Near-open central unrounded vowel
| Near-open central unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ɐ | |
| ɜ̞ | |
| IPA number | 324 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
ɐ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0250 |
| X-SAMPA |
6 |
| Kirshenbaum |
&" |
| Braille |
  |
| Listen | |
|
source · help | |
The near-open central unrounded vowel is the most common type of the near-open central vowel, and is thus typically transcribed simply as ⟨ɐ⟩, which is the convention used in this article. If its unroundedness needs to be specified, it can be done by adding the less rounded diacritic to the near-open central vowel symbol: ⟨ɐ̜⟩, by combining the lowered diacritic with the open-mid central unrounded vowel symbol: ⟨ɜ̞⟩, by combining the centralized diacritic with the near-open front unrounded vowel symbol: ⟨æ̈⟩, or by combining the mid-centralized diacritic with either the open front unrounded vowel symbol: ⟨a̽⟩, or with the open back unrounded vowel: ⟨ɑ̽⟩. The last two symbols are equivalent to the more complex symbols ⟨ä̝⟩ and ⟨ɑ̝̈⟩, respectively.
In some languages (such as Bengali, Cantonese or Cypriot Greek)[1][2][3] it is the only open vowel, in place of the more common open central unrounded vowel.
Features
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- Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bengali[1] | পা / pa | [pɐ] | 'leg' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. See Bengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian[4] | пара | [pɐˈra] | 'coin' | Unstressed allophone of /ɤ/ and /a/.[4] See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Burmese[5] | မတ် | [mɐʔ] | 'vertical' | Allophone of /a/ in syllables closed by a glottal stop and when nasalized; realized as fully open [ä] in open oral syllables.[6] | |
| Catalan | Barcelona metropolitan area[7][8] | emmagatzemar | [ɐm(ː)ɐɣ̞ɐd͡z̺ɐˈmä] | 'to store' | Corresponds to [ə] in other dialects. See Catalan phonology |
| Chinese | Cantonese[2] | 沙 / saa1 | [sɐː˥] | 'sand' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨aː⟩; the Cantonese vowel that is most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɐ⟩ is actually open-mid [ɜ].[2] See Cantonese phonology |
| Shanghainese[9] | [kɐʔ4] | "to cut" | |||
| Cipu | Tirisino dialect[10] | pata! | [pɐ̀tɐ́] | "beg!" | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩.[10] |
| Czech | Bohemian[11] | prach | [prɐx] | 'dust' | Possible realization of /a/.[11] See Czech phonology |
| Danish | Standard[12] | fatter | [ˈfæd̥ɐ] | 'understands' | May be realized as [ɒ̜̽] or [ə̠] instead.[12] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard Northern[13] | hart | [ɦɐrt] | 'hart' | Allophone of /ɑ/ before /r/; usually realized as a diphthong [ɐə̯] instead.[13] See Dutch phonology |
| Randstad[13] | |||||
| English | California[14] | nut | [nɐt] | 'nut' | ⟨ʌ⟩ may be used to transcribe this vowel. In New Zealand it may be fronted [ɐ̟] or somewhat lower [ä].[15] See English phonology and New Zealand English phonology |
| New Zealand[15][16] | |||||
| Received Pronunciation[17] | |||||
| Cultivated South African[18] | nurse | [nɐːs] | 'nurse' | Possible realization of the NURSE vowel /ɜː/.[18][19] See South African English phonology | |
| Older Received Pronunciation[19] | |||||
| Scottish[20] | stack | [stɐ̟k] | 'stack' | Fronted; corresponds to [æ] in other dialects, and also [ɑː] in some other dialects. | |
| Cockney[21][22] | stuck | 'stuck' | Fronted; may be [a] instead. | ||
| Inland Northern American[23] | bet | [bɐt] | 'bet' | Variation of /ɛ/ used in some places whose accents have undergone the Northern cities vowel shift. | |
| Galician[24][25] | hora | [ˈɔɾɐ] | 'hour' | Unstressed allophone of /a/.[24][25] See Galician phonology | |
| German | Standard[26][27] | oder |  [ˈʔoːdɐ] | 'or' | Phonetic realization of the sequence /ər/. The exact quality of the vowel varies from region to region; some regions retain the vowel+consonant realization.[28] See Standard German phonology |
| Northern German accents[29] | kommen | [ˈkʰɐmən] | 'to come' | Local realization of /ɔ/; can be back [ɑ] instead.[29] See Standard German phonology | |
| Greek | Modern Standard[30][31] | ακακία / akakía | [ɐkɐˈc̠i.ɐ] | 'acacia' | Also described as open [ä];[32] most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. See Modern Greek phonology |
| Cypriot[3] | πάννα / panna | [ˈpɐnːɐ] | 'nappy' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. | |
| Hausa[33] | Possible allophone of /a/, which can be as close as [ə] and as open as [ä].[33] | ||||
| Hindustani[34] | दस/دَس | [ˈd̪ɐs] | 'ten' | Common realization of /ə/.[34] See Hindustani phonology | |
| Ibibio[35] | [dɐ́] | 'stand' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩.[35] | ||
| Kaingang[36] | [ˈᵑɡɐ] | 'terra' | Varies between central [ɐ] and back [ɑ].[37] | ||
| Korean[38] | 발/bal | [pɐl] | 'foot' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. See Korean phonology | |
| Luxembourgish[39] | Mauer | [ˈmɑ̝ʊ̯ɐ] | 'wall' | Allophone of unstressed word-final /eʀ/ and non-prevocalic coda /ʀ/. In the latter case, it may be realized as mid [ə] instead.[39] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Mapudungun[40] | karü | [ˈkɐ̝ʐɘ̝] | 'green' | Somewhat raised.[40] | |
| Mono[41] | da | [dɐ] | 'slap' | May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩.[41] | |
| Northern Paiute | Mono Lake dialect[42] | pa’a | [pɐʔɐ] | 'high' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩.[42] |
| Norwegian | Sandnes-mål[43] | baden | [ˈbɐːdən] | 'child' | |
| Portuguese | General Brazilian[44] | aranha-marrom | [aˈɾɐ̃ɲɐ maˈʁõ] | 'recluse spider' | In complementary distribution with [a];[44] corresponds to [ə] in European Portuguese.[45] See Portuguese phonology |
| Romanian | Moldavian dialects[46] | bărbat | [bɐrˈbat] | 'man' | Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Russian | Standard Moscow[47] | голова | [ɡəɫ̪ɐˈvä] | 'head' | Corresponds to [ʌ] in standard Saint Petersburg pronunciation;[47] occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology |
| Sabiny[48] | Contrasts overshort unrounded and overshort rounded near-open central vowels.[49] | ||||
| Sandawe[50] | dtane | [tɐ́né] | 'pull' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩.[50] | |
| Sema[51] | ala | [ɐ̀lɐ̀] | 'path' | Also described as open [ä].[52] | |
| Shipibo[53] | ? | [ˈkɐni̞] | 'went' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. | |
| Slovak[54] | a | [ɐ] | 'and' | Possible realization of /a/; most commonly realized as open [ä] instead.[55] See Slovak phonology | |
| Slovene | Standard[56][57] | brat | [bɾɐ́t̪] | 'brother' | Corresponds to short /a/ in traditional pronunciation.[57] See Slovene phonology |
| Tamambo[58] | calo | [xɐlo] | 'to fence' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩.[58] | |
| Temne[59] | pam | [pɐ̀m] | 'contest' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩.[59] | |
| Upper Sorbian[60] | pjasć | [ˈpʲɐst͡ʃ] | 'fist' | Allophone of /a/ after soft consonants.[60] See Upper Sorbian phonology | |
| Vietnamese[61] | chếch | [cɐ̆jk̚] | 'askance' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə̆⟩. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Xumi | Lower[62] | [Htsʰɐ] | 'salt' | ||
| Upper[63] | [Htsɐ] | 'sinew' | |||
| Yine[64] | [sɐnɐ] | 'field' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. | ||
References
- 1 2 Khan (2010), p. 222.
- 1 2 3 Zee (1999), p. 59.
- 1 2 Arvaniti (1999), p. 4.
- 1 2 Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
- ↑ Watkins (2001), p. 293.
- ↑ Watkins (2001), pp. 292–293.
- ↑ Rafel (1999), p. 14.
- ↑ Harrison (1997), pp. 2.
- ↑ Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
- 1 2 McGill (2014), pp. 308–309.
- 1 2 Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
- 1 2 Basbøll (2005), p. 58.
- 1 2 3 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 130.
- ↑ Ladefoged (1999), p. 42.
- 1 2 Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
- ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- ↑ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 186.
- 1 2 Wells (1982b), p. 615.
- 1 2 Wells (1982a), p. 281.
- ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
- ↑ Wells (1982a), p. 305.
- ↑ Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
- ↑ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997), A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved March 15, 2013
- 1 2 Regueira (2010), pp. 13–14.
- 1 2 Freixeiro Mato (2006), p. 112.
- ↑ Kohler (1999), pp. 87–88.
- ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 40–41.
- ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 40–41.
- 1 2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
- ↑ Arvaniti (2007), p. 25.
- ↑ Lodge (2009), p. 89.
- ↑ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
- 1 2 Schuh & Yalwa (1999), pp. 90–91.
- 1 2 Ohala (1999), p. 102.
- 1 2 Urua (2004), p. 106.
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 682.
- ↑ Lee (1999), p. 121.
- 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 68, 70.
- 1 2 Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 92.
- 1 2 Olson (2004), p. 235.
- 1 2 Babel, Houser & Toosarvandani (2012), p. 240.
- ↑ Ims (2010), p. 14.
- 1 2 Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 229.
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- 1 2 Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 225.
- ↑ "UPSID 4)S". Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ↑ "UPSID SEBEI". Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- 1 2 Eaton (2006), p. 237.
- ↑ Teo (2012), p. 368.
- ↑ Teo (2014), p. 28.
- ↑ Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 282.
- ↑ Pavlík (2004), p. 95.
- ↑ Pavlík (2004), pp. 94–95.
- ↑ Jurgec (2007), p. 2.
- 1 2 Jurgec (2005), pp. 9, 12.
- 1 2 Riehl & Jauncey (2005), p. 257.
- 1 2 Kanu & Tucker (2010), p. 249.
- 1 2 Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 31.
- ↑ Hoang (1965), p. 24.
- ↑ Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 369–370.
- ↑ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 388.
- ↑ Urquía Sebastián & Marlett (2008), p. 366.
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