Names of European cities in different languages: Q–T
Q
| English name | Other names or former names |
|---|---|
| Quimper | Corisopitum (Latin), Kemper (Breton), Quimper (French), Кемпер (Macedonian) |
R
| English name | Other names or former names |
|---|---|
| Raahe | Brahestad (Swedish), Raahe (Finnish), Рахе (Macedonian) |
| Racibórz | Ratibor (German),[1] Ratiboř (Czech) |
| Radzionków | Radzionków (Polish), Radzionkau (German) |
| Rădăuți | Rădăuți (Romanian), Radautz (German), Radevits - ראַדעװיץ (Yiddish), Rádóc (Hungarian), Radowce (Polish), Rothacenum (Latin), Радауци (Macedonian) |
| Radoviš | Radoviš (Serbian, Croatian, Slovene, Bosnian), Радовиш (Macedonian) |
| Radymno | Radymno (Polish), Redem - רעדעם (Yiddish), Радимно (Macedonian) |
| Raiding | Doborján (Hungarian), Raiding (German), Rajnof (Croatian) |
| Rakvere | Wesenberg or Wesenbergh (former German) |
| Rauma | Rauma (Estonian, Finnish), Raumo (Swedish) |
| Ravenna | Raben (old German), Rabenna - 라벤나 (Korean), Ravena - Равена (Bulgarian), Ravena (Romanian), Rávena or Ravena (Spanish)*, Ravenna (Azeri, Finnish, Italian, Maltese), Ραβέννα (Greek), Rawenna (Polish) |
| Regensburg | Castra Regina (Latin), Radasbona (Hungarian), Ratisbon (former English), Ratisbona (Italian, Portuguese, former Romanian, Spanish, Catalan), Ratisbonne (French), Ratisvónni - Ρατισβόννη (Greek - καθαρεύουσα), Ratyzbona (Polish), Regensborg (Low Saxon), Regensburg (Dutch, German, Romanian), Řezno (Czech) |
| Reichenau | La Punt (Romansh), Reichenau (German) |
| Reims | Reims (Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Interlingua, Italian, Romanian, Spanish), Reimsa (Latvian), Reimsas (Lithuanian), Remeš (Czech, Slovak), Ρήμες (Greek, καθαρεύουσα), Remso (Esperanto) |
| Rennes | Rennes (Dutch, French, Finnish, German, Italian), Rennu - レンヌ (Japanese)*, Resnn (Gallo), Roazhon (Breton)* |
| Resen | Resen (English, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Ресен (Macedonian) |
| Reykjavík | Réicivíc (Irish), Léikèyăwèikè - 雷克雅未克 (Chinese)*, Reikiavik (Tagalog*), Reikyabikeu / Reik'yabik'ŭ - 레이캬비크 (Korean), Reikyabiku - レイキャビク (Japanese)*, Reikyavik (Persian), Reikjavīka (Latvian), Reikjavikas (Lithuanian), Reikiavik (Spanish), Reiquejavique (Portuguese), Rejkiawik and Reykjawik (Polish alternates), Reykjavik (Maltese), Reykjavík (Czech, Faroese, Icelandic), Rejkjaviko (Esperanto), Reykjavik (Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian, Swedish), Reykyavik (Azeri), Reykyavik or Reykavik (Turkish) |
| Rēzekne | Rēzekne (German*), Rositten (archaic German), Rēzekne or Rēzne (Latgalian*), Rzeżyca (Polish*), Rezekne - Резекне (Russian*), Rezhitsa - Режица (archaic Russian) |
| Riga | Lĭjiā - 里加 (Chinese)*, Rīġā (Arabic), Riga (Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Interlingua, Italian, Maltese, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish), Ríga - Ρίγα (Greek), Riga - リガ (Japanese)*, Riga - 리가 (Korean), Rīga (Latvian), Ríge (Irish), Rige - ריגע (Yiddish), Rīgõ (Livonian), Riia (Estonian), Riika (Finnish), Ryga (Lithuanian, Polish), Ryha - Рыга (Belarusian), Ryha - Рига (Ukrainian) |
| Rijeka | Fiume (Italian*, Hungarian*), Reka (Slovene)*, Rieka (Persian, Kaykavian - Croat), Rijeka (Croatian*, Finnish*, German*, Polish*, Romanian*, Slovak), Rika (Chakavian - Glagolitic), Rykva (early Croatian), St. Veit am Flaum (older German)* |
| Rivne | Рівне / Rivne (Ukrainian), Rovne - ראָװנע (Yiddish), Rovno (Romanian, Russian), Równe (Polish), Riwne (German), Rowno (older German) |
| Roč | Roč (Croatian), Rozzo (Italian) |
| Roman | Roman (Romanian), Románvásár (Hungarian), Romanvarasch (German) |
| Rome | Erroma (Basque)*, Luómǎ - 罗马 (Chinese)*, Rhufain (Welsh), Rim (Croatian*, Serbian, Slovene*), Rím (Slovak)*, Řím (Czech)*, Рим / Rim (Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian), Рим / Rym (Ukrainian), Rzym (Polish)*, Rô-ma or La Mã (Vietnamese, the latter is old-fashioned), An Róimh (Irish), An Ròimh (Scottish Gaelic)*, Rom (Danish*, German*, Swedish*), Róm (Icelandic), Roma (Azeri*, Catalan*, Interlingua, Italian*, Lithuanian*, Latvian*, Norwegian*, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Romansh, Spanish*, Tagalog*, Turkish*), Róma (Hungarian)*, Roma - רומא (Hebrew), Rōma - ローマ (Japanese)*, Roma - 로마 (Korean), Rome (Dutch*, French*), Rome, Roeme, Roame (Limburgish, depending on dialect), Rómi - Ρώμη (Greek), Romo (Esperanto), Rooma (Estonian*, Finnish*), Roum (Luxembourgish), Roym - רױם (Yiddish), Ruma (Maltese), Rūmiya (Arabic), Rzym (Polish) |
| Roskilde | Hróarskelda (Icelandic), Roskilde (Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Swedish, Turkish, Polish) |
| Rostock | Rostock (Estonian, Finnish, German, Romanian, Swedish, Turkish), Rostock / Rostok (Polish), Rostoka (Latvian), Rostokas (Lithuanian), Roztoka (former Polish), Roztoky (Czech) |
| Rouen | Rouaan (Dutch alternate), Rouen (French, Italian, Romanian), Ruan or Ruán (Spanish)*, Ruão (Portuguese), Ruāna (Latvian), Rúðuborg (Icelandic), Ρουένη (Greek - καθαρεύουσα) |
| Rovaniemi | Roavenjarga (Northern Sami), Rovaniemi (Estonian, Finnish, Swedish, Turkish), Rovaniemis (Lithuanian) |
| Rovinj | Rovigno (Italian), Rovinj (Croatian, Slovene), Ruginium (Latin) |
| Ružomberok | Rosenberg (German), Rózsahegy (Hungarian), Rużomberk (Polish), Ružomberok (Slovak) |
| Rzeszów | Reichshof (German 1939-1945), Reisha - רישא (Hebrew), Řešov (Czech), Reyshe - רײשע (Yiddish), Ryashеv - Ряшев (Russian), Ryashiv (Ukrainian), Rzeszów (Polish) |
S
| English name | Other names or former names |
|---|---|
| Saarbrücken | Saarbrücken (German, Romanian), Sarrebruck (French, Spanish), Sarbriukenas (Lithuanian), Saarbrécken (Luxembourgish), Saarbrükken (Azeri), Zaarbriuk'eni – ზაარბრიუკენი (Georgian*) |
| Saarlouis | Sarrelouis (French)*, Saarlouis (German)*, Saarlautern (German 1936–1945)*, Sarrelibre (French 1793–1804/1810)* |
| Sabinov | Sabinov (Slovak, Czech), Zeben (German), Kisszeben (Hungarian) |
| Sagunto | Sagunt (Catalan, German), Sagunto (Italian, Portuguese, Spanish), Saguntum (Latin) |
| St Albans | Verlamion (former English), Verulamium (Latin), Verlamchester or Wæclingacaester (Old English) |
| St Andrews | Cill Rìmhinn (Scottish Gaelic), Sanct Andraes (Lowland Scots), Kilrymont or Kilrule (former) |
| St. Gallen | Saint-Gall (French, Romanian), Sankt Gallen (Dutch, German), San Gallo (Italian), San Galo (Spanish*), São Galo (Portuguese*) Son Gagl (Romansh), Svatý Havel (Czech) |
| St Petersburg | Ayía Petrúpoli - Αγία Πετρούπολη (Greek), Cathair Pheadair (Irish), Shën Petersburg (Albanian), Peterburg and Peyterburg - פּעטערבורג (Yiddish), Peterburi (Estonian), Petroburgo (Esperanto), Pietari (Finnish), Saint-Pétersbourg (French), Sangteu Petereubureukeu / Sangt'ŭ P'et'erŭburŭk'ŭ - 상트페테르부르크 (Korean), Sankt-Pieciarburh - Санкт-Пецярбург (Belarusian), Sankt-Peterburg - Санкт-Петербург (Russian*), Sankt-Peterburg (Slovene), Sankt Peterburg (Serbian, seldom Slovak), Petrograd (traditional Serbian, independent of the 1914–1924 renaming), Sanktpēterburga (Latvian), Sankt Peterburgas (Lithuanian), Sankt Petěrburk (Czech), Sankt Petersborg (Danish), Sankt Petersburg (German, Polish, Romanian, Swedish), Sankt'-Peterburgi - სანქტ-პეტერბურგი (Georgian*), Sankta Pætursborg (Faroese), Sankuto Peteruburuku - サンクトペテルブルク (Japanese)*, San Petersburgo (Spanish, Tagalog*), San Pietroburgo (Italian), San Pietruburgu (Maltese), Sānt Bītarsbūrġ (Arabic), São Petersburgo (Portuguese), Sint-Petersburg (Dutch), St. Petersburg (Norwegian), Sankt Peterburg* or Peterburg (Turkish), Szentpétervár (Hungarian), Sankti Pétursborg (Icelandic), Shèng Bĭdébāo - 聖彼得堡 (Chinese), Xanh Pê-téc-bua (Vietnamese)
1638–1703 (a 17th-century town at the site of the present city): Nevanlinna (Finnish), Niyen – Ниен (Russian), Nyen (Swedish) 1914–1924: Petorogurādo - ペトログラード (Japanese), Petrograd (former English, former French, former Russian, former Serbian, former Slovene, former Swedish), Petrogrado (former Spanish, former Portuguese), Petrohrad (former Czech, Slovak), Pietrogrado (former Italian), Piotrogród (former Polish), Pēterpils (former Latvian), Petrapilis (former Lithuanian) 1924–1991: Leningrad (former Czech, former English, former German, former Swedish), Leningrado (former Italian, former Spanish, former Portuguese), Lenjingrad (former Serbian), Reningeuradeu / Renin'gŭradŭ - 레닌그라드 (Korean), Reningurādo - レニングラード (Japanese), "Liènínggélè"-列寧格勒 (Chinese) |
| St. Moritz | Sankt Moritz (German)*, San Murezzan (Romansh), Saint-Moritz (French)*, San Maurizio (Italian)*, San Morittsu - サンモリッツ (Japanese)*, Svatý Mořic (Czech), Sanktmorica (Latvian) |
| Saint-Quentin | Saint-Quentin (French), San Quintino (Italian), San Quintín (Spanish) |
| Salzburg | Salzburg (Bosnian, Croatian, German, Finnish, Romanian, Serbian, Slovene, Swedish, Turkish), Såizburg (Bavarian), Salisburgo (Italian), Salzbourg (French), Salzburgo (Portuguese, Spanish), Zarutsuburuku - ザルツブルク (Japanese)*, Jalcheubureukeu / Chalch'ŭburŭk'ŭ - 잘츠부르크 (Korean), Sà'ērzíbăo - 薩爾茨堡 (Chinese), Solnograd (old Slovene), Solnohrad (Czech), Zalcburga (Latvian), Zalcburgas (Lithuanian) |
| Samara | Samara – Самара (Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian), Samara (German, Azeri), Szamara (Hungarian), Kujbišev (Slovene, former name), Kuybyshev (former name) |
| Sânnicolau Mare | Sânnicolau Mare / Sân Nicolau Mare (Romanian), Groß Sankt Nikolaus (German), Nagyszentmiklós (Hungarian), Veliki Sveti Nikola (Serbian) |
| San Sebastián | Donostia (Basque)*, Donostio (Esperanto)*, San Sebatian (Romania), San Sebastián (Spanish*, Portuguese*, Finnish*), Sant Sebastià (Catalan)*, Saint-Sébastien (French)*, San Sebastijanas (Lithuanian) |
| Santiago de Compostela | Šānt Yāqūb (Arabic), Santiago de Compostel·la (Catalan), Sant Jaume de Galícia (former Catalan), Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle (French), Santiago de Compostela (Galician, Finnish, Portuguese, Spanish), Compostela (former Galician, current use also) ,Santiago di Compostela (Italian), Santiago di Compostella (old Italian) |
| Saragossa | Caesaraugusta (Latin), Saragoça (Portuguese), Saragosa - 사라고사 (Korean), Saragosa (Ladino*, Latvian, Serbian, Slovene), Saragossa (English (U.S.), Catalan, German, Polish), Saragosse (French), Saragozza (Italian), Sarqasta - سرقسطة (Arabic), Zaragoza (Aragonese, Czech, English (U.K.), Finnish, Romanian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish) |
| Sarajevo | Saarayego (Wolof), Sairéavó (Irish), Saraevo(Macedonian), Saraievo (Galician, Portuguese, Romanian), Seraium (Latin), Sarajeva (Latvian), Sarajevas (Lithuanian), Sarajevë (Albanian), Sarajevo (Bosnian, Croatian, English, Finnish, French, Italian, Maltese, Portuguese, Serbian, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish), Sarajevó (Icelandic), Sarajewo (German, Lower Sorbian, Polish, Upper Sorbian), Saraybosna (Turkish), Sarayevo (Azərbaycan, Qırımtatarca, Haitian Creole, Kurdi, Swahili), Szarajevó (Hungarian), Σαράγεβο (Greek), Сараєво (Ukrainian), Сараjево (Bosnian, Serbian), Сараево (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Chuvash, Russian, Ossetic, Macedonian, Tatar, Tajik), Sàlārèwō - 撒拉熱窩 (Chinese), Saraebo - サラエボ (Japanese)*, Սարաևո (Armenian), Sarayebo - 사라예보 (Korean), سرايیقو Sarāyīfū / Sarāyēfū (Arabic), Saray - (Judaeo-Spanish), סראייבו (Hebrew) |
| Saranda | Sarandë / Saranda (Albanian), Áyii Saránda – Άγιοι Σαράντα (Greek), Santiquaranta (Italian) |
| Sarrebourg | Saarburg (Dutch, German*), Sarrebourg (French*, German*) |
| Sarreguemines | Sarreguemines (French), Saargemünd (German) |
| Sartene | Sartè (Corsican), Sartena (Italian), Sartene (French) |
| Sassari | Sàsser (Catalan), Sáçer (Old Spanish), Sassari (Sassarese, Corsican, Italian), Sassaro (Old Sassarese), Tathari / Tàthari / Tàttari / Tattari (Sardinian) |
| Saverne | Zabern (German) |
| Schaffhausen | Schaffhouse (French), Schaffhausen (German, Romanian), Sciaffusa (Italian), Schaffusa (Romansh), Szafuza (Polish) |
| Schweinfurt | Schweinfurt (German, Romanian, Slovene), Svinibrod (Czech) |
| Schwerin | Schwerin (German), Swaryń (Polish), Zuarin (Obotritic), Zvěřín (Czech) |
| Schwyz | Schwytz (French, Finnish), Schwyz (German), Svitto (Italian), Sviz (Romansh) |
| Sélestat | Schlettstadt (German)*, Sélestat (French*, German*) |
| Senj | Segna (Italian), Senj (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene), Zengg (former Hungarian) |
| Sevastopol | Akyar / Sivastopol (Turkish), Aqyar (Crimean Tatar*, Tatar), Sebaseutopol / Sebasŭt'op'ol – 세바스토폴 (Korean)*, Sebastòpol (Catalan), Sébastopol (French), Sebastopol (Spanish, Portuguese, former English), Sebastopoli (Italian), Sevastopol (Finnish, Romanian), Sevastopol' – Севастополь (Russian, Ukrainian), Sevastopole (Latvian), Sevastúpoli – Σεβαστούπολη (Greek), Sewastopol (Polish), Szevasztopol (Hungarian), Theodorichshafen (proposed German name during World War II) |
| Seville | Hispalis (Latin), Išbīliya (Arabic), Sebiriya – セビリア / Sebīrya - セビーリャ (Japanese)*, Sebiya – 세비야 (Korean), Seviļa (Latvian), Sevila (Slovene), Sevilha (Occitan, Portuguese), Sevíli – Σεβίλλη (Greek), Sevilia (former Romanian), Sevilija (Lithuanian), Sevilja (Serbian), Seviljo (Esperanto), Sevilla (Galician, Finnish, German, Hungarian, Irish, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish), Séville (French), Sevilya (Turkish, Azeri), Seviya (Ladino)*, Sewilla (Polish), Siviglia (Italian), Sivilja (Maltese) |
| 's-Hertogenbosch | Den Bosch or 's-Hertogenbosch (Dutch), Bois-le-Duc (French), Herzogenbusch (German), Hertogenbosch (Italian), Boscoducale (older Italian), 's-Hertogenbosch (English, Polish, Swedish), n Bos(k) (Gronings), Bolduque (Spanish) |
| Shkodër | İşkodra (Turkish), Scodra (Latin), Scutari (Italian, old Romanian), Shkodër (Albanian), Skadar (Czech, Serbian, Slovene), Skódhra – Σκόδρα (Greek), Skutari (German), Szkodra (Polish) |
| Shrewsbury | Amwythig (sometimes rendered Yr Amwythig) (Welsh) |
| Šiauliai | Šaŭli – Шаўлі (Belarusian), Schaulen (German), Shavli – Шавли (Russian), Shavl – שאַװל (Yiddish), Šiauliai (Lithuanian, Finnish), Šauļi (Latvian), Szawle (Polish) |
| Šibenik | Sebenico (former Hungarian, Italian), Šibenik (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene), Szybenik (Polish) |
| Sibiu | Hermannstadt (German)*, Nagyszeben (Hungarian)*, Sibiň (Czech)*, Sibinj – Сибињ (Serbian), Sibiu (German*, Romanian*, Finnish*, Turkish*), Sybin (Polish)* |
| Siedlce | Sedlets (Russian), Shedlets – שעדלעץ (Yiddish), Siedlce (Polish) |
| Siena | Sena (former Portuguese, former Spanish), Siena (Dutch, Galician, German, Italian, Lithuanian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovene, Spanish, Turkish), Siena – 시에나 (Korean), Sienna (English variant), Sienne (French) |
| Sighetu Marmaţiei | Máramarossziget or Sziget (Hungarian)*, Maramureschsigeth / Siget / Sighetu Marmaţiei (German)*, Marmarošská Sihoť or Sighetu Marmaţiei (Czech)*, Ostrovu Marmaţiei (medieval name), Siget Marmaćej or Siget (Croatian, Serbian)*, Siget - סיגעט (Yiddish)*, Sighet (former English)*, Sighetu Marmaţiei (Dutch*, Portuguese*), Sighetu Marmaţiei or Sighet (Italian)*, Sighetu Marmaţiei or Sighetul Marmaţiei (French)*, Sighetu Marmaţiei or Sighetul Marmaţiei or Sighet (Romanian)*, Sihoť or Syhoty (Slovak), Sihota (Rusyn), Sygit – Сигіт or Sygit-Marmaros'kyy – Сигіт-Мармароський (Ukrainian)*, Syhot Marmaroski or Sygiet (Polish)* |
| Sighișoara | Schäßburg (German)*, Segesvár (Hungarian)*, Sighișoara (German*, Romanian*), Sigiszoara (Polish)* |
| Simferopol | Akmescit (Turkish), Aqmescit (Crimean Tatar*, Tatar*), Gotenburg (proposed German name during World War II), Simferopol' – Сімферополь (Ukrainian), Simferopol' – Симферополь (Russian), Simferopol (Romanian), Simferòpol (Catalan), Simferopole (Latvian), Symferopol (Polish), Συμφερούπολη (Greek), Szimferopol (Hungarian) |
| Sint-Truiden | Sent-Trüden (Azeri)*, Saint-Trond (French)*, Oppidum Sancti Trudonis (Latin)*, Sinttreidena (Latvian)*, Sint Treidenas (Lithuanian)* |
| Skopje | Scóipé (Irish), Scupi (Latin), Seukope / Sŭk'op'e - 스코페 (Korean), Shkupi (Albanian), Skop'e – Скопье (Russian), Skópia – Σκόπια (Greek), Skopie (Bulgarian – Скопие, Polish, Spanish), Skopje (Dutch, German, Latvian, Maltese, Portuguese, Slovene, Romanian, Swedish), Skopje – Скопје (Macedonian), Scoplie (Romanian variant), Skoplje (Serbian, Croatian), Skūbyī (Arabic), Szkopje (Hungarian), Üszküp (Hungarian, historical), Üsküb (Ottoman Turkish), Üsküp (Turkish), Skopjė (Lithuanian), Sukopie – スコピエ (Japanese)*, Usküb (English in the 11th Edition of Encyclopædia Britannica), Üsküp (Rumelian Turkish) |
| Skwierzyna | Schwerin an der Warthe (German) |
| Slavske | Slavs'ke – Славське (Ukrainian), Slawsko (Polish) |
| Sleswick | Slesvig (Danish* Norwegian*), Schleswig (German), Sleswig (low German), Sleeswijk (Dutch) |
| Sligo | Sligeach (Irish) |
| Słupsk | Stolp (German), Stolpe (Latin), Stôłpsk (Kashubian), Stölpe (Swedish), Slupska (Latvian), Слупск (Russian and other languages written in Cyrillic script) |
| Smolensk | Smalensk – Смаленск (Belarusian), Smolensk (Azeri, Dutch, French, German, Portuguese, Romanian), Smoleńsk (Polish), Smoļenska (Latvian), Smolenskas (Lithuanian), Szmolenszk (Hungarian), Смоленск (Russian) |
| Södertälje | Nán Tàilìyē – 南泰利耶 (Chinese), Södertälje (Swedish), Telga australis (Latin) |
| Solin | Salona (Dutch, Italian), Solin (Croatian, Slovene) |
| Sofia | Safija – Сафія (Belarusian), Serdica (Thracian), Sófia – Σόφια (Greek), Sófia (Portuguese), Sofia (Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Swedish), Sofia – ソフィア (Japanese)*, Sofía (Spanish), Sofija – София (Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian, Macedonian), Sofiya – Софія (Ukrainian), Sofija (Croatian, Slovene, Latvian, Lithuanian), Sofiya (Azeri), Sofio (Esperanto), Sofja (Maltese), Sofya (Turkish), Sóifia (Irish), Sopia / Sop'ia – 소피아 (Korean), Sredets (Slavic), Sūfiyā (Arabic), Suofeiya - 索菲亞 (Chinese), Szófia (Hungarian) |
| Solothurn | Soleure (French), Solothurn (Dutch, German), Soletta (Italian), Soloturn (Romansh), Solura (Polish) |
| Sønderborg | Sonderburg (German) |
| Sondrio | Sondrio (Italian), Sunder (Romansh), Sùndri (Lombard), Sundrium (Latin) |
| Sopot | Sopòt (Kashubian), Sopot (Polish), Zoppot (German) |
| Sopron | Ödenburg (German), Šoproň (Slovak, Czech), Sopron (Hungarian, Romanian), Šopron (Croatian) |
| Sovetsk | Sovetsk – Советск (Russian), Sovjetsk (Serbian, Slovene), Sovyetsk (Turkish), Tilsit (German), Tilzīte (former Latvian), Sovetska (Latvian), Tilžė (Lithuanian), Tylża (Polish) |
| Sparta | Σπάρτη (Greek) |
| Speyer | Espira (Spanish, Portuguese), Spiers (Dutch), Spira (Italian, Polish), Spire (French), Spires (former English), Špýr (Czech) |
| Spišská Nová Ves | Igló (Hungarian), Nowa Wieś Spiska / Spiska Nowa Wieś (Polish), Noveysis (Romani), Spišská Nová Ves (Slovak), Villa Nova (Latin), (Zipser) Neu(en)dorf (German), Списка Нова Вес (Ukrainian) |
| Split | Seupeulliteu / Sŭp'ŭllit'ŭ – 스플리트 (Korean), Spalato (former Hungarian, Italian), Split (Azeri, Croatian, Dutch, Finnish, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian, Slovene, Spanish), Splita (Latvian), Splitas (Lithuanian), Σπολάτο (Greek – καθαρεύουσα) |
| Spreewald | Błota (Lower Sorbian), Spreewald (German) |
| Spremberg | Grodk (Lower Sorbian), Spremberg (German) |
| Starokonstantinov | Alt-Konstantin (German), Starokonstantinov / Староконстантинов (Russian), Old Constantine (former English), Starokostyantyniv (Ukrainian) |
| Sterzing-Vipiteno | Sterzing (German), Vipiteno (Italian), Stérzen or Sterzinga (former Italian) |
| Šabac | Шaбац (Serbian, Macedonian), Šabac (English, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Schabatz (German), Szabács (Hungarian), Böğürdelen (Turkish) |
| Štip | Štip (English, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Штип (Serbian, Macedonian) |
| Stockholm | Estocolm (Catalan), Estocolmo (Galician, Portuguese, Spanish), Estokolmo (Tagalog*), Holmia (Latin), Istūkhūlm (Arabic), Seutokholleum / Sŭt'okhollŭm – 스톡홀름 (Korean), Sīdégē'ĕrmó – 斯德哥爾摩 (Chinese)*, Stoccolma (Italian), Stockholbma (Sami), Stockholm (Basque, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, German, Hungarian, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovene, Swedish), Stócólm (Irish), Stoc Tholm (Scottish Gaelic, archaic), Stokgol'm (Russian), Štokholm (Slovak), Stokholm (Albanian, Azeri, former Estonian, Serbian, Turkish), Stokholm – Стокхолм (Bulgarian), Stokhol'm (Ukrainian), Stokholma (Latvian), Stokholmas (Lithuanian), Stokholmo (Esperanto), Stokkhólmi – Στοκχόλμη (Greek), Stokkhólmur (Faroese, Icelandic), Stokkolma (Maltese), Sutokkuhorumu - ストックホルム (Japanese)*, Sztokholm (Polish), Tukholma (Finnish),Sa-tok-home – สตอกโฮล์ม (Thai)* |
| Stargard Szczeciński | Stargard Szczeciński (Polish), Stargard in Pommern or Stargard an der Ihna (German), Stargardia (Latin), Stôrgard (Kashubian/Pomeranian), Stargarda Ščeciņska (Latvian), Ščecino Stargardas (Lithuanian), Στάργκαρντ Σετσέτσινσκι (Greek), Старгард Щециньски (Russian), Старгард Щеціньски (Ukrainian), |
| Stralsund | Stralsund (German, Swedish), Stralsunda (Italian), Strzałowo or Strzałów (Polish) |
| Strasbourg | Estrasburgo (Portuguese, Spanish), Estrasburg (Catalan), Schdroosburi or Strossburi (Alsatian), Seuteuraseubureu / Sŭt'ŭrasŭburŭ – 스트라스부르 (Korean), Straatsburg (Afrikaans and Dutch), Strasbourg (French, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovene, Swedish), Strasborg (Scottish Gaelic), Strasburg (Polish), Štrasburg (Slovak), Strasburgo (Esperanto, Italian),Strasburgu (Maltese), Štrasburk (Czech), Strassburg (Finnish, Swiss German, former Swedish), Straßburg (German), Strazbur (Serbian), Strazburg (Turkish), Strasbūra (Latvian), Strasbūras (Lithuanian), Stroossbuerg (Luxembourgish), Strasvúrgo – Στρασβούργο (Greek), Sutorasubūru – ストラスブール (Japanese)* |
| Straubing | Straubing (German), Štrubina (Czech) |
| Struga | Struga (English, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Струга (Macedonian) |
| Strumica | Strumica (English, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Струмица (Macedonian) |
| Stuttgart | Estugarda (Portuguese), Shututtogaruto - シュトゥットガルト (Japanese)*, Štíhrad (Czech), Stoccarda (Italian), Schduagert (Swabian German)*, Stuttgart (Brazilian Portuguese, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish), Stoutgárdhi – Στουτγάρδη (Greek), Štutgarte (Latvian), Štutgartas (Lithuanian), Syututeugareuteu / Syut'ut'ŭgarŭt'ŭ - 슈투트가르트 (Korean) |
| Subotica | Mariatheresiopel (German), Subotica – Суботица (Serbian), Subotica (Finnish, Slovene, Polish, Romanian), Szabadka (Hungarian) |
| Suceava | Shots – שאָץ (Yiddish), Suceava (Romanian), Suczawa (Polish, German), Szucsava (Hungarian) |
| Sveti Nikole | Sveti Nikole (English, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian), Свети Николе (Macedonian) |
| Swansea | Abertaŭo (Esperanto), Abertawe (Welsh), Swansea (Dutch, German, Slovene), Svonsi (Serbian), Suonsi – სუონსი (Georgian*), |
| Świnoujście | Swinemünde (German), Świnoujście (Polish) |
| Syracuse | Saraùsa (Sicilian), Siracusa (Italian, Romanian, Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan), Sioracús (Irish), Siragüza (Arabic), Sirakuso (Esperanto), Siracuza (former Romanian), Sirakuza (Azeri, Serbian), Sirakuża (Maltese), Siraküza (Turkish), Sirakuze (Slovene), Sirakūzai (Lithuanian), Sirakúses – Συρακούσες (Greek), Syrakuzy (Polish), Syrakus (German), Syrakusa (Finnish, Swedish), Syrakuse (Dutch), Syrakúzy (Slovak), Syrakusy / Syrákúsy[2] (Czech) |
| Szczebrzeszyn | Shebreshin – שעברעשין (Yiddish), Szczebrzeszyn (Polish) |
| Szczecin | Estetino (Portuguese, Spanish), Scecinum / Stetinum (Latin), Stettin (German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Turkish, former English), Stettyn (Afrikaans), Szczecin (Polish, Romanian), Štětín (Czech), Štetín (Slovak, Slovene), Stettino (Italian), Ščecina (Latvian), Šćećin (Serbian), Štetinas (Lithuanian), Ščecin – Шчэцін (Belarusian), Syuchechin / Syuch'ech'in – 슈체친 (Korean)*, Στεττίνο (Greek) |
| Szczytno | Ortelsburg (German), Ortulfsburg (older German), Szczytno (Polish) |
| Szeged | Partiscum (Latin), Segedín (Czech, Serbian, Slovak), Segedin (Turkish), Szeged (Hungarian), Seghedino (Italian), Segedyn or Szegedyn (Polish), Seghedin (Romanian), Szegedin or Segedin (German), Siget (Croatian) |
| Székesfehérvár | Alba Regia (Latin), Stoličný Bělehrad (Czech), Stolni Biograd (Croatian), Stuhlweißenburg (German), Stoličný Belehrad (Slovak), İstolni Belgrad (Turkish), Stolni Beograd Столни Београд (Serbian) |
| Szentendre | Sentandreja – Сентандреја (Serbian), Svatý Ondřej (Czech), Szentendre (Hungarian) |
| Szombathely | Kamenica (Slovak), Kamenec (Czech), Sambotel (Croatian), Savaria or Sabaria (Latin), Sombotel (Slovene), Steinamanger (German), Szombathely (Hungarian) |
T
| English name | Other names or former names |
|---|---|
| Tallinn | Kolõvan (former Estonian), Lindanise (former Estonian), Lyndanisse (former Danish variant), Lindanäs (former Swedish variant), Räffle (former Swedish variant), Rääveli (former Finnish), Rävel (former Swedish variant), Reval (former Dutch, English, French, German, Swedish and Danish), Revalia (Latin), Revel' - Ревель (former Russian), Rewel (former Polish), Rēvele (former Latvian), Tālīn تالين (Arabic), Talinas (Lithuanian), Talin (alternate Portuguese, Serbian, alternate Turkish), Tălín - 塔林 (Chinese), Ταλλίνη (Greek - καθαρεύουσα), Tallin / T'allin - 탈린 (Korean), Tallin (Polish, Romanian, Russian, Slovak; also a variant in Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, used mainly between 1944–1991), Talinny (Hungarian), Tallinn (Azeri, Estonian, Danish, Dutch, German, Maltese, Norwegian, Portuguese, Swedish, Turkish), Taillinn (Irish), Tallina (Latvian), Tallinna (Finnish; former Estonian), Tarin - タリン (Japanese)*
|
| Tampere | Tammerfors (Danish, Swedish), Tampere (Azeri, Estonian, Finnish, Latvian, Portuguese, Romanian, Turkish), Tampere / T'amp'ere - 탐페레 (Korean), Tamperė (Lithuanian) |
| Taranto | Taranto (Italian, Romanian), Táras - Τάρας (ancient Greek), Tárantas - Τάραντας (modern Greek) Tarent (Czech, German, Polish, Romanian variant, Serbian), Tàrent (Catalan), Tarente (French), Tarento (Spanish), Tarentum (Latin) |
| Târgu Mureș | Marosvásárhely (Hungarian*),[KNAB] Maroš Vazargeli - Марошъ Вазаргели (archaic Russian),[KNAB] Neumarkt (am Mieresch) (German), Nový Trh (nad Máruši) (alternative Czech),[KNAB] Oșorhei (archaic Romanian),[KNAB] Târgu Mureș (Romanian, current spelling), Tîrgu Mureș (Romanian, old spelling), Tyrgu-Mureš - Тиргу-Муреш (Ukrainian*), Tyrgu-Mureš - Тыргу-Муреш (Russian*)[KNAB]
|
| Târgu Neamţ | Németvásár (Hungarian), Târgu Neamţ (Romanian, current spelling), Tîrgu Neamţ (Romanian, old spelling) |
| Târgu Ocna | Aknavásár (Hungarian), Târgu Ocna (Romanian, current spelling), Tîrgu Ocna (Romanian, old spelling) |
| Târgu Jiu | Zsilvásárhely (Hungarian), Târgu Jiu (Romanian, current spelling), Tîrgu Jiu (Romanian, old spelling), Tergoschwyl (German) |
| Tarnów | Tarne - טארנע (Yiddish), Tarnów (Polish), Tarniv - Тарнів (Ukrainian) |
| Tarnowskie Góry | Tarnovice (archaic Czech),[3] Tarnovske-Gury - Тарновске-Гуры (Russian*), Tarnovské Hory (archaic Czech),[4] Tarnovs′ki Hury - Тарновські Гури (Ukrainian*), Tarnowitz (German), Tarnowskie Góry (Polish), Tarnowske Gůry (Silesian*) |
| Tarragona | Tarragona (Catalan, Spanish, English), Tarraco (Latin), Tarragone (French) |
| Tartu | Derpt - Дерпт (former Russian), Dorpat (former German, Polish and Swedish), Tarto (Võro), Tartto (Finnish), Tartu (Estonian, German, Latvian, Romanian, Russian, Swedish, Turkish), Tērbata (Latvian, before 1918), Tharbata (Latin), Yur'yev - Юрьев (former Russian) |
| Tarvisio | Tarvis (Friulian, German), Tarvisio (Italian), Trbiž (Slovene) |
| Tauragė | Tauragė (Lithuanian),[KNAB] Tauraģe (Latvian*),[KNAB] Tauragie (Samogitian*), Tauroggen (German),[KNAB] Taurogi (Polish*),[KNAB] Taurogy (alternative Czech),[KNAB] Tovrik - טאווריק (Yiddish) |
| Tekirdağ | Byzanthe (Ancient Greek name of a Thracian town very near the modern city), Raedestus / Rhaedestus (Latin), Rhaidestos (Greek), Rodosçuk (early Ottoman Turkish), Rodosto (Italian and various European languages), Rodostó (Hungarian), Tekfurdağı (late Ottoman Turkish), Tekirdağ (Turkish), Visanthi (Modern Greek form of Byzanthe) |
| Tempio Pausania | Tempio Pausania (Italian), Tempiu (Corsican, Sardinian), Tempio (Spanish, Catalan, former Italian) |
| Terezín | Terezín (Czech, Slovak), Theresienstadt (German), Terezin (Polish) |
| Tetovo | Tetovo (English, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Тетово (Macedonian), Kalkandelen (Turkish) |
| The Hague | Ang Haya (Tagalog*), D'n 'Aegt (Zeelandic), Lāhāy لاهاي (Arabic), La Hay or La Haye (Vietnamese), Lahey (Turkish), L'Aia (Italian), L-Aja (Maltese), Gaaga (Russian), De Haach (Frisian), De Haag (local Haags dialect), Den Haag / 's-Gravenhage (Dutch), Haag (Croatian, Czech, Danish, Estonian, Finnish, Slovak, Slovene, Swedish), Den Haag / der Haag (German), Гааґа (Ukrainian), Hag (Serbian), Hāga (Latvian), Haga (Polish, Romanian, Lithuanian, Albanian), Hága (Hungarian), Hago (Esperanto), Hāgu - ハーグ (Japanese)*, Haia (Portuguese), An Háig (Irish), Hăiyá - 海牙 (Chinese), La Haya (Spanish), La Haye (French), Ηáyi - Χάγη (Greek), Heigeu / Heigŭ - 헤이그 (Korean) |
| Theodosia | Theodhósia - Θεοδωσία (Greek), Kefe (Crimean Tatar, Turkish), Feodosija (Finnish), Феодосія or Кафа(Ukrainian), Феодосия (Russian), Teodozja (Polish) |
| Thessaloniki | Salonic (Romanian), Salonica (alternative English name), Salónica (alternate Portuguese, alternate Spanish, alternate Ladino), Salonicco / Tessalonica (Italian), Salonikai (Lithuanian), Saloniki (Azeri, German, Latvian, Polish, Ladino, alternative Greek name), Saloniki - Салоники (Russian), Saloniki / Thessaloniki (Swedish), Салоніки (Ukrainian), Salonique / Thessalonique (French), Salonka (Maltese), Săruna (Aromanian), Selanik (Ladino*, Turkish, Albanian), Solun - Солун (Bulgarian, Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian, Slovene), Soluň (Czech), Solún (Slovak), Sołuń (Polish, historical), Szaloniki / Tesszaloniki (Hungarian), Thessaloniki - Θεσσαλονίκη (Greek), Teasaloinicé (Irish), Tesalloniki / T'esallonik'i - 테살로니키 (Korean), Tesalonic (alternative Romanian name), Tesalonica (Tagalog*), Sālōnīk - سالونيك (Arabic), Tesalónica (Spanish), Tessalónica and Salónica (Portuguese), Tessalònica (Catalan), Tessaloniki (Finnish), Salonik'i - სალონიკი / Tesalonik'i - თესალონიკი (Georgian*)
|
| Thionville | Diedenhofen (German), Diedenhoven (former Dutch), Diddenhuewen (Luxembourgish), Thionville (French) |
| Thusis | Thusis (German), Tusaun (Romansh) |
| Timișoara | Temešvár (Czech, Slovak), Temeswar / Temeschburg / (Temeschwar) (German), Temesvár (Hungarian), Temišvar (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene), Timișoara (Romanian), Timiszoara (Polish), טמשוואר (Yiddish), Temeşvar (Turkish) |
| Tipperary | Tiobraid Árann (Irish) |
| Tirana | Tiorána (Irish), Tiran (Turkish), Tirana (Azeri, Catalan, Finnish, Italian*, Maltese, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian, Spanish, Swedish), Τίρανα (Greek), Tirana - ティラナ (Japanese)*, Tirana / T'irana - 티라나 (Korean), Tirāna (Latvian), Tirana -Тирана (Ukrainian, Russian), Tiranë / Tirana (Albanian), Trnava - Трнава (old Macedonian) |
| Tongeren | Tongeren (Dutch), Tongern (German), Tongres (French), Tongue (Walloon), Aduatuca (Latin) |
| Tornio | Duortnus (Northern Sami), Toreunio / T'orŭnio - 토르니오 (Korean), Torneå (Swedish), Tornio (Estonian, Finnish) |
| Tórshavn | Thorshavn (Danish, Finnish, Romanian), Torshamn (Swedish), Tórshavn (Faroese), Þórshöfn (Icelandic), Toreuseuhaun / T'orŭsŭhaun - 토르스하운 |
| Toruń | Torun (Romanian), Toruń (Polish), Toruň (Czech), Thorn (German), civitas Torunensis, Thorun (Latin), Torń (Kashubian), Торунь (Russian, Ukrainian) |
| Toulon | Toló (Catalan), Tolón (Spanish)*, Tolone (Italian), Toulon (French, Finnish, Romanian) Tulon (Azeri, Polish, old Romanian), Tulona (Latvian) |
| Toul | Toul (French*, Finnish*, German*, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Swedish*), Tull (old German *) |
| Toulouse | Tolosa de Llenguadoc (Catalan), Tolosa (Italian, Latin, Occitan, former Spanish, Basque), Toulouse (French, Finnish, Portuguese, Romanian, Swedish), Tullujeu / T'ullujŭ - 툴루즈 (Korean), Tuluz (Serbian), Tuluza (Azeri, Polish), Tulūza (Latvian, Lithuanian), Tulúzi - Τουλούζη (Greek), Тулуза (Bulgarian, Ukrainian), Tūrūzu - トゥールーズ (Japanese)* |
| Tournai | Doornijk (Flemish), Doornik (Dutch), Dornick (German), Tournai (French, Romanian) |
| Tours | Tours (French), Caesarodunum (Latin), Teurgn (Breton) |
| Trakai | Troki - Трокі (Belarusian), Trakai (Lithuanian, Turkish), Trakay (alternative Turkish), Traķi (Latvian), Troki (Polish), Troky (Czech), Тракай or Троки (Ukrainian) |
| Tralee | Trá Lí (Irish) |
| Trenčín | Laugaricio (Latin), Trentschin (German), Тренчин (Russian), Trenczyn (Polish), Trencsén (Hungarian) |
| Trento | Trent (older English), Trente (Dutch, French), Trento (Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, Swedish), Trident (Czech), Tridentum (Latin), Trient (German), Trydent (Polish) |
| Trier | Augusta Treverorum (Latin*),[KNAB] Drir (local German), Tèlǐěr – 特里爾 (Mandarin Chinese*), Teurieo – 트리어 (Korean*), Torīa – トリーア (Japanese*), Treberis (Basque),[KNAB] Tréier (Luxembourgish*),[KNAB] Trevere (Venetian*), Trevèri (Occitan*), Treveris (Basque*),[5] Tréveris (Galician*,[6] Portuguese*, Spanish*,[KNAB]), Trèveris (Catalan*), Treves (archaic English),[7][KNAB] Trèves (French*),[KNAB] Trevír (Czech*,[KNAB] Slovak[KNAB]), Treviri (Italian*),[KNAB] Trevíroi – Τρεβήροι (Katharevousa Greek), Trewir (Polish*),[KNAB] Trier (Danish*, Dutch*, German*, Hungarian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Triers (archaic English),[7] Trir – Трир (Bulgarian*, Russian*,[KNAB] Serbian*), Trir – Трір (Ukrainian*), Trir – Τριρ (Greek*), Trīr ترير (Arabic*), Trīre (Latvian*), Triri (Albanian*), Trîve (Walloon), Tryr – Трыр (Belarusian*), Tryras (Lithuanian*) |
| Trieste | Tergeste (Latin), Terst (Czech, Slovak), Teryésti - Τεργέστη (Greek), Teurieseute / T'ŭriesŭt'e - 트리에스테 (Korean), Toriesute - トリエステ (Japanese)*, Triëst (Dutch), Triest (Catalan, Dutch, Friulian, German, Polish, Romanian variant), Trieszt (Hungarian), Trieste (Finnish, Italian, Latvian, Maltese, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish), Triyeste (alternative Turkish), Trst (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene), Трієст (Ukrainian)
|
| Trogir | Traù (Italian), Trogir (Croatian, Romanian, Serbian) |
| Trnava | Tyrnavia (Latin), Nagyszombat (Hungarian), Tyrnau (German), Трнава (Ukrainian), |
| Tromsø | Romsa (Sami),[KNAB] Teuromsoe / T'ŭromsoe - 트롬쇠 (Korean), Tromsë - Тромсё (Russian),[KNAB] Tromsīeg (Anglo-Saxon*), Tromsö (Swedish, Turkish), Tromssa (Finnish)[KNAB] |
| Trondheim | Drontheim (archaic German), Nidaros (archaic Norwegian), Niðarós (archaic Icelandic),[KNAB] Niðaróss (Old Norse), Nidrosia (Latin*),[8] Råante (Southern Sami), Roanddin (alternative Northern Sami), Tèlónghèmǔ - 特隆赫姆 (Mandarin Chinese*), Tèlúnhàn - 特倫汗 (alternative Mandarin Chinese), Trånnhjæm (local Norwegian), Troandin (Northern Sami*),[KNAB] Troanddin (alternative Northern Sami),[KNAB] Trondheim (Dutch*, German*, Norwegian*, Romanian*, Swedish*, Turkish), Trondheimas (Lithuanian*), Tróndheimur (Faroese),[9] Trondhjem (archaic Danish, Dano-Norwegian, alternative Norwegian), Tronheima (Latvian*), Tronxejm - Тронхейм (Russian*), Þrándheimur (Icelandic*)[KNAB]
|
| Truro | Truru (Cornish) * |
| Trzebiatów | Treptow an der Rega (German) |
| Tübingen | Túbīngēn - 圖賓根 (Chinese), Tubinga (Catalan, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish), Tübingen (German, Swedish), Tubingue (French), Tubinky / Tybinky (Czech), Tybinga (Polish), Tivíngi - Τυβίγγη (Greek) |
| Turin | Augusta Taurinorum (Latin), Taurasia (probably pre-Roman Celtic),Taurinum (medieval Latin), Torí (Catalan), Torino (Finnish, Italian, Croatian, Greek, Norwegian, Romanian, Serbian, Slovene, Turkish), Torinó (Hungarian), Torino - トリノ (Japanese)*, Torino / T'orino - 토리노 (Korean), Turijn (Dutch), Turim (Portuguese), Turin (Piedmontese, Azeri, Basque, French, Friulian, German, Maltese, Occitan, Lombard, Genoese, Swedish), Turini - ტურინი (Georgian*), Turín (Czech, Slovak, Spanish), Turyn (Afrikaans, Polish), Turīna (Latvian), Turinas (Lithuanian), Turien (Limburgish), Τουρίνο (Greek) |
| Turckheim | Turckheim (French)*, Türkheim im Elsass (German, obsolete)* |
| Turku | Abo - Або (archaic Russian)[10][11] Åbo (Norwegian*, Swedish*[KNAB]), Aboa (Latin),[8][12][13] Aboia (Latin), Árbæ (alternative Icelandic), Kaby - Кабы (archaic Russian),[14] Toúrkou - Τούρκου (Greek*), Túrcú (Irish*), Turcua (Latin), Tureuku / T'urŭk'u - 투르쿠 (Korean), Turu (Estonian),[KNAB] Turku (Azeri, Finnish, Latvian, Romanian, Sami*, Turkish), Turku - Турку (Russian*)[KNAB] |
| Tver | Kalinin (former name), Tver (Azeri, Italian, Romanian, Slovene, Swedish), Twer (Polish, German), Tvera (Latvian), Tverė (Lithuanian), Цвер (Цьвер) (Belarusian), Tiveri (Karelian), Твер (Ukrainian) |
| Tyszowce | Tishevits - טישעװיץ (Yiddish), Tyszowce (Polish) |
References
- [KNAB] "KNAB, the Place Names Database of EKI". Eki.ee. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
- ↑ Buruma, Ian. Year Zero: A History of 1945. Penguin, 2013.
- ↑ cs:Syrakusy
- ↑ Jan Krejčí (1876). "Přehled geologicko-orografický zemí českoslovanských". Časopis Musea království Českého. 50 (3): 434.
- ↑ Vincenc Prasek (1900). "Judiciorum saxonicorum per Moraviam sept. Silesiam austr. acta, nexus = Organisace práv magdeburských na sev. Moravě a v rak. Slezsku". Olomouc: Ed. Hölzel: 25.
- ↑ Euskaltzaindia (2010-05-23). "157. araua - Europako hiriak" (PDF). (in Basque)
- ↑ Isaac Díaz Pardo, Víctor F. Freixanes, Antón Mascato (editors) (2007). Diciopedia do século 21. Editorial Galaxia. ISBN 9788482893600. (in Galician)
- 1 2 George Landmann. "Treves, or Triers." A universal Gazetteer; or geographical dictionary of the World. Founded on the works of Brookes and Walker, etc. 1835.
- 1 2 J. G. Th. Graesse, Orbis Latinus (Dresden: Schönfeld, 1861; 1909. Brunswick, 1972) Ed. 1861 Ed. 1909 Ed. 1972
- ↑ Heims Atlas. 2nd ed. Tórshavn : Føroya skúlabókagrunnur, 1994. p. 19. (in Faroese)
- ↑ А. М. Комков. „Або“. «Словарь географических названий зарубежных стран». 1986. p. 7. (in Russian)
- ↑ Николай Михайлович Книпович. „Або“. «Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона» в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907. (in Russian)
- ↑ Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo, ovvero Breve trattato ..., vol. 2, p. 706
- ↑ Tuomo Pekkanen & Reijo Pitkäranta, Lexicon hodiernae Latinitatis Finno-Latino-Finnicum. Societas Litterarum Finnicarum, Helsinki, 2006; Ebbe Vilborg, Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok. Andra upplagan. Norstedts akademiska förlag, Stockholm, 2009. (in Swedish)
- ↑ Иван Яковлевич Павловскій (1843). Географія Россійской Имперіи. Vol. 2. Dorpat: Типография Шюнманна. p. 166.
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