Near-open front unrounded vowel
| Near-open front unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| æ | |
| IPA number | 325 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
æ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+00E6 |
| X-SAMPA |
{ |
| Kirshenbaum |
& |
| Braille |
 |
| Listen | |
|
source · help | |
The near-open front unrounded vowel, or near-low front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically it is simply an open or low front unrounded vowel.[2] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨æ⟩, a lowercase of the ⟨Æ⟩ ligature. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "ash".
The rounded counterpart of [æ], the near-open front rounded vowel (for which the IPA provides no separate symbol) has been reported to occur allophonically in Danish;[3][4] see open front rounded vowel for more information.
In practice, ⟨æ⟩ is sometimes used to represent the open front unrounded vowel; see the introduction to that page for more information.
Features
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IPA help • IPA key • chart • | |||||||||||||||||||
- Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[5] | perd | [pæːrt] | 'horse' | Allophone of /ɛ/ before sequences /rs/, /rt/, /rd/ and, in some dialects, before /k x l r/. See Afrikaans phonology |
| Arabic | Standard[6] | كتاب |  [kiˈtæːb] | 'book' | Allophone of /a/ in the environment of plain labial and coronal consonants as well as /j/ (depending on the speaker's accent). See Arabic phonology |
| Catalan[7][8][9] | Valencian | tesi | [ˈt̪æzi] | 'thesis' | Main realization of /ɛ/. See Catalan phonology |
| set | [s̠æ̠t̪] | 'seven' | Near-front. Allophone of /ɛ/ found in contact with liquids and in monosyllabic terms. Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩ | ||
| Majorcan | |||||
| Minorcan | |||||
| Some Valencian and Balearic speakers[10] | llamp | [ʎ̟æmp] | 'lightning' | Allophone of /a/ in contact with palatal consonants. In some variants it can merge with /ɛ/. | |
| Western Catalan[11][12] | taula | [ˈt̪ɑ̟wɫæ̝] | 'table' | Somewhat retracted. Unstressed allophone of /a/ in the coda. It can alternate with rounded allophones in the Valencian dialects. | |
| Danish | Standard[3][13] | Dansk | [ˈd̥ænsɡ̊] | 'Danish' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩ - the way it is realized by certain older or upper-class speakers.[14] See Danish phonology |
| English | Australian[15] | cat | [kʰæt] | 'cat' | Many younger speakers realize it as fully open [a],[16] whereas in broader accents it may be open-mid [ɛ]. See English phonology and Australian English phonology |
| Cultivated New Zealand[17] | Higher in other New Zealand varieties. See New Zealand English phonology | ||||
| General American[18] | |||||
| Received Pronunciation[19] | Lower [a] for many younger speakers | ||||
| Norfolk[20] | [kʰæ̠t] | Near-front.[20] | |||
| Cockney[21] | town | [tˢæːn] | 'town' | May be lower [aː] or a diphthong [æə̯] instead. It corresponds to /aʊ̯/ in other dialects | |
| Estonian[22] | väle | [ˈvæ̠le̞ˑ] | 'agile' | Near-front.[22] See Estonian phonology | |
| Finnish[23] | mäki | [ˈmæki] | 'hill' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French | Parisian[24] | bain | [bæ̃] | 'bath' | Nasalized; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ̃⟩. See French phonology |
| Quebec[25] | ver | [væːʁ] | 'worm' | Allophone of /ɛ/ before /ʁ/ or in open syllables, and of /a/ in closed syllables.[25] See Quebec French phonology | |
| German | Standard[26] | Teint | [tʰæ̃ː] | 'complexion' | Nasalized; also described as open-mid [ɛ̃ː].[27][28] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ̃ː⟩. Present only in loanwords. See Standard German phonology |
| Northern accents[29] | alles | [ˈæləs] | 'everything' | Lower and often also more back in other accents.[29] See Standard German phonology | |
| Standard Austrian[30] | oder | [ˈoːdæ] | 'or' | Used by some speakers instead of [ɐ].[30] See Standard German phonology | |
| West Central German accents[31] | Used instead of [ɐ].[31] See Standard German phonology | ||||
| Western Swiss accents[32] | spät | [ʃpæːt] | 'late' | Open-mid [ɛː] or close-mid [eː] in other accents; contrasts with the open-mid /ɛː/.[33] See Standard German phonology | |
| Greek | Macedonia[34] | γάτα/gáta | [ˈɣætæ] | 'cat' | See Modern Greek phonology |
| Thessaly[34] | |||||
| Thrace[34] | |||||
| Pontic[35] | καλάθια/kaláthia | [kaˈlaθæ] | 'baskets' | ||
| Hungarian[36] | nem | [næm] | 'no' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Lakon[37] | rävräv | [ræβræβ] | 'evening' | ||
| Limburgish | Hasselt dialect[38] | mès | [mæs²] | 'knife' | |
| Maastrichtian[39] | twelf | [ˈtβ̞æ̠ləf] | 'twelve' | Near-front.[39] | |
| Luxembourgish[40] | Käpp | [kʰæp] | 'heads' | See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Norwegian | Urban East[41][42] | lær | [læːɾ] | 'leather' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Polish[43] | ten | [t̪æn̪] | 'this one' (masc. nom.) | Rare realization of /ɛ/.[44] See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | Some dialects[45] | pedra | [ˈpæðɾɐ] | 'stone' | Stressed vowel. In other dialects closer /ɛ/. See Portuguese phonology |
| Some European speakers[46] | também | [tɐˈmæ̃] | 'also' | Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /ẽ̞/. | |
| Ripuarian | Kerkrade dialect[47] | dem | [dæm] | Allophone of /ɛ/ before /m, n, ŋ, l, ʁ/.[47] | |
| Romanian | Bukovinian dialect[48] | piele | [pæle] | 'skin' | Corresponds to [je] in standard Romanian. Also identified in some Central Transylvanian sub-dialects.[48] See Romanian phonology |
| Russian[49][50] | пять | [pʲætʲ] | 'five' | Allophone of /a/ between palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology | |
| Slovak[51] | väzy | [ˈʋæzɪ] | 'ligaments' | Somewhat rare pronunciation, with [ɛ] being more common. See Slovak phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[52][53][54] | ära | [²æːɾä] | 'honour' | Allophone of /ɛː, ɛ/ before /r/. See Swedish phonology |
| Stockholm[54] | läsa | [²læːsä] | 'to read' | Realization of /ɛː, ɛ/ for younger speakers. Higher [ɛː, ɛ̝ ~ ɛ] for other speakers | |
| Turkish[55] | sen | [s̪æn̪] | 'you' | Allophone of /e/ before syllable-final /m, n, l, r/. In a limited number of words (but not before /r/), it is in free variation with [e̞].[55] See Turkish phonology | |
See also
References
- ↑ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ↑ Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
- 1 2 Grønnum (1998:100)
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:46)
- ↑ Donaldson (1993:3)
- ↑ Holes (2004:60)
- ↑ Recasens (1996:81)
- ↑ Recasens (1996:130–131)
- ↑ Rafel (1999:14)
- ↑ Saborit (2009:24-25)
- ↑ Recasens (1996:?)
- ↑ Saborit (2009:25-26)
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:45)
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:32)
- ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a)
- ↑ Cox (2012:160)
- ↑ Gordon & Maclagan (2004:609)
- ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b)
- ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009c), Roach (2004:242)
- 1 2 Lodge (2009:168)
- ↑ Wells (1982:309)
- 1 2 Asu & Teras (2009:368)
- ↑ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
- ↑ Collins & Mees (2013:226)
- 1 2 Walker (1984:75)
- ↑ Mangold (2005:37)
- ↑ Hall (2003:106–107)
- ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:34)
- 1 2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:64)
- 1 2 Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015:?)
- 1 2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:40)
- ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:65)
- ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:34, 64–65)
- 1 2 3 Newton (1972:11)
- ↑ Revithiadou & Spyropoulos (2009:41)
- ↑ Szende (1994:92)
- ↑ François (2005:466)
- ↑ Peters (2006:119)
- 1 2 Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
- ↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ↑ Vanvik (1979:13)
- ↑ Popperwell (2010:16, 21–22)
- ↑ Rocławski (1976:75, 108)
- ↑ Rocławski (1976:108)
- ↑ Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction – by Milton M. Azevedo Page 186.
- ↑ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)
- 1 2 Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997:16)
- 1 2 Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ↑ Jones & Ward (1969:50)
- ↑ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224–225)
- ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- ↑ Eliasson (1986:273)
- ↑ Thorén & Petterson (1992:15)
- 1 2 Riad (2014:38)
- 1 2 Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
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