Narcissus poeticus

Poet's daffodil
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Amaryllidoideae
Genus: Narcissus
Species: N. poeticus
Binomial name
Narcissus poeticus
L.
Synonyms[1]
  • Autogenes angustifolius Raf.
  • Autogenes poeticus (L.) Raf.
  • Helena croceorincta Haw.
  • Helena purpureorincta Haw.
  • Hermione purpurocincta (Haw.) M.Roem.
  • Narcissus angustifolius Curtis ex Haw.
  • Narcissus hellenicus Pugsley
  • Narcissus majalis Curtis
  • Narcissus majalis var. plenus Haw.
  • Narcissus obliquus Tausch
  • Narcissus ornatus Haw.
  • Narcissus patellaris Salisb.
  • Narcissus purpureocinctus (Haw.) Spach
  • Narcissus recurvus Haw.
  • Narcissus tripedalis Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
  • Narcissus tripodalis Salisb. ex Herb.
  • Stephanophorum purpuraceum Dulac

Narcissus poeticus (poet's daffodil, poet's narcissus, nargis, pheasant's eye, findern flower, and pinkster lily) was one of the first daffodils to be cultivated, and is frequently identified as the narcissus of ancient times (although Narcissus tazetta and Narcissus jonquilla have also been considered as possibilities).[2] It is also often associated with the Greek legend of Narcissus.[3][4] It is the type species of the genus Narcissus. Extremely fragrant, with a ring of petals in pure white and a short corona of light yellow with a distinct reddish edge,[5] It grows to 20 to 40 cm (7.9 to 15.7 in) tall,[6][7][8] and is widely naturalized in North America.[9][10][11]

Taxonomy

It is commonly known as 'pheasant's-eye daffodil' or 'poet's narcissus' (in the UK), 'claudinette', 'narcisse', 'narcisse poetes' and 'oeil de faisan' (in France), 'weiße Narzisse' (in German), 'narciso (in Italian and Spanish) and 'narciso blanco' and 'trompón' (in Spanish) and 'pingstlilja' (in Swedish).[12]

It was published and described by Carl Linnaeus in his book Species Plantarum on page289 in 1753.[12][13]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 9 July 2015.[12]

Distribution

Narcissus poeticus is native to central and southern Europe from Spain, France through Switzerland, Austria to Croatia, Greece and Ukraine. It is naturalized in Great Britain, Belgium, Germany, the Czech Republic, Azerbaijan, Turkey, New Zealand, British Columbia, Washington State, Oregon, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland, and much of the eastern United States from Louisiana and Georgia north to Maine and Wisconsin.[14][15]

Use in perfume

Poet's daffodil is cultivated in the Netherlands and southern France for its essential oil, narcissus oil, one of the most popular fragrances used in perfumes. Narcissus oil is used as a principal ingredient in 11% of modern quality perfumes—including 'Fatale' and 'Samsara'—as a floral concrete or absolute. The oil's fragrance resembles a combination of jasmine and hyacinth.[2]

Legend and history

Botanical drawing, c. 1659 (N. poeticus in center)
Botanical drawing from Otto Wilhelm Thomé's Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz (1885)

The earliest mention of poet's daffodil is likely in the botanical writings of Theophrastus (371 – c. 287 BCE), who wrote about a spring-blooming narcissus that the Loeb Classical Library editors identify as Narcissus poeticus.[16] The poet Virgil, in his fifth Eclogue, also wrote about a narcissus whose description corresponds with that of Narcissus poeticus.[17] In one version of the myth about the Greek hero Narcissus, he was punished by the Goddess of vengeance, Nemesis, who turned him into a Narcissus flower that historians associate with Narcissus poeticus.[4][18] The fragrant Narcissus poeticus has also been recognized as the flower that Persephone and her companions were gathering when Hades abducted her into the Underworld, according to Hellmut Baumann in The Greek Plant World in Myth, Art, and Literature. This myth accounts for the custom, which has lasted into modern times, of decorating graves with these flowers.[19] Linnaeus, who gave the flower its name, quite possibly did so because he believed it was the one that inspired the tale of Narcissus, handed down by poets since ancient times.[20]

Uses

In medicine, it was described by Dioscorides in his Materia Medica as "Being laid on with Loliacean meal, & honey it draws out splinters".[21] James Sutherland also mentioned it in his Hortus Medicus Edinburgensis.[22]

Cultivation

N. poeticus has long been cultivated in Europe. According to one legend, it was brought back to England from the crusades by Sir Geoffrey de Fynderne.[23] It was still abundant in 1860 when historian Bernard Burke visited the village of Findern—where it still grows in certain gardens and has become an emblem of the village.[24] It was introduced to America by the late 18th century,[25] when Bernard McMahon of Philadelphia offered it among his narcissus. It may be the "sweet white narcissus" that Peter Collinson sent John Bartram in Philadelphia, only to be told that it was already common in Pennsylvania, having spread from its introduction by early settlers.[26] The plant has naturalized throughout the eastern half of the United States and Canada, along with some western states and provinces.[27]

Narcissus poeticus has long been hybridized with the wild British daffodil Narcissus pseudonarcissus, producing many named hybrids. These older heritage hybrids tend to be more elegant and graceful than modern hybrid daffodils, and are becoming available in the UK once again.[28]

Toxicity

While all narcissi are poisonous when eaten, poet's daffodil is more dangerous than others, acting as a strong emetic and irritant.[29] The scent is powerful enough that it can cause headache and vomiting if a large quantity is kept in a closed room.[30]


References

  1. ↑ The Plant List
  2. 1 2 Groom, Nigel (1997). The New Perfume Handbook. Springer. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-7514-0403-6.
  3. ↑ Peavy, Charles D. (Jul–Sep 1966). "Faulkner's Use of Folklore in The Sound and the Fury". The Journal of American Folklore. American Folklore Society. 79 (313): 437–447. JSTOR 537508. doi:10.2307/537508.
  4. 1 2 Lehner, Ernst; Johanna Lehner (1990). Folklore and Symbolism of Flowers, Plants, and Trees. Omnigraphics. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-55888-886-9.
  5. ↑ Woodhead, Eileen; William W. Custead (1998). Early Canadian Gardening. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-7735-1731-8.
  6. ↑ "Narcissus poetica". Flora of North America. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
  7. ↑ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 289, Narcissus poeticus
  8. ↑ Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel. 1838. Flora Telluriana 4: 20, as Autogenes angustifolius and Autogenes poeticus
  9. ↑ Pugsley, Herbert William. 1915. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 53 (Suppl. 2): 36, as Narcissus hellenicus
  10. ↑ Sell, Peter Derek. 1996. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland 5: 363, as Narcissus poeticus subsp. majalis
  11. ↑ Dulac, Joseph. 1867. Flore du Département des Hautes-Pyrénées, 133, as Stephanophorum purpuraceum
  12. 1 2 3 "Taxon: Narcissus poeticus L.". ars-grin.gov (Germplasm Resources Information Network). Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  13. ↑ "Amaryllidaceae Narcissus poeticus L.". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  14. ↑ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  15. ↑ Biota of North America Program
  16. ↑ Jashemski, Wilhelmina Mary Feemster; Frederick Gustav Meyer (2002). The Natural History of Pompeii: A Systematic Survey. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-80054-9.
  17. ↑ Bourne, Stephen Eugene; W. L. Foster (1903). The Book of the Daffodil. J. Lane. p. 3.
  18. ↑ "In the classic myth, Nemesis, the deity of vengeance, complying with Hera's order to punish Narcissus for his egotism, turns him into the narcissus flower (narcissus poeticus)" Peavy, p. 438.
  19. ↑ Taken from Baumann, Hellmut, The Greek Plant World in Myth, Art, and Literature, London: The Herbert Press; 1993. Cited in Dafni, Amots; Efraim Lev; Sabine Beckmann; Christian Eichberger (2006-09-10). "Ritual plants of Muslim graveyards in northern Israel". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2 (38): 38. PMC 1584233 Freely accessible. PMID 16961931. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-38.
  20. ↑ Allen, Ray. "Daffodils – the Flower that Means Spring!". Floridata. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
  21. ↑ Eastwood, Dr M A Eastwood. "The Sibbald Physic Garden". History of Medicine. Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
  22. ↑ Robertson, Forbes W. (Winter 2001). "James Sutherland's "Hortus Medicus Edinburgensis" (1683)". Garden History. The Garden History Society. 29 (2): 144. JSTOR 1587367.
  23. ↑ The Christian. Morgan and Scott. 1871.
  24. ↑ "Welcome to Findern". Findern Parish Council. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
  25. ↑ Taylor, Raymond L. (1996). Plants of Colonial Days. Courier Dover Publications. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-486-29404-9.
  26. ↑ Ann Leighton, American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century: 'For Use or for Delight' (University of Massachusetts Press) 1986:459.
  27. ↑ "Narcissus poeticus L.". USDA Plants Profile. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  28. ↑ Kingsbury, Noel (2008-03-20). "Narcissus: Old gold". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
  29. ↑ Hanks, Gordon R. (2002). Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus. CRC Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-415-27344-2.
  30. ↑ Grieve, Maud; C. F. Leyel (1971). A Modern Herbal. Courier Dover Publications. p. 573. ISBN 978-0-486-22799-3.

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