Norman Haworth
| Sir (Walter) Norman Haworth | |
|---|---|
|
Norman Haworth | |
| Born |
19 March 1883 Chorley, Lancashire, England |
| Died |
19 March 1950 (aged 67) Barnt Green, Worcestershire, England |
| Nationality | United Kingdom |
| Fields | Organic chemistry |
| Institutions |
University of St. Andrews Durham University University of Birmingham |
| Alma mater |
University of Manchester University of Göttingen |
| Doctoral advisor |
William Henry Perkin, Jr., Otto Wallach |
| Known for | investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C |
| Notable awards |
Davy Medal (1934) Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1937) Royal Medal (1942) |
Sir (Walter) Norman Haworth FRS.[1] (19 March 1883 in White Coppice,[2] Chorley, Lancashire – 19 March 1950 in Barnt Green, Worcestershire) was a British chemist best known for his groundbreaking work on ascorbic acid (vitamin C) while working at the University of Birmingham. He received the 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C". The prize was shared with Swiss chemist Paul Karrer for his work on other vitamins.[3][4]
Haworth worked out the correct structure of a number of sugars, and is known among organic chemists for his development of the Haworth projection that translates three-dimensional sugar structures into convenient two-dimensional graphical form.
Academic career
Having worked for some time from the age of fourteen in the local Ryland's linoleum factory managed by his father, he studied for and successfully passed the entrance examination to the University of Manchester in 1903 to study chemistry. He made this pursuit in spite of active discouragement by his parents. He gained his first-class honours degree in 1906. After gaining his master's degree under William Henry Perkin, Jr., he was awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851[5] and studied at the University of Göttingen earning his PhD in Otto Wallach's laboratory after only one year of study. A DSc from the University of Manchester followed in 1911, after which he served a short time at the Imperial College of Science and Technology as Senior Demonstrator in Chemistry.
In 1912 Haworth became a lecturer at United College of University of St Andrews in Scotland and became interested in carbohydrate chemistry, which was being investigated at St Andrews by Thomas Purdie (1843–1916) and James Irvine (1877–1952). Haworth began his work on simple sugars in 1915 and developed a new method for the preparation of the methyl ethers of sugars using methyl sulfate and alkali (now called Haworth methylation). He then began studies on the structural features of the disaccharides. Haworth organised the laboratories at St Andrews University for the production of chemicals and drugs for the British government during World War I (1914–1918).
He was appointed Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Armstrong College (Newcastle upon Tyne) of Durham University in 1920. The next year Haworth was appointed Head of the Chemistry Department at the college. It was during his time in the North East of England that he married Violet Chilton Dobbie.
In 1925 he was appointed Mason Professor of Chemistry at the University of Birmingham (a position he held until 1948). Among his lasting contributions to science was the confirmation of a number of structures of optically active sugars: by 1928, he had deduced and confirmed, among others, the structures of maltose, cellobiose, lactose, gentiobiose, melibiose, gentianose, raffinose, as well as the glucoside ring tautomeric structure of aldose sugars.
In 1933, working with the then Assistant Director of Research (later Sir) Edmund Hirst and a team led by post-doctoral student Maurice Stacey (who in 1956 rose to the same Mason Chair), having properly deduced the correct structure and optical-isomeric nature of vitamin C, Haworth reported the synthesis of the vitamin.[6] Haworth had been given his initial reference sample of "water-soluble vitamin C" or "hexuronic acid" (the previous name for the compound as extracted from natural products) by Hungarian physiologist Albert Szent-György, who had codiscovered its vitamin properties along with Charles Glen King, and had more recently discovered that it could be extracted in bulk from Hungarian paprika. In honour of the compound's antiscorbutic properties, Haworth and Szent-Györgyi now proposed the new name of "a-scorbic acid" for the molecule, with L-ascorbic acid as its formal chemical name.
Recognition
Haworth is commemorated at the University of Birmingham in the Haworth Building, which houses most of the University of Birmingham School of Chemistry. The School has a Haworth Chair of Chemistry, from 2007 held by Professor Nigel Simpkins.[7]
In 1977 the Royal Mail issued a postage stamp (one of a series of four) featuring Haworth's achievement in synthesising vitamin C and his Nobel prize.[8]
He also developed a simple method of representing on paper the three-dimensional structure of sugars. The representation, using perspective, now known as a Haworth projection, is still widely used in biochemistry.[9]
Personal life
In 1922 he married Violet Chilton Dobbie, daughter of Sir James Johnston Dobbie. They had two sons, James and David.[2]
He was knighted in 1947.
He died suddenly from a heart attack on 19 March 1950, his 67th birthday.[2]
References
- ↑ Hirst, E. L. (1951). "Walter Norman Haworth. 1883–1950". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 7 (20): 372–404. JSTOR 769026. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1951.0008.
- 1 2 3 L. L. Bircumshaw (2004). "Haworth, Sir (Walter) Norman (1883–1950)". The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33772.
- ↑ Hirst, E. L. (1951). "Walter Norman Haworth 1883-1950". Advances in carbohydrate chemistry. Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry. 6: 1–9. ISBN 9780120072064. PMID 14894345. doi:10.1016/S0096-5332(08)60061-2.
- ↑ Hirst, E. L. (1950). "Sir Norman Haworth". Nature. 165 (4198): 587. PMID 15416703. doi:10.1038/165587a0.
- ↑ 1851 Royal Commission Archives
- ↑ Davies, Michael B.; Austin, John; Partridge, David A. (1991), Vitamin C: Its Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Royal Society of Chemistry, p. 48, ISBN 0-85186-333-7
- ↑ www.chem.bham.ac.uk/staff/Simpkins.shtml. Retrieved 2 October 2010
- ↑ Mayo Clin Proc. (2002)77:108 Stamp Vignette on Medical Science
- ↑ Garrett, R.; Grisham, C. M. (2005), Biochemistry (3rd ed.), Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole, p. 207, ISBN 9780534410209
