The historical Samanbahçe neighborhood in the İbrahimpaşa quarter
The Dereboyu region in the Köşklüçiftlik quarter at night
A view in the Bedrettin Demirel Avenue, in Kumsal
Quarter Population
Küçük Kaymaklı 10,572
Ortaköy 8,868
Hamitköy 5,338
Haspolat 4,204
Taşkınköy 3,847
Yenişehir 3,715
Kızılay 3,535
Marmara 3,081
Göçmenköy 3,003
Köşklüçiftlik 2,939
Aydemet 2,314
Kumsal 1,855
Yenicami 1,663
Çağlayan 1,307
Selimiye 878
Akkavuk 793
Abdi Çavuş 568
İbrahimpaşa 566
Arabahmet 561
Ayluka 489
Karamanzade 351
Mahmutpaşa 314
Kafesli 233
İplikpazarı 229
Haydarpaşa 155

Cityscape

The walled city

Sarayönü
The Büyük Han
The Selimiye Mosque

The walled city of Nicosia is very rich in history, culture and architecture. The northern part is richer in historical buildings and cultural works, with its Selimiye quarter retaining its complete historical character and atmosphere.[20] The walled city overall has been declared a protected area by the Turkish Cypriot Department of Antiquities, and 672 buildings and places of historical value have been registered in it.[21]

At the centre of the walled city lies the Atatürk Square, widely known as Sarayönü. The square has been dubbed as "the heart of Nicosia" and historically has been the cultural center of the Turkish Cypriot community, with the visiting Turkish prime ministers having delivered speeches before and during the conflict in Cyprus. It still hosts mass rallies during political campaigns and the headquarters of the National Unity Party.[22][23] In the middle of the square stands the Venetian Column, known simply as "the Obelisk" ("Dikiltaş") to the locals and symbolic of the country's government.[22] The column was brought from the ancient city of Salamis by the Venetians in 1550. The coats of arms of six Italian noble families still remains at the bottom of the column, even though the statue of the lion on it has been replaced with a copper ball.[24] The square used to be the seat of a Lusignan palace, which was replaced with the present-day law courts by the British government.[25]

The Girne Avenue connects Sarayönü to the Kyrenia Gate and the İnönü Square in front of it. The avenue has been described as "the symbol of the walled city", and is filled with numerous shops and restaurants.[26] A project is underway as of 2015 to redesign the area with a better infrastructure, visual quality and accessibility.[27]

Near the entrance of the walled city, to the west of the Girne Avenue, lies the Samanbahçe neighbourhood, built in the 19th century by the government, considered to be the first example of social housing in the island. The houses are uniform and contiguous, and in the center of the neighborhood is a historic fountain. Still a residential area, the neighborhood is considered to be one of the best representations of the Cypriot culture.[28]

Further south, next to the Ledra Street checkpoint, is the Arasta area. The area was pedestrianized in 2013 and is home to a network of historic shopping streets, reflecting an eastern shopping tradition with food and traditional items. The area is frequented by tourists.[29][30]

Nearby Büyük Han, the largest caravanserai in the island and considered to be one of the finest buildings in Cyprus, was built in 1572 by the Ottomans. The building has 68 rooms and a small mosque in the middle, and currently functions as a tourist-frequented cultural centre, with souvenir and handicraft shops, cafés with traditional food and cultural activities such as small-scale opera concerts.[31][32][33] Just across from the road is the Kumarcılar Hanı (Gamblers' Inn), built in the 17th century as a typical example of Ottoman trading inns.[34]

Another central point in the walled city is the Selimiye Mosque, originally built as the St. Sophia Cathedral. The mosque is the chief religious centre in Northern Cyprus. It was built between 1209 and 1228 by the Latin Church of Cyprus, in a Gothic style resembling French cathedrals. Its columns are older, from the Roman era, indicating the possible presence of a Byzantine church before its construction. It used to be the place of coronation of Lusignan kings, and was converted to the largest mosque in the island by the Ottomans in 1571. It remains as a chief landmark of the city. Next to the mosque is the Bedesten, a large Greek church in the Byzantine and Gothic styles, built in the 6th and 14th centuries. It was used as a marketplace in the Ottoman era. Today, it is used as a cultural centre where various cultural activities such as concerts and festivals take place.[35][36][37] The two buildings overlook a square, named the Selimiye Square, which also hosts cultural activity and occasional dance shows.[38][39] The Library of Sultan Mahmud II, which hosts manuscripts in Turkish, Arabic and Persian that are over 500 years old and considered fine examples of calligraphy,[37] is also located in the Selimiye Square.[40]

Among the quarters of the old city are Yenicami and Arabahmet. Yenicami hosts the Haydar Pasha Mosque that used to be the second largest church in the city before its conversion by the Ottomans, and with its Gothic architecture, it is home to richly carved doorways. The Arabahmet neighbourhood hosts the Arabahmet Mosque, which was built in 1845.[37]

The Kyrenia Gate and the İnönü Square, at the entrance of the walled city

Metropolitan area

A classical house from the colonial period in Köşklüçiftlik

Outside the walled city, North Nicosia has expanded to become a large city, with an urban area that has absorbed the neighboring town of Gönyeli and the former village of Hamitköy that is part of the Nicosia Turkish Municipality. The larger North Nicosia metropolitan area by definition includes the Haspolat region which is also considered to be a part of the city proper as it is within the Nicosia Turkish Municipality jurisdiction, the municipality of Alayköy and the village of Kanlıköy under the jurisdiction of Gönyeli, where North Nicosia is projected to grow. The metropolitan area has an area of 165.2 square kilometres.[2]

The quarters of Nicosia outside the walled city are more spacious than the walled city, with wider roads and junctions. These areas are characterized by multi-floor concrete buildings. In the outskirts of the city, a number large and imposing villas have been built that belong to the middle and upper-classes.[41] Upper and middle class Turkish Cypriots have left the walled city to settle in areas such as Küçük Kaymaklı and Hamitköy, which have seen a corresponding boom in economic and commercial activity.[42][43] As the city started to expand out of the walled city in the first half of the city, large and imposing houses were built in the Köşklüçiftlik and Çağlayan areas, which characterize these central quarters today. The Yenişehir quarter was planned by the British administration in the 1940s in an optimal design to minimize distances and allow healthy social interaction, and the quarter is still considered as a masterpiece of city planning in Cyprus.[44]

Demographics

North Nicosia is mainly inhabited by Turkish Cypriots and Turkish settlers (including migrant workers). Turkish settlers make up the majority of the population in the walled city, while Turkish Cypriots predominantly inhabit the areas of the city outside the walls. Turkish Cypriots follow a more secularized lifestyle than the more conservative settlers, leading to tension between the communities.[45] However, in the 2010s, a significant number of settled workers in the walled city left Northern Cyprus.[46]

Historically, Turkish Cypriots had concentrated to the north of the riverbed and Greek Cypriots to the south.[47] The Green Line was drawn to separate the Turkish quarters of the city from the Greek quarters,[48] and 7000 Turkish Cypriots, around 30% of the Turkish population of Greater Nicosia, were displaced from quarters of the walled city and some suburbs such as Küçük Kaymaklı/Omorphita. North Nicosia also received a great number of displaced Turkish Cypriots from surrounding villages.[49] The Göçmenköy quarter (literally meaning "village of the displaced") was founded to resettle these displaced people.[50][51] The Arab Ahmet quarter had had an Armenian Cypriot presence since the Ottoman conquest; having been a minority until the 1920s, they constituted the overwhelming majority of the area by the 1950s. 200 Armenians from Arab Ahmet, Köşklüçiftlik and Kumsal fled the quarter during the inter-communal violence of 1963.[52][53] Greek Cypriots fled from the Ayluka/Ayios Loukas quarter in 1963, and from the Trachones/Kızılbaş and Küçük Kaymaklı/Omorphita quarters in 1974. The number of Greek Cypriots displaced from these quarters in 1974 was around 4700.[49]

Economy

A central point in the city where the Dereboyu Avenue and the Bedrettin Demirel Avenue intersect
The Arasta region next to the Ledra Street checkpoint functions like a typical eastern bazaar and is popular with tourists

North Nicosia is the financial and economic centre of Northern Cyprus. In 2012, Lefkoşa District had 39.9% of the workplaces and 49.5% of the employees in Northern Cyprus.[54] The Central Bank of Northern Cyprus is located on the Bedrettin Demirel Avenue.[55] The city has seen great urban growth in the last decades, but the authorities have been criticized over the lack of city planning.[56] Between 2008 and 2010, the construction rates in the North Nicosia urban area grew by 23.9%, with the largest boom observed in the construction of new industrial facilities in the city, which grew by 87.5% over two years. North Nicosia also grew in importance as a centre of commerce as the construction of offices grew by 74.2%.[57] Recently, programmes have been put to place to regulate the growth of the city that has expanded uncontrollably. North Nicosia has been identified as a city with a high amount of development and welfare.[58]

One aspect of North Nicosia that gives it the advantage for economical growth is its central position in Northern Cyprus, where transport links from Kyrenia, Famagusta and Morphou intersect. North Nicosia is home to the Nicosia International Fair and an Organized Industrial Area, where many businesses and manufacturers are located. Their location, along with other facilities such as the large sports complex, were chosen to be on the connection between the highways linking Morphou to Famagusta. North Nicosia hugely influences the economy of the surrounding district, as far as the Ercan International Airport, along with Dikomo in the Girne District.[2]

The economy in the walled city has stagnated through the 2000s and 2010s, with the central Municipal Market losing its popularity,[59] even though it has started to receive investment as of 2014[60] and programs have been put to place to reinvigorate the region with cultural activities being organized.[61] In 2014, the Arasta shopping region close to the Ledra Street crossing was pedestrianized, which increased the popularity of the area.[62]

Tourism is an important sector of the economy. In 2012, North Nicosia hosted more than 146,000 tourists, accounting for 13.8% of the total touristic stays in Northern Cyprus.[63] In 2008, after the opening of the Ledra Street crossing, the Arasta area saw an influx of visitors as around 2300 Greek Cypriots and tourists used the crossing to cross into the area daily.[64] The city has seen the construction of large hotels in the late 2000s and early 2010s. The constructions have changed the city's skyline, with the newly constructed Merit Hotel on the Bedrettin Demirel Avenue and the Golden Tulip Hotel in the Dereboyu region being highly visible high-rises. The country's oldest hotel, the Saray Hotel was also renovated and each of the three hotels has its own casino, with a total capacity of around 700 people.[65][66][67]

The city saw around 117 million Turkish liras of new construction in the year 2011 alone. In this year, a large amount of construction of dwellings was observed especially in the Hamitköy area and Gönyeli, which is part of the Nicosia urban area, but also in the regions of Küçük Kaymaklı and Aydemet region, indicating a residential growth in these areas.[68]

Culture

North Nicosia is home to cultural diversity. Students from different backgrounds in the universities celebrate their national festivals with activities, at which their national dances and traditions are performed.[69][70] Different religious groups conduct cultural activities; the Alevi Cultural Association is headquartered in Nicosia.[71]

The 2014 Rock 'n Cyprus Festival

The Near East University annually holds a spring fest, during which famous Turkish Cypriot, Turkish and international singers and bands perform, dance festivals, sports and board game competitions are held.[72] In 2014, the university built the Park Near East on an area of 220,000 thousand square metres, and the concerts of Deep Purple and Turkish bands such as Yüksek Sadakat drew tens of thousands of spectators from Cyprus and Turkey. During the festival, the Moscow State Ballet also performed in the university. It also hosts the annual Rock 'n Cyprus festival, at which bands from Turkey perform,[73] and organizes the NEU Nicosia Carnival at the Dereboyu region of the city, at which the students display their culture and the locals crowd into the streets.[74]

The city has hosted other musical organizations, such as the Shark Virgin Island Festival, which is the greatest electronic music organisation in the island. The Dereboyu region has become a centre of entertainment, where street parties,[75] festivals and concerts of local bands and singers take place.[76] The walled city has also seen investment in the recent years, with cultural centres and bars being opened.[60][77] To reinvigorate the region, monthly street parties are organized.[78]

Fine arts

The city has fine arts institutions at university levels, with the fine arts faculties of the Near East University and Cyprus International University. The universities contribute to the artistic culture of the city by participating in exhibitions and competitions, and students are involved in creating artistic depictions of Nicosia.[79] In 2014, an arts and culture centre in the Arabahmet region was reopened with the contribution of the Girne American University.[80] In 2013, a new exhibition hall was unveiled in the Near East University, whose students participate in organizations abroad.[81][82]

Photography exhibitions and competitions take place in the city, organized by the state and private institutions alike.[83][84] Traditional handicrafts are also actively practiced, with exhibitions taking place.[85]

Museums

The Lusignan House

The city is home to a number of museums. The Dervish Pasha Mansion is similar in architecture to the Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios Mansion, reflecting typical late Ottoman urban architecture, and functions as an ethnographic museum today. It hosts artifacts relating to the Ottoman era and the archaeological history of Cyprus.[86] Another example of a house preserved as such is the Lusignan House, reflecting the architecture of the Lusignan era and the Gothic style, and is furnished with Lusignan and Ottoman items.[87]

The Mevlevi Tekke Museum used to be the headquarters of the Mevlevi sect, associated with the Whirling Dervishes. It was designed for purposes that are similar to monasteries, and now functions as an ethnographic museum as well, reflecting the rites of the sect.[88]

The Lapidary Museum was originally built as a guesthouse for the pilgrims visiting the St. Sophia Cathedral (now the Selimiye Mosque). It hosts a collection of architectural artifacts and antiquities that have been excavated.[89]

The Near East University campus is also home to three museums: the Communications Museum, the Art Museum and the Classical Cars Museum.[90]

Performing arts

Cyprus Theater Festival, held in the Near East University, attracts full halls of audiences
Members of the Lefkoşa Municipal Orchestra performing in Büyük Han

The Turkish Cypriot State Theatre and Nicosia Municipal Theater are headquartered in Nicosia and put on a number of plays each year. The Nicosia Turkish Municipality organizes the Cyprus Theatre Festival annually, and prominent theatrical groups from Turkey as well as the Nicosia Municipal Theatre participate in the festival that takes place in the Atatürk Culture and Congress Centre of the Near East University. Theatre is very popular in Northern Cyprus, and as such, long queues form for the ticket sales of the festival, with the number of theatre-goers increasing every year.[91][92][93] The Nicosia Municipal Theatre children as well[94] and the Gönyeli municipality holds its own theatre workshop that puts on plays.[95] Nicosia Artistic Theatre is another theatrical group that is active in the city.[96]

Nicosia Turkish Municipality founded its Lefkoşa Municipal Orchestra[97] in 1987. Since then, the orchestra has grown and developed several branches, including the Children's Choir, Folk Music Choir, Pop Orchestra, Latin Orchestra and the Chamber Music Orchestra, with about 90 participants, most of whom are volunteers. The orchestra frequently delivers concerts and participates in big musical festivals held in the country. At times, the orchestra delivers concerts at open spaces, such as parks and squares. It also holds composing contests.[98] The city is home to the annual Nicosia Walled City Jazz Festival, at which both local and Turkish jazz musicians take the stage.[99]

The city hosts several folk dance groups, which organize annual festivals to perform Cypriot folk dances.[100] The foreign students or delegations visiting universities perform their own traditional dances.[101] The city hosts folk dance shows of children from other countries in the annual children's day on 23 April.[102] North Nicosia annually hosts the Nicosia International Folk Dance Festival, where groups from various countries perform all around the city in parks and squares.[39]

Several modern dance activities also take place in the city, where several dance schools are established. Internationally renowned musicals and dance shows are performed in front of crowded audiences in the Atatürk Culture and Congress Centre.[103][104] In 2010, the city was part of the international Earthdance activity, which was witnessed by thousands of locals.[38]

Education

The Near East University Faculty of Medicine and the hospital
A view from the Cyprus International University campus

Nicosia is the seat of three Turkish Cypriot universities, namely the Near East University (NEU), Cyprus International University (CIU) and the University of Mediterranean Karpasia. It also hosts a campus of the Turkish Anadolu University, along with two vocational schools (Atatürk Academy of Teachers and the Police Academy) that are equivalent to universities. As of the 2014–2015 educational year, North Nicosia is home to a student population of over 34,000; Near East University is the largest university in Northern Cyprus with 25,068 students; Cyprus International University has 8324 students and the University of Mediterranean Karpasia has 632.[105] The universities are home to great diversity, with the Near East University and Cyprus International University having students from 96 and 64 different countries respectively.[106][107]

The Near East University was founded in 1988 and its campus is a few kilometers away from Nicosia proper.[108] The Cyprus International University followed in 1997 with a campus that is located at the Haspolat region, outside the proper city of Nicosia.[109][110] The University of Mediterranean Karpasia was founded in 2011, and is located at a building in the Küçük Kaymaklı region, within the city of Nicosia.[111]

The Near East University owns a supercomputer that ranks the 13th in the world and the first in the region in terms of computation speed and capacity, used to help universities from Turkey in their research along with the university itself, and has participated in the Large Hadron Collider experiment at CERN, as well as Ebola virus disease treatment research.[112][113][114] The NEU has also locally developed and manufactured a completely solar energy-powered car[115] and has research centers in topics ranging from tissue engineering to history.[116] The Cyprus International University is home to eight research centers. Examples of research conducted include excavations that have uncovered the earliest human bones that have ever been found in Cyprus and possible devices that could be implanted on the human body to facilitate communication.[117]

The Grand Library of the Near East University is home to over 1 million printed and 150 million electronic resources and is visited by more than 7000 people daily, and agreements have been signed to share these resources with Turkish institutions.[118][119][120]

In the North Nicosia urban area there are 21 state-owned institutions that offer primary education, along with three special institutions for children with disabilities.[121] The city hosts three kinds of high schools: state-owned highschools (lise) that teach in Turkish, state-owned "colleges" (kolej) that teach in English and private high schools. The Türk Maarif Koleji is a state-owned high school with over 1000 students that teaches in English, was established in 1964 and prepares students for the British educational system.[122] The private high schools in Nicosia are the Near East College, the Levent College and the TED College.[123] There are also the state-owned Anadolu High School of Fine Arts[124] and four vocational high schools.[125]

Transport

A bus stop on Bedrettin Demirel Avenue

North Nicosia is a major transport hub in Northern Cyprus, where the highways from the other major cities of Northern Cyprus, Famagusta, Kyrenia and Morphou intersect. It is connected to the other cities with modern, four-lane highways: the D-30 highway from Morphou to Famagusta passes through Nicosia, D-25 to Kyrenia.[2] Ercan International Airport has been used for international flights. There is no train or metro system nor plans to develop one. In 2011, plans to build a tram system were put forward but rejected, yet the popular opinion is strongly in favor of establishing one.[126]

North Nicosia has seen the construction of new highways and roads recently to solve its traffic problem, including the construction of two ringroads in the 2010s. One of these links the Metehan area and indirectly the Dereboyu region to Alayköy and indirectly the highway to Morphou, and was completed and opened to public traffic in 2014.[127] The other one, the Nicosia Northern Ringroad, is currently under construction and will connect D-30 from Famagusta to Morphou directly to D-25 from Kyrenia, preventing the entry of vehicles from Kyrenia going to the airport and from Famagusta to Kyrenia, Gönyeli or Morphou into the city. It was scheduled to be completed in 2016.[128][129]

The company of LETTAŞ provides bus services in North Nicosia.[130] Buses are the only form of public transport available, and the system is considered unreliable due to the unplanned city growth, resulting in private cars being the primary means of transport.[131] There is a bus terminal in the region of Yenişehir.[132] The walled city has been facilitated to be easily navigable on foot, but the municipality has been criticized over the lack of a reliable system of public transport.[56]

Sports

Nicosia Atatürk Stadium
CIU Arena, the sports complex of the Cyprus International University that is the largest in Northern Cyprus

North Nicosia hosts four out of the fourteen teams of the Turkish Cypriot Süper Lig, the top football division in Northern Cyprus: Çetinkaya, Yenicami, Küçük Kaymaklı and Gönyeli.[133] Çetinkaya is the most successful Turkish Cypriot team with 14 titles, and teams from Nicosia have won the majority of the trophies in the league to this day. Çetinkaya is also the oldest member of the league, founded in 1930, and holds the distinction of having won the united Cypriot league prior to the division. There is also a large following of Turkish football teams in the city, with celebrations in the Dereboyu area for their victories.[134]

The city annually hosts the Nicosia Marathon, to which over a thousand people participated in 2014, including leading political figures. The marathon passes through the city's popular avenues and landmarks with the categories of 4, 8 and 21 kilometres, the 4 km being regarded as a public walk.[135][136] Among the other sports events in the city is the Lefkoşa Open tennis tournament.[137] Lefkoşa Beach Volley Arena located in the city hosts the annual Zafer Beach Volleyball Cup that are part of the Turkish national cup.[138] In 2015, the city hosted the first Nicosia Youth and Sports Festival, encompassing a number of sports activities from 22 sports,[139] including a street basketball event, tennis, handball, shooting, boxing and table tennis tournaments.[140]

North Nicosia is home to several sports venues. The center of sports in the city is considered to be the Atatürk Sports Complex, home of the Nicosia Atatürk Stadium, which is the biggest stadium in the island with a capacity of 28,000 people. The stadium is the home of Çetinkaya and Yenicami.[141] The sports complex also hosts the Atatürk Sports Hall, which functions as an arena for basketball, volleyball[142] and handball,[143] the Atatürk Indoor Swimming Pool, where popular swimming completitions are held with Turkish teams also participating,[144][145] tennis courts[146] and headquarters of the Turkish Cypriots sports federations of several branches. The complex also hosts an athlete training facility, and is accessible to disabled athletes.[147] The Nicosia Turkish Municipality is active in terms of building new sports facilities and has done so in the Metehan area,[148] with projects underway in the Hamitköy and Haspolat regions.[149]

North Nicosia has hosted international sports organizations. It hosted the 9th Global Taekwondo Federation World Taekwondo Championship in 2013[150] and the Economic Cooperation Organization University Games in 2013. Its prospects of hosting and participating in many international tournaments are hindered by an international sports embargo.[151] It was also part of the annual Cyprus Rally in 2014, which garnered huge popular attention and attracted crowds.[152]

The universities contribute significantly to the sports life of North Nicosia. The Near East University has the only olympic pool in the island with an area of 2700 square metres, and over 12000 people have attended swimming courses in the pool.[153] It also has a modern sports hall and a health and wellness campus covering more than 2000 square metres.[154] Its water ballet team carries out regular performances[155] and is active in several branches.[156] The CIU Arena of the Cyprus International University has a total area of 22,500 square metres and is the biggest integrated sports complex in Northern Cyprus. It hosts an indoor sports hall, an indoor swimming pool, tennis courts and other facilities from a beach handball arena to a climbing wall.[157] It also has the CIU Foxes teams, whose men's handball branch won the national league two times in a row.[158]

International relations

North Nicosia is twinned with:

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Lament-Türkü Tradition in Cyprus" (PDF). Çukurova Üniversity. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Başlangıç" (PDF). TRNC Department of City Planning. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  3. ↑ KKTC 2011 Nüfus ve Konut Sayımı [TRNC 2011 Population and Housing Census] (PDF), TRNC State Planning Organization, 6 August 2013, p. 16
  4. ↑ "Cyprus". Lcweb2.loc.gov. 1967-11-20. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  5. ↑ indley, Dan. Promoting peace with information: transparency as a tool of security regimes (2007) Princeton University Press, p.87
  6. ↑ "Nicosia Municipality". Nicosia.org.cy. Retrieved 2012-03-10.
  7. ↑ Solsten, Eric. "Intercommunal Violence". US Library of Congress. Retrieved 2012-06-18.
  8. ↑ "CYPRUS: Big Troubles over a Small Island". TIME. 29 July 1974.
  9. ↑ Alford, Jonathan. Adelphi papers, Issues 149–164 (1979), International Institute for Strategic Studies, p. 18.
  10. ↑ Emotion as Cyprus border opens (BBC News) Retrieved on 2012-06-18.
  11. ↑ Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Cyprus
  12. ↑ Symbolic Cyprus crossing reopens (BBC News) Retrieved on 2012-06-18.
  13. ↑ The Constitution – Appendix D: Part 12 – Miscellaneous Provisions
  14. ↑ "Belediye Başkanı". Nicosia Turkish Municipality. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
  15. ↑ "Lefkoşa’da sol ittifak: Bu daha başlangıç!". Birgün. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
  16. ↑ "Belediye Meclisi". Nicosia Turkish Municipality. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
  17. ↑ "Belediyemizin Tarihçesi". Nicosia Turkish Municipality. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  18. ↑ Bağışkan, Tuncer. "Lefkoşa'nın Mahalleleri". Yeni Düzen. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  19. ↑ "Tablo 3. İlçe, Bucak, Belediye, Mahalle ve Cinsiyete göre sürekli ikamet eden nüfus, 2011". TRNC State Planning Organization. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  20. ↑ "6.12: Kentsel Koruma" (PDF) (in Turkish). TRNC Department of City Planning. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  21. ↑ "Lefkoşa Kentsel Sit Alanı" (PDF) (in Turkish). TRNC Department of City Planning. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  22. 1 2 "İki paradan bir milyona... Saraçoğlu’ndan Ecevit’e...". kibris.net. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  23. ↑ "UBP Sarayönü Genel Merkez binasında heyecanlı bekleyiş sürüyor". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  24. ↑ "Venedik Sütunu". Nicosia Turkish Municipality. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  25. ↑ Dizdarlı, Bülent. "Orta çağ taş müzesi ve bir turistin düşündürdükleri…". Haber Kıbrıs. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  26. ↑ "Girne Caddesi'nin dokusu değişecek". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  27. ↑ "Başkent Lefkoşa'ya yeni çehre". Genç TV. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  28. ↑ "Samanbahçe Evleri". Nicosia Turkish Municipality. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  29. ↑ "Arasta". LTB. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  30. ↑ "Asmaaltı ve Arasta'ya Çöp Bidonları". Kıbrıs Time. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  31. ↑ "Arasta boş, Büyük Han kaynıyor!". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  32. ↑ "Büyük Han". LTB. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  33. ↑ "Büyük Han’da opera sürprizi". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  34. ↑ "Kumarcılar Hanı". LTB. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  35. ↑ "Selimiye Cami". LTB. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  36. ↑ "Trio Arion oda müziği konserler dizisi yarın başlıyor". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  37. 1 2 3 Dreghorn, William. "The Antiquities of Turkish Nicosia". stwing.upenn.edu. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  38. 1 2 "Earthdance Nicosia'da dans ve müzik barış için buluştu". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  39. 1 2 "Festival coşkusu sürüyor". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  40. ↑ "Sultan 2. Mahmut Kütüphane". LTB. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  41. ↑ "Urbanization in Cyprus". Eastern Geography Review. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  42. ↑ "Omorfita". PRIO Displacement Center. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  43. ↑ "Hamid Mandres". PRIO Displacement Centre. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  44. ↑ "Lefkoşa'nın ilk planlı varoşu: Yenişehir". Havadis. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  45. ↑ Hatay, Mete (2008). "The Problem of Pigeons: Orientalism, Xenophobia and a Rhetoric of the "Local" in Northern Cyprus" (PDF). The Cyprus Review. 20 (2). Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  46. ↑ "Surlariçi boşalıyor mu?" (in Turkish). Haber Kıbrıs. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  47. ↑ Bryant, Rebecca; Papadakis, Yiannis (2012), Cyprus and the Politics of Memory: History, Community and Conflict, I.B.Tauris, p. 168, ISBN 1780761074
  48. ↑ Borowiec, Andrew (2000). Cyprus: A Troubled Island. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 87.
  49. 1 2 "Nicosia / Lefkosa". Prio Cyprus Displacement Center. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  50. ↑ Uludağ, Sevgül. "Lefkoşa'nın belleğine yolculuk: Hüseyin Çakmak...". stwing.upenn.edu. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  51. ↑ Hastürer, Hasan. "Göçmenlik... Göçmen evleri... Göçmenköy...". Kıbrıs. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  52. ↑ Coexistence in the Disappeared Mixed Neighbourhoods of Nicosia by Ahmet An (Paper read at the conference: Nicosia: The Last Divided Capital in Europe, organized by the London Metropolitan University on 20 June 2011)
  53. ↑ Gürkan, Haşmet Muzaffer. Dünkü ve Bugünkü Lefkoşa (in Turkish) (3rd ed.). Galeri Kültür. pp. 117–8. ISBN 9963660037.
  54. ↑ "2012 Yılı Genel Sanayi ve İşyerleri Sayımı" (PDF). TRNC State Planning Organization. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  55. ↑ "Central Bank of TRNC". Central Bank of TRNC. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  56. 1 2 "Mimarlar Odası Başkanı Azmi Öge: "Çarpık şehir..."". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  57. ↑ "Ocak 2008 – Eylül 2010 Tarihleri Arasında Şehir Planlama Dairesinden Planlama Onayı Verilen Yeni İnşaat Amaçlı Tasarı Gelişmelerin Bölgelere ve Arazi Kullanımlarına Göre Dağılımları" (PDF). TRNC Department of City Planning. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  58. ↑ "http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/?p=591345". Kıbrıs. Retrieved 4 January 2015. External link in |title= (help)
  59. ↑ "Esnaf: "Bandabulya gittik sonra ölüyor"". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  60. 1 2 "Surlariçi'ne iki buçuk milyon TL'lik yatırım". Havadis. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  61. ↑ "Lefkoşa surlariçi canlanıyor". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  62. ↑ "Asmaaltı ve Arasta Esnafı Derneği, Lefkoşa Surlariçi'nin yayalaştırılmasının yerinde olduğunu belirtti". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  63. ↑ "Çıkış yapan turistlerin ilçe ve konaklama türüne göre dağılımı" (PDF). TRNC State Planning Organization. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  64. ↑ "Lokmacı'daki esnafa kredi". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  65. ↑ "Başkente "Golden Tulip" Asaleti !". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  66. ↑ "Merit Lefkoşa kapılarını misafirlerine açıyor". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  67. ↑ "Saray Otel, yenilenen yüzüyle turizme 'merhaba' demeye hazırlanıyor". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  68. ↑ "Building Construction and Parcel Statistics" (PDF). TRNC State Planning Organization. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  69. ↑ "UKÜ'de Zambiyali öğrenciler Bağımsızlık Günü'nü kutladı". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  70. ↑ "UKÜ'de Nijerya bağımsızlık günü kutlandı". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  71. ↑ "Harmancı ve ekibi seçim çalışmaları kapsamında Alevi Kültür Merkezi'i ziyaret etti". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  72. ↑ "Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi "Neu Spring Fest 2013" tanıtımı gerçekleştirildi". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  73. ↑ "Deep Purple geliyor". Kıbrıs gazetesi. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  74. ↑ "YDÜ Lefkoşa Karnavalı Dereboyu'nda unutulmaz bir gün yaşattı". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  75. ↑ "Telsim'le Dereboyu Sokak Partisi'nde doyasıya eğlendiler". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  76. ↑ "Avrupa Günü bugün Dereboyu'nda festivalle kutlanacak". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  77. ↑ "Surlariçi'nde Caravan Blue geceleri". Kıbrıs. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  78. ↑ "Lefkoşa'nın geceleri canlanıyor! Çıkmaz sokak sizi bekliyor". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  79. ↑ "Genç Sanatçılar Resim Yarışması'na YDÜ Güzel Sanatlar ve Tasarım Fakültesi damgasını vurdu". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  80. ↑ "Arabahmet Kültür ve Sanat Evi'nin restorasyonu tamamlandı". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  81. ↑ "Kıbrıs ve bölgenin sanat merkezi, YDÜ Güzel Sanatlar ve Tasarım Fakültesi". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  82. ↑ "YDÜ Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi "Güzel Sanatlar Eğitimi" Sergi Salonu açıldı". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  83. ↑ "Öztan Özatay 6. Fotoğraf Yarışması'na başvurular başladı". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  84. ↑ "XXIII. Devlet Fotoğraf Yarışması sergisi AKM sergi salonunda açılıyor". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  85. ↑ "El sanatları ve nakışları sergisi 8 Mayıs'ta". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  86. ↑ "Dervish Pasha Mansion". TRNC Department of Antiquities. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  87. ↑ "Lusignan House". TRNC Department of Antiquities. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  88. ↑ "Mevlevi Tekke Museum". TRNC Department of Antiquities. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  89. ↑ "Lapidary Museum". TRNC Department of Antiquities. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  90. ↑ "Museums". NEU. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  91. ↑ Bilet satışı başladı, Yeni Düzen, retrieved on 28 December 2014.
  92. ↑ TRNC State Planning Organization. 2008 Yılı Makroekonomik ve Sektörel Gelişmeler, June 2010, p. 169.
  93. ↑ Kıbrıs Tiyatro Festivali. Nicosia Turkish Municipality and Nicosia Municipal Theatre.
  94. ↑ "Lefkoşa Belediye Tiyatrosu Çocuk ve Gençlik Ekibi". Genç TV. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  95. ↑ "Gönyeli Sam'da "İncir" isimli tiyatro oyunu sahnelenecek". Gündem Kıbrıs. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  96. ↑ "LST, 'Birtakım Azizlikler' ile sezona start verdi". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  97. ↑ "Nicosia Municipality presents theater fest". Hürriyet. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  98. ↑ "Tarihçemiz". Nicosia Municipal Orchestra. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  99. ↑ "2. Lefkoşa Surlariçi Caz Festivali devam ediyor". Gündem Kıbrıs. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  100. ↑ "Lefkoşa’da halk dansları şöleni". Star Kıbrıs. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  101. ↑ "Kazakistan Lefkoşa’ya taşındı". Near East University. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  102. ↑ "KKTC'de, 23 Nisan Etkinliklerle Kutlandı". haberler.com. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  103. ↑ "Dansları ile hayat verdiler". Diyalog. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  104. ↑ "Grease Lefkoşa'da canlanıyor". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  105. ↑ "2014–2015 Güz Dönemi KKTC Üniversitelerine Uyruklarına Göre Kayıtlı Öğrenci Sayıları". TRNC Ministry of Education. Retrieved 3 January 2015. Below are the numbers of students registered in TRNC universities for the 2014–15 autumn term: 25,068 in the Near East University [...] As for the student numbers of our other universities; the Cyprus International University has 8324 [...] the University of Mediterranean Karpasia 632
  106. ↑ "Sayılarla UKÜ". Cyprus International University. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  107. ↑ "KTMM’den Rektör Suat Günsel’e teşekkür plaketi". Crimea News Agency. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  108. ↑ "İletişim Bilgileri". Near East University. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  109. ↑ "Kuruluş Öyküsü ve Felsefemiz". CIU. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  110. ↑ "Kampüs". CIU. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  111. ↑ "Akdeniz Karpaz Üniversitesi Rektörü Yörük, yeni üniversiteyi anlattı". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  112. ↑ "CERN'deki deneye Yakın Doğu'nun süper bilgisayarı da katkı sağlıyor". Zaman. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  113. ↑ "NEU Supercomputer". Near East University. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  114. ↑ "KKTC'deki Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Ebola virüsüne çare arayacak". Bugün. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  115. ↑ "KKTC'nin ilk yerli üretim güneş enerjili arabası MZ 535". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  116. ↑ "Research Centers". Near East University. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  117. ↑ "Araştırma Merkezleri". Cyprus International University. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  118. ↑ "YDÜ- TC Kültür Bakanlığı İşbirliği Protokolü Türkiye Basınında". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  119. ↑ "Grand Library". NEU. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  120. ↑ "İşte Türk'lerin Kütüphanesi". Hürriyet. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  121. ↑ "Lefkoşa ilçesinde bulunan ilköğretim okullarımız". TRNC Ministry of Education. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  122. ↑ "School Profile". Türk Maarif Koleji. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  123. ↑ "Genel Ortaöğretim Dairesine bağlı okullarımız". TRNC Ministry of Education. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  124. ↑ "Aim and Mission". Anadolu Güzel Sanatlar Lisesi. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  125. ↑ "Mesleki Teknik Öğretim Dairesine bağlı okullarımız". TRNC Ministry of Education. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  126. ↑ "Lefkoşalı da tramvay istiyor!". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  127. ↑ "Metehan-Güzelyurt yolu açılıyor". Kıbrıs. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  128. ↑ "Lefkoşa trafiğine iki çevre yolu". Haber KKTC. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  129. ↑ "Lefkoşa Çevre Yolu projesi hızla ileriliyor". BRT. 30 August 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  130. ↑ "Kurban bayramı yarın başlıyor". Star Kıbrıs. 19 December 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  131. ↑ "Gelişim Planı" (PDF). TRNC Department of City Planning. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  132. ↑ Nicosia Shopping & Travel Guide, Sü-Ha Tic., p. 80
  133. ↑ "K-Pet Süper Lig Puan Tablosu". Turkish Cypriot Football Federation. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  134. ↑ "Dereboyu şenlendi". Spor Kıbrıs. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  135. ↑ "Lefkoşa Maratonu başladı". Spor Kıbrıs. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  136. ↑ "Lefkoşa Maratonu tamamlandı". Akdeniz News Agency. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  137. ↑ "Merit Lefkoşa Open 2014 Tenis Turnuvası’nda Final Zamanı". Spor Kıbrıs. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  138. ↑ "Arena şenlendi". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  139. ↑ "Gençler ‘Festival’de yarışacak". Yeni Düzen. 14 May 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  140. ↑ ""Spor Festivali" başladı". Havadis. 16 May 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  141. ↑ "Stadiums in Northern Cyprus". World Stadiums. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  142. ↑ "Filede final zamanı". BRT. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  143. ↑ "Hentbolda üç karşılaşma oynandı". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  144. ↑ "Atatürk Kapalı Yüzme Havuzu Açıldı". Gündem Kıbrıs. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  145. ↑ "Yüzmede ödül günü". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  146. ↑ "KKTC-TC 14 Yaş Genç Milli Takımlar Turnuvası Şampiyonları Belli Oldu". Turkish Tennis Federation. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  147. ↑ "Engelli Sporculara Kuzey Kıbrıs Turkcell Dopingi". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  148. ↑ "Lefkoşa Türk Belediyesi 'den Metehan'a dev hizmet". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  149. ↑ "LTB Hamitköy ve Haspolat için Spor Kompleksi inşa edecek". Haber Kıbrıs. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  150. ↑ "ORGANİZE ETTİĞİMİZ VE KATILDIĞIMIZ MİLLİ VE İKİLİ TEMASLAR (1979 –2013)". TRNC Taekwondo Federation. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  151. ↑ "Kıbrıs, ilk uluslararası spor organizasyonuna imza attı". Zaman. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  152. ↑ "Bir rallinin ardından…". Gündem Kıbrıs. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  153. ↑ "Olimpik Kapalı Yüzme Havuzu". Near East University. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  154. ↑ "Health and Wellness Center". NEU. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  155. ↑ "Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Su Balesi Takımı'nın muhteşem gösterisi". Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  156. ↑ "Social and Cultural Activities". Near East University. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  157. ↑ "CIU Arena Sports Complex". CIU. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  158. ↑ "CIU "Foxes" Teams". CIU. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  159. ↑ "Kardeş Kentleri Listesi ve 5 Mayıs Avrupa Günü Kutlaması [via WaybackMachine.com]" (in Turkish). Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi – Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
  160. ↑ "Ankara – Twin Towns". © Ankara-City.sk. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
  161. ↑ "Kardeş Şehirler". Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi Basın Koordinasyon Merkez. Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
  162. ↑ "Gaziantep – Twin Towns". © Gaziantep-City.sk. Retrieved 2013-10-19.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.