Nipa hut
The Nipa hut, Kamalig, or Bahay Kubo, is a type of stilt house indigenous to the vast majority of lowland Austronesian cultures of the Philippines.[1][2] It often serves as an icon of Philippine culture or, more specifically, Filipino rural culture.[3] Its architectural principles gave way to many of Filipino traditional houses and buildings that rose after the pre-colonial era. These includes the Spanish era "Bahay Na Bato" which is a noble version of Bahay Kubo with Spanish and some Chinese architectural influence; the American era's "Antillean Houses" which include aspects of Bahay Na Bato influence but has a wider range of influences; and the Marcos era's Coconut Palace, Sto. Niño Shrine and National Arts Center which radically adapted to its designs and architecture.
Etymology
The Filipino term Bahay Kubo literally means "cube house", describing the shape of the dwelling. The term "Nipa Hut", introduced during the Philippines' American colonial era, refers to the nipa or anahaw thatching material often used for the roofs.
History
Classical period (Pre-colonial Era)
Nipa huts were the native houses of the indigenous people of the Philippines before the Spaniards arrived. They were designed to endure the climate and environment of the Philippines.[4] These structures were temporary, made from plant materials like bamboo.[5] The accesibility of the materials made it easier to rebuild nipa huts when damaged from a storm or earthquake.[5] They are still used today, especially in rural areas. Different architectural designs are present among the ethnolinguistic groups in the country, although all of them are stilt houses, similar to those found in neighboring countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and other countries of Southeast Asia.
Colonial Era
The advent of the Spanish Colonial era introduced the idea of building more permanent communities with the church and government center as a focal points. This new community setup made construction using heavier, more permanent materials desirable. Some of these materials included bricks, mortar, tiles and stone.[5] Finding European construction styles impractical in local conditions, Spanish and Filipino builders quickly adapted the characteristics of the Bahay Kubo and applied it to Antillean houses locally known as Bahay na Bato/Bahay Luma.
Bahay Na Bato
Bahay Na Bato or Bahay Na Luma is a noble version of Bahay Kubo with Spanish and some Chinese influence. Its designs evolved throughout the ages, but maintains its nipa hut architectural basis. Its most common appearance is like that of stilt nipa hut that stands on Spanish style stone blocks or bricks as foundation instead of wood or bamboo stilts.
The Bahay na bato, the colonial Filipino house, followed the nipa hut's arrangements such as open ventilation and elevated apartments. It was popular among the elite or middle class and integrated the characteristics of the nipa hut with the style, culture and technology of Spanish architecture.[4] [6]The most obvious difference between the two houses would be the materials that was used to build them. The bahay na bato was constructed out of brick and stone rather than the traditional bamboo materials. It is a mixture of native Filipino, Spanish and Chinese influences. During the 19th century, wealthy Filipinos built some fine houses, usually with solid stone foundations or brick lower walls, and overhanging, wooden upper story/stories with balustrades and capiz shell sliding windows, and a Chinese tiled roof(today being replaced by galvanized roof). Bahay Na Bato had a rectangular plan that reflected Spanish style integrated with Philippine traditional style. [6] During the American period of the Philippines, they still incorporated Bahay Na Bato style, though the American Antillean houses is more liberated in design but still keeps the Spanish Colonial designs.
Characteristics
Although there is no strict definition of the Bahay Kubo and styles of construction vary throughout the Philippine archipelago,[7] similar conditions in Philippine lowland areas have led to characteristics "typical" of examples of Bahay Kubo.
Three-layered structure
With few exceptions arising only in modern times, most Bahay Kubo are on stilts: the living area is accessed by ladder. This naturally divides the house into three areas: the living area in the middle, the area beneath it (referred to in Tagalog as the silong), and the roof space (bubungan), which may or may not be separated from the living area by a ceiling (kisame).
Roof
The traditional roof shape of the Bahay Kubo is tall and steeply pitched, ending in long leaves.[2] A tall roof creates space above the living area through which warm air could rise, giving the Bahay Kubo a natural cooling effect even during the hot summer season. The steep pitch allows water to flow down quickly at the height of the monsoon season while the long eaves give people a limited space to move about around the house's exterior when it rains.[2] The steep pitch of the roofs are often used to explain why many Bahay Kubo survived the ash fall from the Mt. Pinatubo eruption, when more ’modern’ houses collapsed from the weight of the ash.[2]
Silong
Raised up on hardwood stilts which serve as the main posts of the house, Bahay Kubo have a silong (the Tagalog word also means "shadow") area under the living space for a number of reasons, the most important of which are to create a buffer area for rising waters during floods and to prevent pests such as rats from getting up to the living area.[2] This section of the house is often used for storage, and sometimes for raising farm animals,[7] and thus may or may not be fenced off.
Living space
The main living area is designed to let in as much fresh air and natural light as possible. Smaller Bahay Kubo will often have bamboo slat floors which allow cool air to flow into the living space from the silong below (in which case the silong is not usually used for items which produce strong smells) A Bahay Kubo may be built without a kisame (ceiling) so that hot air can rise straight into the large area just beneath the roof and out through strategically placed vents.
Walls
The walls are always of light material such as wood, bamboo rods, or bamboo mats called "sawali." As such, they tend to let some coolness flow naturally through them during hot times and keep warmth in during the cold wet season.
The cube shape distinctive of the Bahay Kubo arises from the fact that it is easiest to pre-build the walls and then attach them to the wooden stilt-posts that serve as the corners of the house. The construction of a Bahay Kubo is therefore usually modular, with the wooden stilts established first, a floor frame built next, then wall frames, and finally, the roof.
Windows
Bahay kubo are typically built with large windows, to let in more air and natural light. The most traditional are large awning windows, held open by a wooden rod.[2] Sliding windows are also common, made either with plain wood or with wooden Capiz shell frames which allow some light to enter the living area even with the windows closed. In more recent decades inexpensive jalousie windows became common.
In larger examples, the large upper windows may be augmented with smaller windows called ventanillas (Spanish for "little window") underneath, which can be opened for ventilation to let in additional air on especially hot days.[2]
Batalan
Some Bahay Kubo, especially those built for long-term residences, feature a batalan ("wet area") distinct from other sections of the house — usually jutting out somewhat from one of the walls. Sometimes at the same level as the living area and sometimes at ground level, the batalan can contain any combination of cooking and dishwashing area, bathing area and, in some cases, a lavatory.
Construction materials
The walls of the living area are made of light materials. Posts, walls, and floors are typically made of wood or bamboo and other light materials. The thatched roof is often made of nipa, anahaw or some other locally plentiful plant. Thus, making it easier for the nipa huts to be moved if needed.
Cultural significance
A nipa hut is an icon of Philippine culture as it represents the Filipino value of bayanihan, which refers to a spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve an objective.[3][8]
Arts
A famous folk song often sung in schools which mentions a small house surrounded by vegetables goes like this:
Bahay kubo, kahit munti,
ang halaman doon ay sari-sari:
singkamas at talong, sigarilyas at mani,
sitaw, bataw, patani,
Kundol, patola, upo't kalabasa,
At saka mayroon pang labanos, mustasa,
sibuyas, kamatis, bawang at luya.
Sa paligid-ligid ay puno ng linga.[1]
- ^ "Bahay Kubo (Philippine Kids Song)". Mama Lisa's World. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
References
- ↑ Lee, Jonathan H. X., Encyclopedia of Asian American folklore and folklife, Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2011. 369. ISBN 0313350663
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Caruncho, Eric S. (2012-05-15). "Green by Design: Sustainable Living through Filipino Architecture". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Makati, Philippines: Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
- 1 2 Cruz, Rachelle (2013-08-23). "THE BAYANIHAN: Art Installation at Daniel Spectrum". The Philippine Reporter. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
- 1 2 Kim, Young-Hoon (2013). "A Study on the Vernacular Architecture in Bahay na bato, Spanish Colonial Style in Philippines". KIEAE Journal. 13: 135–144 – via Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information.
- 1 2 3 Stott, Philip. "Republic of the Philippines". Oxford Art Online. Retrieved 5/25/2017. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - 1 2 Kim, Young Hoon (2013). "A Study on the Spatial Composition influenced by climatic conditions in 19C Bahay na Bato around Cebu city in Philippines". KIEAE Journal: 29–37 – via Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information.
- 1 2 Alojado, Jennibeth Montejo. "From Nipa Hut to House of Stone". philippine-islands.ph. Alojado Publishing International. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
- ↑ Werth, Brenda G., Imagining human rights in twenty-first-century theater: global perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. 207. ISBN 1137027096
External links
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