Neutron scattering length

A neutron may pass by a nucleus with a probability determined by the nuclear interaction distance, or be absorbed, or undergo scattering that may be either coherent or incoherent.[1] The scattering length of neutrons varies by element and isotope in a way that appears random, whereas the scattering of X-rays generally increases with the atomic number.[1][2]

The scattering length may be either positive or negative. The scattering cross-section is equal to the square of the scattering length multiplied by 4π,[3] i.e. the area of a circle with radius twice the scattering length. In some cases, as with titanium and niobium, it is possible to mix isotopes of an element whose lengths are of opposite signs to give a net scattering length of zero, in which case coherent scattering will not occur at all. However, neutrons will still undergo strong incoherent scattering in these materials.[1]

There is a large difference in scattering length between protium (-0.374) and deuterium (0.667). This means that protium, the most common isotope of hydrogen, is poorly imaged due to its smaller absolute magnitude and because its scattering density tends to cancel that of adjacent carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen, which have positive scattering lengths. Because of these factors, as well as the much larger incoherent scattering cross section of protium, ordinary proteins cannot be imaged as well as those that are fully deuterated. Specific exchangeable hydrogens in a non-deuterated protein may be imaged if it is exposed to heavy water.[4]

element protons isotope X-ray scattering
1012bX/cm		 neutron scattering
1012bcoh/cm		 coherent
cross-section
σcoh (barn)		 incoherent
cross-section
σinc (barn)		 absorption
cross-section
σa (barn)
Hydrogen 1 1 0.282[2][5] -0.374[1][2][5][6] 1.758[1] 79.7,[6] 80.27[1] 0.33,[6] 0.383[1]
Hydrogen 1 2 0.282[2][5] 0.667[1][2][5][6] 5.592[1] 2.0,[6] 2.05[1] 0.0005[1][6]
Boron 5 natural 0.530[1] 3.54[1] 1.70[1] 767.0[1]
Carbon 6 12 1.69[2][5] 0.665[1][2][5][6] 5.550[1] 0.0,[6] 0.001[1] 0.0035,[6] 0.004[1]
Nitrogen 7 14 1.97[2][5] 0.936,[1] 0.940,[2] 0.94[5][6] 11.01[1] 0.3,[6] 0.5[1] 1.9[1][6]
Oxygen 8 16 2.16,[2] 2.26[5] 0.580,[2] 0.58[1][5][6] 4.232[1] 0.0,[6] 0.000[1] 0.00019,[6] 0.0002[1]
Aluminum 13 natural 0.345,[1] 0.35[6] 1.495[1] 0.0,[6] 0.008[1] 0.23,[6] 0.231[1]
Silicon 14 natural 0.42[6][7] 0.0[6] 0.17[6]
Phosphorus 15 30 3.23[2] 0.510[2]
Sulfur 16 32 4.51[2][5] 0.280,[2] 0.28[5]
Titanium 22 natural -0.344,[1] -0.34[6][7] 1.485[1] 2.87,[1] 3.0[6] 6.09,[1] 6.1[6]
Vanadium 23 natural -0.038[1][1] 0.018[1] 5.07[1] 5.08[1]
Chromium 24 natural 0.364[1] 1.66[1] 1.83[1] 3.05[1]
Manganese 25 55 (natural) -0.373[1] 1.75[1] 0.4[1] 13.3[1]
Iron 26 natural 0.945,[1] 0.95[6] 11.22[1] 0.4[1][6] 2.56,[1] 2.6[6]
Nickel 28 natural 1.03[1] 13.3[1] 5.2[1] 4.49[1]
Copper 29 natural 0.772[1] 7.485[1] 0.55[1] 3.78[1]
Zirconium 40 natural 0.716,[1] 0.72[6] 6.44[1] 0.02,[1] 0.3[6] 0.18,[6] 0.185[1]
Niobium 41 93 (natural) 0.7054[1] 6.253[1] 0.0024[1] 1.15[1]
Molybdenum 42 natural 0.672[1] 5.67[1] 0.04[1] 2.48[1]
Cadmium 48 natural 0.487[1] 3.04[1] 3.46[1] 2520[1]
Tin 50 natural 0.623[1] 4.87[1] 0.022[1] 0.626[1]
Cerium 58 natural 0.48[6] 0.0[6] 0.63[6]
Gadolinium 64 natural 0.65[1] 29.3[1] 151[1] 49700[1]
Tantalum 73 natural 0.691[1] 6.00[1] 0.01[1] 20.6[1]
Tungsten 74 natural 0.486[1] 2.97[1] 1.63[1] 18.3[1]
Gold 79 197 22.3[2] 0.760[2]
Lead 82 natural 0.941[1] 11.115[1] 0.003[1] 0.171[1]
Thorium 90 232 (natural) 0.98[6] 0.00[6] 7.4[6]
Uranium 92 natural 0.842[1][6] 8.903[1] 0.00,[6] 0.005[1] 7.5,[6] 7.57[1]

More comprehensive data is available from NIST[8] and Atominstitut of Vienna.[9]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 M.T. Hutchings; P.J. Withers; T.M. Holden; Torben Lorentzen (Feb 28, 2005). Introduction to the Characterization of Residual Stress by Neutron Diffraction. CRC Press.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Dmitri I. Svergun; Michel H. J. Koch; Peter A. Timmins; Roland P. May (Aug 8, 2013). Small Angle X-Ray and Neutron Scattering from Solutions of Biological Macromolecules. OUP Oxford.
  3. ↑ Amparo Lopez-Rubio & Elliot Paul Gilbert (2009). "Neutron scattering: a natural tool for food science and technology research" (PDF). Trends in Food Science & Technology: 1–11.
  4. ↑ Fong Shu; Venki Ramakrishnan & Benno P. Schoenborn. "Enhanced visibility of hydrogen atoms by neutron crystallography on fully deuterated myoglobin". PNAS. 97 (8): 3872–3877. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.3872S. doi:10.1073/pnas.060024697.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Oliver C. Mullins, Eric Y. Sheu, eds. (Nov 11, 2013). Structures and Dynamics of Asphaltenes. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 161.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 N.K. Kanellopoulos, ed. (Sep 26, 2000). Recent Advances in Gas Separation by Microporous Ceramic Membranes.
  7. 1 2 F. Rodríguez-Reinoso, Jean Rouquerol, KK Unger, Kenneth S.W. Sing, eds. (Aug 26, 1994). Characterization of Porous Solids III. Elsevier.
  8. ↑ "Index of /resources/n-lengths/elements".
  9. ↑ "Neutron Scattering Lengths".
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