North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone

Cumulative track map of all North Indian Ocean cyclones from 1970 to 2005

In the Indian Ocean north of the equator, tropical cyclones can form throughout the year on either side of India. On the east side is the Bay of Bengal, and on the west side is the Arabian Sea.

Sub-basins

The Bay of Bengal, located in the northeast of the Indian Ocean, is responsible for the formation of some of the strongest and deadliest tropical cyclones in the world. The basin is abbreviated BOB by the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center of the basin. The Bay of Bengal's coast is shared among India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and western part of Thailand. The strongest storm in the bay was the 1999 Odisha cyclone. As the remnants impact Tibet and Yunnan sometimes, the National Meteorological Center of CMA also issues full advisories to cyclonic storms in this basin.^[1]

The Arabian Sea is a sea located in the northwest of the Indian Ocean. Tropical cyclones in the basin are abbreviated ARB by the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) of the basin. The Arabian Sea's coast is shared among India, Yemen, Oman, Iran, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Somalia.^[2] Monsoons are characteristic of the Arabian Sea and responsible for the yearly cycling of its waters. In summer, strong winds blow from the southwest to the northeast, bringing rain to the Indian subcontinent. During the winter, the winds are milder and blow in the opposite direction, from the northeast to the southwest.^[2] Cyclones are rare in the Arabian Sea, but the basin can produce strong tropical cyclones. Super Cyclonic Storm Gonu was the strongest recorded tropical cyclone in the basin.^[3]^[4] ^[5] However, storms typically do not reach a high intensity in the Arabian Sea due to the small amount of water, dry air coming from the desert of the Arabian Peninsula, and unfavorable wind shear from the monsoon.^[6]

History of the basin

The systematic scientific studies of tropical systems in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea was started during the 19th century by Henry Piddington.^[7] Piddington utilised meteorological logs of vessels that navigated the seas and published a series of memoirs, in the “Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal” between 1839 and 1858.^[7] These memoirs gave accounts and tracks of individual storms in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.^[7]

During the 2004 post monsoon season the IMD started to name tropical cyclones within the basin, with the first one named Cyclone Onil during September 2004.^[8]

During 2015 a modification to the intensity scale took place, with the IMD and WMO calling a system with 3-minute maximum sustained wind speeds between 90 knots (165 km/h; 105 mph) and 120 knots (220 km/h; 140 mph) an extremely severe cyclonic storm.^[9]

Water temperatures in the Arabian Sea are typically warm enough to allow for tropical cyclogenesis year round, although strong wind shear from the monsoon trough prevents formation in the summer months and limits intensity other times of the year. An increase in air pollution since the 1930s caused a decrease in the wind shear, allowing storms to have become stronger since 1979.^[10]

Years

Period	Seasons
1900s	Pre-1980, 1970, 1980-1984, 1985-1988, 1989
90s	1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999
2000s	2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
2010s	2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017

Tropical Cyclone seasons

1890s

Year	D	CS	SCS^{[A 1]}	Notes
1890	10	4	1
1891	13	4	3	Total includes 1 Land Severe Cyclonic Storm
1892	12	7	2
1893	12	10	4
1894	12	6	0
1895	11	5	4
1896	10	8	3
1897	12	6	8
1898	13	7	3
1899	7	3	0
References^[11]

1900s

Year	D	CS	SCS^{[A 1]}
1900	10	3	1
1901	6	3	2
1902	13	7	5
1903	14	8	2
1904	9	4	0
1905	10	6	0
1906	11	7	1
1907	15	8	4
1908	9	6	1
1909	8	8	4
References^[11]

1910s

Year	D	CS	SCS^{[A 1]}
1910	6	5	2
1911	7	5	4
1912	9	6	2
1913	10	6	2
1914	8	4	2
1915	9	6	0
1916	14	8	5
1917	10	3	1
1918	11	5	0
1919	11	6	3
References^[11]

1920s

Year	D	CS	SCS^{[A 1]}
1920	9	5	0
1921	10	4	1
1922	13	6	6
1923	16	4	3
1924	13	6	0
1925	20	7	3
1926	13	10	3
1927	18	7	2
1928	13	7	0
1929	15	6	0
References^[11]

1930s

Year	D	CS	SCS^{[A 1]}
1930	14	10	1
1931	11	5	1
1932	14	6	2
1933	16	8	3
1934	16	5	0
1935	15	6	2
1936	17	6	3
1937	19	6	2
1938	10	4	4
1939	19	7	3
References^[11]

1940s

Year	D	CS	SCS^{[A 1]}
1940	16	8	5
1941	19	8	4
1942	14	5	2
1943	14	7	1
1944	19	8	2
1945	15	3	2
1946	17	5	1
1947	18	4	2
1948	18	6	3
1949	12	1	1
References^[11]

1950s

Year	D	CS	SCS^{[A 1]}
1950	16	4	0
1951	15	4	2
1952	17	4	2
1953	10	1	1
1954	14	1	0
1955	13	6	2
1956	14	4	2
1957	7	4	2
1958	12	5	2
1959	16	6	3
References^[11]

1960s

This ESSA 3 satellite image was taken on November 3, 1966 at 0819 UTC of a tropical cyclone striking Madras, India

Year	D	CS	SCS^{[A 1]}	Strongest storm	Deaths	Damages (USD)	Notes
1960	15	5	3	Ten	7004202990000000000♠20,299	>7006940000000000000♠$9.4 million	Vast majority of the fatalities resulted from two cyclones striking East Pakistan three weeks apart
1961	18	5	4	Three	7004115250000000000♠11,525	0 !Unknown	Three land depressions developed this season
1962	13	5	3	Twelve	7002769000000000000♠769	7007345000000000000♠$34.5 million	Deadliest storm, Harriet, crossed over from the Western Pacific
1963	17	6	4	Three	7004117350000000000♠11,735	0 !Unknown	Strongest storm was equivalent to a super cyclonic storm; had the lowest measured pressure in the basin at the time at 919.9 mbar (hPa; 27.17 inHg)
1964	16	7	5	Sixteen	>7003182700000000000♠1,827	>7008150000000000000♠$150 million	Strongest storm was equivalent to a super cyclonic storm
1965	14	6	4
1966	18	8	6
1967	15	6	4
1968	13	7	4
1969	14	6	1
References^[11]

1970s

Year	D	CS	SCS^{[A 1]}	Strongest storm	Deaths	Damages (USD)	Notes
1970	15	7	3	Bhola Cyclone	300,000-500,000	86.4 million	The Bhola Cyclone is the deadliest tropical cyclone recorded worldwide
1971	15	7	6
1972	18	7	6
1973	16	6	3
1974	12	7	3
1975	20	7	4
1976	14	10	7
1977	18	5	5
1978	14	5	3
1979	11	5	4
References^[11]

1980s

Year	D	CS	SCS^{[A 1]}	Strongest storm	Deaths	Damages (USD)	Notes
1980	14	3	0
1981	12	6	3
1982	20	5	5
1983	8	3	2
1984	7	3	3
1985	15	7	2
1986	8	1	0
1987	9	5	3
1988	9	3	2
1989	10	3	5	Gay	1,785	25.27 Million	Gay crossed over from the West Pacific Basin
References^[11]

1990s

Year	D	DD	CS	SCS	VSCS	ESCS	SuCS^{[A 1]}	Strongest storm	Deaths	Damages (USD)	Notes and References
1990	11	6	2	2	1	1	1	BOB 01	7002967000000000000♠967	7008900000000000000♠$900 million	^[12]^[13]
1991	8	4	3	1	1	1	1	BOB 01	138000 !>138 000	1500000000 !1.5 billion	^[13]
1992	12	11	7	2	1	1	0	Forrest	000189 !189	124000000 !124.1 million	Forrest crossed over from the West Pacific Basin
1993	4	3	2	2	2	1	0	BOB 03	000600 !600
1994	8	4	4	4	2	1	0	ARB 01	000285 !285	125000000 !125 million
1995	8	6	3	2	2	1	0	04B	000071 !71
1996	9	7	5	4	2	0	0	BOB 05	001243 !1243
1997	9	7	3	2	1	1	0	BOB 01	000117 !117
1998	13	10	6	5	4	1	0	ARB 02	010212 !>10 212	3 billion
1999	9	6	4	3	3	2	1	BOB 06	15780 !15 870	5 billion	The Orissa cyclone is the strongest cyclone recorded in the Northern Indian Ocean.
References^[11]

2000s

Year	D	DD	CS	SCS	VSCS	ESCS	SuCS^{[A 1]}	Strongest storm	Deaths	Damages (USD)
2000	7	6	5	2	2	2	0	BOB 05	238 !238	7008185000000000000♠$185 million
2001	6	5	4	1	1	1	0	ARB 01	108 !108	7008104000000000000♠$104 million
2002	7	7	4	1	0	0	0	BOB 04	182 !182	7007250000000000000♠$25 million
2003	7	5	3	3	1	0	0	ARB 06	358 !358	7008163000000000000♠$163 million
2004	10	7	4	3	1	1	0	BOB 01	587 !587	7008129800000000000♠$130 million
2005	12	7	3	0	0	0	0	Pyarr	273 !273	7007214000000000000♠$21.4 million
2006	12	6	3	2	1	1	0	Mala	623 !623	7006670000000000000♠$6.7 million
2007	11	8	4	2	2	2	1	Gonu	16248 !16,248	7009640000000000000♠$6.4 billion
2008	10	7	4	1	1	1	0	Nargis	140422 !>140,422	7010147000000000000♠$14.7 billion
2009	8	6	4	1	0	0	0	Aila	421 !421	7008618400000000000♠$618 million
References^[11]

2010s

Year	D	DD	CS	SCS	VSCS	ESCS	SuCS^{[A 1]}	Strongest storm	Deaths	Damages (USD)	Notes
2010	8	6	5	4	2	1	0	Giri	402	7009298500000000000♠$2.99 billion
2011	10	6	2	1	1	0	0	Thane	360	7008277000000000000♠277 million
2012	5	5	2	0	0	0	0	Nilam	128	7007567000000000000♠56.7 million	The first depression of the year did not develop until October 10
2013	10	6	5	4	3	1	0	Phailin	323	7009150000000000000♠1.5 billion
2014	8	5	3	2	2	2	0	Nilofar	183	7009340000000000000♠3.4 billion
2015	12	9	4	2	2	2	0	Chapala	>363	7008258000000000000♠258 million
2016	9	6	4	1	1	0	0	Vardah	403	7009788000000000000♠7.88 billion
2017	5	3	2	1	0	0	0	Mora	254	7008323920000000000♠$324 million	The season witnessed the first ever cyclone to make landfall maintaining peak intensity on Myanmar in April.
References^[11]

Notes

A study analyzing the spring season of tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal^[14] found increases in both premonsoon precipitation and tropical cyclone intensity as a result of enhanced large-scale monsoon circulation after 1979. The deepened monsoon trough in the Bay of Bengal not only affects cyclone frequency and timing, but also acts to direct more cyclones towards Myanmar. Increased anthropogenic aerosols likely contributed to such a regional climate change.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Each column refers to how many Storms developed during the season with D=Depressions, DD=Deep Depressions, CS=Cyclonic Storms, SCS=Severe Cyclonic Storm, VSCS=Very Severe Cyclonic Storm, ESCS=Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm, SUCS=Super Cyclonic Storm. For further details please refer to Tropical cyclone scales

References

↑ Wang, Qian. "全球热带气旋监测报告" (in Chinese). National Meteorological Center of CMA. Archived from the original on 29 May 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
1 2 http://www.mahalo.com/arabian-sea
↑ http://pakistanweatherportal.com/2011/04/10/history-of-cyclones-in-the-arabian-sea/
↑ http://pakistanweatherportal.com/2011/05/14/super-cyclones-future-of-arabian-sea/
↑ http://www.pakweather.com/2013/05/tropics-that-affected-pakistani-coasts.html
↑ Jon Erdman (October 30, 2014). "Cyclone Nilofar Recap". Weather Underground. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
1 2 3 Best track data of tropical cyclonic disturbances over the north Indian Ocean (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. 2009-07-14. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
↑ RSMC — Tropical Cyclones New Delhi (January 2005). Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2014 (PDF) (Report). p. 2. Archived from the original on November 2, 2015.
↑ Third Joint Session of Panel on Tropical Cyclones & Typhoon Committee February 9 – 13, 2015 (PDF). Bangkok, Thailand: World Meterological Organization. p. 10. Archived from the original on November 6, 2015.
↑ Amato T. Evan; James P. Kossin; Chul ‘Eddy’ Chung; V. Ramanathan (2011). "Arabian Sea tropical cyclones intensified by emissions of black carbon and other aerosols". Nature. 479: 94–7. Bibcode:2011Natur.479...94E. PMID 22051678. doi:10.1038/nature10552.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Unattributed (2010-08-31). "Annual frequency of cyclonic disturbances (Maximum sustained windspeeds of 17 knots or more), Cyclones (34 knots or more) and Severe Cyclones (48 knots or more) over the Bay of Bengal (BOB), Arabian Sea (AS) and land surface of India" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
↑ Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre (RSMC) - Tropical Cyclones, New Delhi (January 1992). Report on Cyclonic Disturbances (Depressions and Tropical Cyclones) over North Indian Ocean in 1990 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on January 15, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
1 2 Unattributed (2008-06-26). "Historical records of Severe Cyclones which formed in the Bay of Bengal and made landfall at the eastern coast of India during the period from 1970-1999". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
↑ DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50396 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jgrd.50396/abstract

Natural disasters in India

Famines

Floods and
flash floods

Landslides

Tsunamis

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami (effect on India)

Storms

General	North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
Specific	1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone 2010 Eastern Indian storm

Others

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