Jeff Bezos

Jeff Bezos

Bezos in 2016
Born Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen
(1964-01-12) January 12, 1964
Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.
Nationality American
Alma mater Princeton University
Occupation Technology and retail entrepreneur and investor
Known for Founder of Amazon
Net worth US$89 billion (July 2017)[1]
Spouse(s) MacKenzie Bezos (m. 1993)[2]
Children 4[3]
Parent(s)
  • Ted Jorgensen
  • Jacklyn Bezos née Gise[lower-alpha 1]
  • Miguel Bezos (step-father)

Jeffrey Preston Bezos (/ˈbeɪzoʊs/;[4] né Jorgensen; born January 12, 1964) is an American technology and retail entrepreneur, investor, and philanthropist[5] who is best known as the founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Amazon.com, the world's largest online shopping retailer.[6] The company began as an Internet merchant of books and expanded to a wide variety of products and services, most recently video streaming and audio streaming. Amazon.com is currently the world's largest Internet sales company on the World Wide Web,[7] as well as the world's largest provider of cloud infrastructure services, through its Amazon Web Services arm.[8]

Bezos' other diversified business interests include aerospace and newspapers. He is the founder and manufacturer of Blue Origin (founded in 2000) with test flights to space which started in 2015, and plans for commercial suborbital human spaceflight beginning in 2018.[9] In 2013, Bezos purchased The Washington Post newspaper.[10] A number of other business investments are managed through Bezos Expeditions.

When markets opened on July 27, 2017, Bezos briefly became the world's richest person, surpassing Bill Gates with a net worth of just over $90 billion. He lost the title later in the day when Amazon's stock dropped, returning him to second place with a net worth just below $90 billion.[11]

Early life and education

Bezos was born as Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen in 1964 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to Jacklyn (née Gise) and Ted Jorgensen.[12] His maternal ancestors were settlers who lived in Texas, and over the generations acquired a 25,000-acre (101 km2 or 39 miles2) ranch near Cotulla. As of March 2015, Bezos was among the largest landholders in Texas.[13] Bezos's maternal grandfather was a regional director of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in Albuquerque. He retired early to the ranch, where Bezos spent many summers as a youth, working with him.[14] At an early age, he displayed mechanical aptitude—as a toddler, he dismantled his crib with a screwdriver.[15]

Bezos's mother Jacklyn was 17 at the time of his birth and still in high school. [16] Her marriage to Jorgensen lasted a little more than a year. In April 1968 (when Jeff was 4), she married her second husband, Miguel Bezos, a Cuban who immigrated to the United States alone when he was 15 years old. His family was originally from Villafrechós, a little town in Valladolid (Spain). Miguel Bezos worked his way through the University of New Mexico and married Jacklyn, becoming Jeff Jorgensen's step-father, who had his surname changed to Bezos. After the wedding the family moved to Houston (Texas) and Miguel worked as an engineer for Exxon. The young Jeff attended River Oaks Elementary School in Houston from fourth to sixth grade. As a child, he spent summers working on his grandfather's ranch in southern Texas.[17]

Bezos often displayed scientific interests and technological proficiency; he once rigged an electric alarm to keep his younger siblings out of his room.[18] The family moved to Miami, Florida, where he attended Miami Palmetto High School. While in high school, he attended the Student Science Training Program at the University of Florida, receiving a Silver Knight Award in 1982.[19] He was high school valedictorian[20] and a National Merit Scholar.[21]

Bezos graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Princeton University with Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degrees in electrical engineering and computer science.[22] While at Princeton, he was also elected to Tau Beta Pi. He served as the president of the Princeton chapter of the Students for the Exploration and Development of Space.[23]

Business career

Early career

After graduating from Princeton in 1986, Bezos worked on Wall Street in the computer science field.[24] He then worked on building a network for international trade for a company known as Fitel.[25] He next worked at Bankers Trust.[26] Later on, he also worked on Internet-enabled business opportunities at the hedge fund company D. E. Shaw & Co.[27]

Amazon.com

Bezos founded Amazon.com in 1994 after making a cross-country drive from New York to Seattle, writing up the Amazon business plan on the way. He initially set up the company in his garage.[28] He had left his well-paying job at a New York City hedge fund after learning "about the rapid growth in Internet use," which coincided with a new U.S. Supreme Court ruling that exempted mail order companies from collecting sales taxes in states where they lack a physical presence."[17]

Bezos is known for his attention to business details. As described by Portfolio.com, he "is at once a happy-go-lucky mogul and a notorious micromanager. ... an executive who wants to know about everything from contract minutiae to how he is quoted in all Amazon press releases."[28]

On August 15, 2015, The New York Times wrote an article entitled "Inside Amazon: Wrestling Big Ideas in a Bruising Workplace" about Amazon's business practices. Bezos responded to his employees with a Sunday memo[29] claiming it did not represent the company he leads and challenged its depiction as "a soulless, dystopian workplace where no fun is had and no laughter heard",[30] and to contact him directly if true.

In May 2016, Bezos sold slightly more than one million shares of his holdings in the company for $671 million, making it the largest amount of money he had ever raised in a sale of his Amazon holdings.[31] On August 4, 2016, he sold another million of his shares at a value of $756.7 million. As of June 19, 2016, Bezos owned 83.9 million shares of Amazon stock,[32] being 16.9% of all shares outstanding, with a market value of $83.9 billion.[33]

Blue Origin

In 2000, Bezos founded Blue Origin, a human spaceflight startup company,[34] partially as a result of his fascination with space travel,[35] including an early interest in developing "space hotels, amusement parks, colonies and small cities for 2 million or 3 million people orbiting the Earth."[20] The company was kept secret for a few years; it became publicly known only in 2006 when it purchased a sizable aggregation of land in west Texas for a launch and test facility.[36] In a 2011 interview, Bezos indicated that he founded the space company to help enable "anybody to go into space" and stated that the company was committed to decreasing the cost and increasing the safety of spaceflight.[37] "Blue Origin is one of several start-ups aiming to open up space travel to paying customers. Like Amazon, the company is secretive, but [in September 2011] revealed that it had lost an unmanned prototype vehicle during a short-hop test flight. Although this was a setback, the announcement of the loss revealed for the first time just how far Blue Origin's team had advanced."[35] Bezos said that the crash was 'not the outcome that any of us wanted, but we're signed up for this to be hard.'"[35] A profile published in 2013 described a 1982 Miami Herald interview he gave after he was named high school class valedictorian. The 18-year-old Bezos "said he wanted to build space hotels, amusement parks and colonies for 2 million or 3 million people who would be in orbit. 'The whole idea is to preserve the earth' he told the newspaper .... The goal was to be able to evacuate humans. The planet would become a park."[38]

In 2013, Bezos reportedly discussed commercial spaceflight opportunities and strategies with Richard Branson, multibillionaire founder of Virgin Group and chairman of Virgin Galactic.[39]

In 2015, Bezos further discussed the motivation for his spaceflight-related business when he announced a new orbital launch vehicle under development for late-2010s first flight. He indicated that his ambitions in space are not location dependent—Mars, Lunar, asteroidal, etc.—"we want to go everywhere, [requiring significantly lower launch costs.] Our number-one opponent is gravity. ... The vision for Blue is pretty simple. We want to see millions of people living and working in space. That's going to take a long time. I think it's a worthwhile goal."[40] In 2016, Bezos opened up the Blue rocket design and manufacturing facility to journalists for the first time, and gave extensive interviews that included an articulation of his vision for space and for Blue Origin. Bezos sees space as being "chock full of resources" and foresees a "Great Inversion" where there will emerge "space commercialization that stretches out for hundreds of years, leading to an era when millions of people would be living and working in space." He sees both energy and heavy manufacturing occurring in space, having the effect of reduced pollution on Earth, in effect reducing the probability that something "bad happens to the Earth."[9] Bezos has said that he is trying to change the fundamental cost structure of accessing space.[41]

On November 23, 2015, Blue Origin's New Shepard space vehicle successfully flew to space, reaching its planned test altitude of 329,839 feet (100.5 kilometers) before executing a vertical landing back at the launch site in West Texas.[42] Blue Origin is in an extensive flight test program of New Shepard which expects to begin carrying "test passengers" in 2017 and initiate commercial flights in 2018.[9] Blue is currently building six of the vehicles to support all phases of testing and operations: no-passenger test flights, flights with test passengers, and commercial-passenger weekly operations.[43]

In June 2016, Bezos reiterated his long term goal to see nearly all heavy-industry manufacturing factories in space as part of a wide-ranging, but rare, interview.[44] In September 2016, he added that he hoped to colonize the solar system.[45] Recently, Bezos also revealed that he was selling about $1 billion in Amazon stock a year to finance his Blue Origin rocket company.[46]

The Washington Post

On August 5, 2013, Bezos announced his purchase of The Washington Post for $250 million in cash. Amazon.com was not to be involved.[47] "This is uncharted terrain," he told the newspaper, "and it will require experimentation."[47] Shortly after the announcement of intent to purchase, The Washington Post published a long-form profile of Bezos on August 10, 2013.[38] The sale closed on October 1, 2013, and Bezos's Nash Holdings LLC took control.[48]

In March 2014, Bezos made his first significant change at The Washington Post and lifted the online paywall for subscribers of a number of U.S. local newspapers including The Dallas Morning News, the Honolulu Star-Advertiser, and the Minneapolis Star-Tribune.[49] Bezos revealed in 2016 that he conducted no due diligence when accepting the first offer from former Washington Post owner Donald E. Graham.[50]

Other investments

Bezos was one of the first shareholders in Google, when he invested $250,000 in 1998. That $250,000 investment resulted in 3.3 million shares of Google stock worth about $3.1 billion today.[51][52]

He has also invested in Unity Biotechnology, a life-extension research firm hoping to slow or stop the process of aging.[53]

Bezos Expeditions

Companies that have been funded at least in part by Bezos Expeditions include (this list is incomplete):[54][55]

Philanthropy

In July 2012, Bezos and his wife personally donated $2.5 million to support a same-sex marriage referendum that successfully passed in Washington.[57]

Nonprofit projects funded by Bezos Expeditions include

The foundation gave $10 million in 2009 and $20 million in 2010 to the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.[64] Bezos also donated $800,000 to Worldreader, founded by a former Amazon employee.[65]

Recognition

He was named Time magazine's Person of the Year in 1999.[66] In 2008, he was selected by U.S. News & World Report as one of America's best leaders.[67] Bezos was awarded an honorary doctorate in Science and Technology from Carnegie Mellon University in 2008. In 2011, The Economist gave Bezos and Gregg Zehr an Innovation Award for the Amazon Kindle.[68]

In 2012, Bezos was named Businessperson of The Year by Fortune.[69] He is also a member of the Bilderberg Group and attended the 2011 Bilderberg conference in St. Moritz, Switzerland,[70] and the 2013 conference in Watford, Hertfordshire, England. He was a member of the Executive Committee of The Business Council for 2011 and 2012.[71]

According to Forbes, Bezos is listed in October 2016 as the third wealthiest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$72 billion.[72] In 2014, he was ranked the best CEO in the world by Harvard Business Review.[73]

He has also figured in Fortune's list of Fifty great leaders of the world for three straight years, topping the list in 2015.

In September 2016, Bezos was awarded the Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization which earned him $250,000. The prize money was donated to the Students for the Exploration and Development of Space by Bezos.[74]

Criticism


Bezos was named World's Worst Boss by the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), at their World Congress, in May 2014. In making the award, Sharan Burrow, general secretary of the ITUC, said "Jeff Bezos represents the inhumanity of employers who are promoting the North American corporate model..."[75] An article in The New York Times described working for Bezos and in the offices of Amazon as a grueling and inhumane experience, with many employees regularly being terminated or quitting.[76]

Under Bezos’s direction, Amazon has been criticized as "stingy" in its corporate giving practices.[65][77]

Journalist Shawn McCoy contrasted the philanthropic practices of Amazon and Bezos with the comparatively more generous Microsoft (also based near Seattle) and fellow billionaires Bill Gates[78] and Paul Allen (who, in April 2017, personally donated 30 million dollars to help house homeless families in Seattle.[79]) Some found Bezos more akin to Steve Jobs, who was skeptical of philanthropy and made few donations.[80][81]

Personal life

Bezos and his wife MacKenzie have four children.[38][82]

In 2016, Bezos played a Starfleet official in the movie Star Trek Beyond, later joining the cast and crew at a San Diego Comic-Con screening.[83]

Notes

  1. ↑ Jacklyn Bezos was born as Jacklyn Gise, changed her name to Jorgensen when she married Ted, and to Bezos when she married Miguel.

References

  1. ↑ "The World's Billionaires".
  2. ↑ Bayers, Chip. "The Inner Bezos". Wired. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  3. ↑ "Jeff Bezos Fast Facts". CNN. 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
  4. ↑ "Jeff Bezos pronounces his name". The Washington Post. 2009. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
  5. ↑ "Jeff Bezos". insidephilanthropy.com. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
  6. ↑ "Jeff Bezos: Online Commerce Pioneer". TED. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  7. ↑ Demery, Paul (January 14, 2013). "Bezos: 'I never expected this'". Internet Retailer. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  8. ↑ "Public Cloud Computing Providers". Datamation. April 26, 2017.
  9. 1 2 3 Boyle, Alan (March 8, 2016). "Jeff Bezos lifts curtain on Blue Origin rocket factory, lays out grand plan for space travel that spans hundreds of years". GeekWire. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
  10. ↑ Farhi, Paul (August 5, 2013). "Washington Post to be sold to Jeff Bezos, the founder of Amazon". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  11. ↑ "Jeff Bezos was briefly the world’s richest person". CNBC.
  12. ↑ Robinson, Tom (2009). Jeff Bezos: Amazon.com Architect. ABDO. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60453-759-8.
  13. ↑ Parkhurst, Emily (August 5, 2015). "Jeff Bezos just sold $534 million worth of Amazon stock". Puget Sound Business Journal. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Biography and Video Interview of Jeff Bezos at Academy of Achievement". Achievement.org. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  15. ↑ Hof, Robert D. (December 14, 1998). "The torrent of energy behind Amazon". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on November 17, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
  16. ↑ "BThe Astonishing Story Of Jeff Bezos' Biological Father Who Didn't Even Know Bezos Existed Until The End Of Last Year". www.businessinsider.com. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  17. 1 2 Martinez, Amy; Heim, Kristi (March 31, 2012). "Amazon a virtual no-show in hometown philanthropy". The Seattle Times. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
  18. ↑ "Biography and Video Interview of Jeff Bezos at Academy of Achievement". Achievement.org. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  19. ↑ "Miami-Dade Winners". Silver Knight Awards. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008.
  20. 1 2 Martinez, Amy (March 31, 2012). "Amazon.com's Bezos invests in space travel, time". The Seattle Times. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  21. ↑ "Scholars You May Know". NationalMerit.org; retrieved December 16, 2014.
  22. ↑ McCarthy, Jenna, "Jeff Bezos '86, MacKenzie Bezos '92 donate $15 million," The Daily Princetonian, December 13, 2011, accessed November 22, 2016 from http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2011/12/jeff-bezos-86-mackenzie-bezos-92-donate-15-million
  23. ↑ "Jeff Bezos Interview – page 6/6 – Academy of Achievement". Achievement.org. April 17, 2008. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  24. ↑ "Tau Beta Pi Leaders and Innovators". The Tau Beta Pi Association.
  25. ↑ Bayers, Chip (July 2003). "The Inner Bezos". Wired.
  26. ↑ Carlson, Nicholas (March 10, 2011). "The Life And Awesomeness Of Jeff Bezos". Business Insider.
  27. ↑ Brad Stone: The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon; Little Brown, October 2013.
  28. 1 2 "Top Executive Profiles – Jeffrey P. Bezos". Portfolio.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2009.
  29. ↑ "Full memo: Jeff Bezos responds to brutal NYT story, says it doesn't represent the Amazon he leads - GeekWire". Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  30. ↑ Streitfeld, David; Kantor, Jodi (August 17, 2015). "Jeff Bezos Says Amazon Won't Tolerate 'Callous' Management Practices". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  31. ↑ "BEZOS JEFFREY P Insider Trading Transactions". InsiderMole.com. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  32. ↑ "Jeff Bezos Net Worth".
  33. ↑ "stock ownership". google.com. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
  34. ↑ Boyle, Alan (December 9, 2011). "Blue Origin Revealed". MSNBC. Archived from the original on December 23, 2009.
  35. 1 2 3 "Taking the long view: Jeff Bezos, the founder and chief executive of Amazon, owes much of his success to his ability to look beyond the short-term view of things". The Economist. March 3, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2013. Mr Bezos's willingness to take a long-term view also explains his fascination with space travel, and his decision to found a secretive company called Blue Origin, one of several start-ups now building spacecraft with private funding.
  36. ↑ Mangalindan, Mylene (November 10, 2006). "Buzz in West Texas is about Jeff Bezos space craft launch site". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
  37. ↑ Levy, Steven (November 13, 2011). "Jeff Bezos Owns the Web in More Ways Than You Think". Wired. Retrieved December 9, 2011.
  38. 1 2 3 Whoriskey, Peter (August 12, 2013). "For Jeff Bezos, a new frontier". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  39. ↑ Veverka, Mark (May 27, 2013). "Unplugged: Richard Branson's otherworldly space quest". USA Today. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
  40. ↑ Foust, Jeff (September 15, 2015). "Bezos Not Concerned About Competition, Possible ULA Sale". Space News. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
  41. ↑ Berger, Eric (March 10, 2016). "Jeff Bezos says he wants to fly into space "as soon as possible"". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 11, 2016. Bezos: I want to change the whole cost structure of accessing space.
  42. ↑ "Historic Rocket Landing (video clip)". Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  43. ↑ Foust, Jeff (March 8, 2016). "Blue Origin plans growth spurt this year". SpaceNews. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
  44. ↑ Graham, Chris (June 2, 2016). "Factories in space: Amazon founder Jeff Bezos unveils vision for the future". The Telegraph. www.telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  45. ↑ NatureWorldNews (September 27, 2016). "Jeff Bezos: Blue Origin Wants to Colonize the Solar System". Retrieved September 27, 2016.
  46. ↑ TheNewYorkTimes (April 5, 2017). "Jeff Bezos Says He Is Selling $1 Billion a Year in Amazon Stock to Finance Race to Space". Retrieved April 8, 2017.
  47. 1 2 Farhi, Paul (August 6, 2013). "Washington Post to be sold to Jeff Bezos". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  48. ↑ Farhi, Paul (October 1, 2013). "The Washington Post closes sale to Amazon founder Jeff Bezos". The Washington Post.
  49. ↑ Luckerson, Victor (March 19, 2014). "Jeff Bezos Makes His First Major Move at the Washington Post". Time. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
  50. ↑ "Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos signed the $250 million Washington Post deal with no due diligence". Business Insider. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
  51. ↑ Turo, Jay (2009). "The Story of Jeff Bezos' $250,000 Investment into Google in 1998". Growthink. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  52. ↑ Swisher, Kara (2009). "New Yorker: Bezos' Initial Google Investment Was $250K in 1998 Because "I Just Fell in Love With Larry and Sergey"". All Things D. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  53. ↑ Bloom, Ester (March 31, 2017). "Google's co-founders and other Silicon Valley billionaires are trying to live forever". CNBC. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
  54. ↑ Archived June 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  55. ↑ DEI Creative in Seattle, Washington. "Bezos Expeditions". bezosexpeditions.com.
  56. ↑ "Rethink Robotics – Advanced Robotics Technology – Collaborative Robots". Rethink Robotics.
  57. ↑ Shear, Micheal D. (July 27, 2012). "Amazon's Founder Pledges $2.5 Million in Support of Same Sex Marriage". The New York Times.
  58. ↑ "Jeff and MacKenzie Bezos Flip the Switch on New Bezos Center for Innovation at MOHAI, Kicking Off Saturday Launch Celebration". mohai.org.
  59. ↑ DEI Creative in Seattle, WA. "F-1 Engine Recovery – Bezos Expeditions". bezosexpeditions.com.
  60. ↑ Pearlman, Robert Z. (July 19, 2013). "Rocket Engine Part Recovered by Amazon CEO Has Apollo 11 History". Space.com. New York. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  61. ↑ "Princeton University – Jeff and MacKenzie Bezos donate $15 million to create center in Princeton Neuroscience Institute". princeton.edu.
  62. ↑ "About Us". bezosfamilyfoundation.org.
  63. ↑ Metcalf, Tom; Coffey, Brendan (June 22, 2017). "Amazon’s Bezos Disrupts Another Frontier, With Just One Tweet". Bloomberg. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
  64. ↑ Soper, Taylor. "Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos and family donate $20M to Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center". GeekWire.
  65. 1 2 "Jeff Bezos - Tech Philanthropists - Donors - Foundations - Inside Philanthropy". insidephilanthropy.com.
  66. ↑ Cooper Ramo, Joshua (December 27, 1999). "Jeffrey Preston Bezos: 1999 Person of the year". Time.
  67. ↑ LaGesse, David (November 19, 2008). "America's Best Leaders: Jeff Bezos, Amazon.com CEO". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
  68. ↑ "Charging ahead: e-book design and popularity win Kindle creators Innovation Award". The Economist. September 19, 2011. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012.
  69. ↑ "Amazon's Jeff Bezos: The ultimate disrupter". Fortune. Archived from the original on August 9, 2013. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  70. ↑ "Bilderberg 2011 list of participants". BilderbergMeetings.org. Archived from the original on August 28, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
  71. ↑ "Executive Committee". The Business Council. Archived from the original on July 21, 2013. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  72. ↑ "Jeff Bezos Real Time Net Worth". Forbes. June 2, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
  73. ↑ "The Best-Performing CEOs in the World". Harvard Business Review. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  74. ↑ Davenport, Christian (September 15, 2016). "Jeff Bezos on nuclear reactors in space, the lack of bacon on Mars and humanity's destiny in the solar system". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  75. ↑ "Amazon's Jeff Bezos Wins ITUC's World's Worst Boss Poll". Ituc-csi.org. May 22, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  76. ↑ "Inside Amazon: Wrestling Big Ideas in a Bruising Workplace". The New York Times. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  77. ↑ "Five Rich Tech Titans And What They". Time. March 9, 2011.
  78. ↑ "Two tech titans. Two very different views of philanthropy. – InsideSources". InsideSources.
  79. ↑ TEGNA. "Paul Allen donates $30M for Seattle homeless".
  80. ↑ "Amazon a virtual no-show in hometown philanthropy". The Seattle Times. March 31, 2012.
  81. ↑ "Five Rich Tech Titans And What They". Time. March 9, 2011.
  82. ↑ "Jeff Bezos Fast Facts". CNN. March 24, 2016.
  83. ↑ "Amazon founder Jeff Bezos reveals Star Trek Beyond alien cameo". BBC. July 21, 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2017.

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