Nakhchivan (city)

Nakhchivan Naxçıvan Нахчыван
City and municipality
Seal
Nakhchivan
Coordinates: 39°12′58″N 45°24′38″E / 39.21611°N 45.41056°E / 39.21611; 45.41056Coordinates: 39°12′58″N 45°24′38″E / 39.21611°N 45.41056°E / 39.21611; 45.41056
Country	Azerbaijan
Autonomous republic	Nakhchivan
Area
• Total	15 km2 (6 sq mi)
• Land	14.2 km2 (5.5 sq mi)
• Water	0.8 km2 (0.3 sq mi)
Elevation	873 m (2,864 ft)
Population (2010)census data[1]
• Total	74,500
Demonym(s)	Naxçıvanli
Time zone	GMT+4 (UTC+4)

The city of Nakhchivan (Azerbaijani: Naxçıvan, Нахчыван, ناخجیوان) is the capital of the eponymous Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan, located 450 km (280 mi) west of Baku. The municipality of Nakhchivan consists of the city of Nakhchivan, the settlement of Əliabad and the villages of Başbaşı, Bulqan, Haciniyyət, Qaraçuq, Qaraxanbəyli, Tumbul, Qarağalıq, and Daşduz.^[2] It is spread over the foothills of Zangezur Mountains, on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level.

Since June 9, 2009, by the decree of the President of the Azerbaijan Republic, the Bulqan, Garachug, Garakhanbeyli, Tumbul and Haciniyyət villages of the Babek Rayon are included in the scope of the administrative territorial unit of the Nakhchivan city.^[3]

History

Legends and traditions

Armenian tradition claims Noah as the founder of Nakhichevan (the Naxuana of Ptolemy), and a mound of earth in the city is still visited by many pilgrims as his grave.^[4] See Tomb of Noah and Noah’s Mausoleum (Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan). It should be noted that Armenian literature of the 5th through the 10th centuries does not have an Ark story. It is not until the 13th century that the Ark legends began to appear in Armenia, and by the 14th century these stories became popular.^[5]

Antiquity

Nakhchivan was one of the prominent cities of the Armenian Kingdom under the Artaxides, Arshakides and Bagratides dynasties from the 2nd century BC until the 11th century AD.^[6][7][8] In the 2nd century, Nakhchivan was known to Ptolemy under the name Ναξουὰνα (Naxouana), and some scholars have sought to identify Strabo's otherwise unidentified Arxata, mentioned in his description of the cities of Armenia, with Nakhchivan. Herodotus wrote that the river of Araz flows from the mountains of Matean to the country of Nakhar.^[9] Potts^[10] writes that Nakhchivan was probably the capital of the Siwnik region of Sassanid Armenia during the late-Sassanid period, when Siwnik was described as being located "along the Araxes" by Ananias of Shirak. According to Sebeos, the Byzantine emperor Heraclius marched through the Nakhchivan region during his campaign against the Sassanid empire in 627-628. Some Armenian chroniclers additionally state that Heraclius destroyed the town of Nakhchivan before marching on to Ganzak. A legend that the city of Nakhchivan was founded by Noah developed during the Christian-era.^[11]

Feudal era

At the beginning of the 12th century Nakhchivan became the capital of Atabek's state. At the start of the 20th century Nakhchivan was the capital of a district of Erivan Governorate of the Russian Empire.^[12]

Modern era

Republic era

During Nagorno-Karabakh War, the city like the region itself fell under a blockade. Although the city has no direct land connection to Azerbaijan, it has increased connections with Turkey and Iran in the recent years.^[13] During 1995 to 2012, Nakhchivan has undergone massive redevelopment with the region's GDP rising by a multiple of 48.^[14]

Geography

The city is spread over the foothills of Zangezur chain, on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of almost 1,000 m (3,300 ft).

The floods and soil erosion spiked because of the decreased forest cover along riverbanks.^[13] As a result, reforestation projects implemented in the city to encourage tree planting.^[13]

Climate

Nakhchivan has a continental semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) with short but cold, snowy winters and long, dry, very hot summers.

Climate data for Nakhchivan
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	0.8 (33.4)	4.0 (39.2)	12.3 (54.1)	20.1 (68.2)	24.7 (76.5)	29.5 (85.1)	34.7 (94.5)	33.7 (92.7)	30.1 (86.2)	21.9 (71.4)	12.6 (54.7)	5.1 (41.2)	19.1 (66.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−4.0 (24.8)	−0.5 (31.1)	5.4 (41.7)	12.4 (54.3)	17.5 (63.5)	22.4 (72.3)	26.9 (80.4)	26.2 (79.2)	21.9 (71.4)	14.1 (57.4)	6.5 (43.7)	0.9 (33.6)	12.5 (54.5)
Average low °C (°F)	−6.8 (19.8)	−4.3 (24.3)	1.0 (33.8)	7.4 (45.3)	11.5 (52.7)	15.9 (60.6)	20.0 (68)	18.7 (65.7)	14.7 (58.5)	8.2 (46.8)	2.3 (36.1)	−2.5 (27.5)	7.2 (45)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	19 (0.75)	18 (0.71)	29 (1.14)	38 (1.5)	36 (1.42)	30 (1.18)	17 (0.67)	8 (0.31)	11 (0.43)	26 (1.02)	20 (0.79)	15 (0.59)	267 (10.51)
Average precipitation days	5	4	6	7	9	5	2	2	2	5	4	4	55
Mean monthly sunshine hours	82.9	117.3	188.3	202.6	254.5	324.0	364.4	338.7	302.5	215.6	148.1	121.1	2,660
Source: NOAA[15]

Economy

Traditionally, Nakhchivan was home to trade industry, handicraft, shoemaking and hatmaking. These industries have been largely replaced. The restoration enterprises and development industry, liberalization of foreign trade and the extension of the customs infrastructure, which has been largely responsible for Nakchivan's growth in the last two decades, are now major parts of Nakchivan's economy.^[16]

Culture

The city has a wide range of cultural activities, amenities and museums. Heydar Aliyev Palace, which has a permanent local painting exhibition and a theatre hall for an audience of 1000 people, and a recently restored Soviet-time Opera Theatre where the Nakhchivan State Musical Drama Theatre realises theatre plays, concerts, musicals and opera.^[17]

Many of the city's cultural sites are expected to be celebrated in 2018 when Nakhchivan was designated an Islamic Culture Capital.^[18]

Architecture

The city is home Momine Khatun Mausoleum, Gulustan Mausoleum, Noah's Mausoleum, Garabaghlar Mausoleum, Yusif ibn Kuseyir Mausoleum, Imamzadeh mausoleum and Mausoleum of Huseyn Javid mausoleums.^[19]

The main sight in the city is the heavily restored 12th-century Momine Khatun Mausoleum, also known as Atabek Gumbezi. Momine Khatun was the wife of Eldegizid Atabek Jahan Pahlivan, ruler of the Atabek Eldegiz emirate. The 10-sided monument is decorated with intricate geometrical motives and Kufic script, it uses turquoise glazed bricks. It shares the neighbourhood with a statue of its architect - Ajami Nakhchivani - and a bust of Heydar Aliyev. Also from the 12th century and by the same architect, is the octagonal Yusuf Ibn Kuseir tomb, known as Atababa, half abandoned near the main cemetery.

In 1993, the white marble mausoleum of Hussein Javid was built. The Azerbaijani writer died in the Gulag during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge. Both the mausoleum and his house museum are located east of the theatre. Although being a recent construction, Huseyn Javid's mausoleum is of great iconic importance, representing the ability of the exclave to live despite the Armenian embargo and becoming a symbol of Nakhchivan itself.

The mausoleums of Nakhichevan were entered for possible inclusion in the List of World Heritage Sites, UNESCO in 1998 by Gulnara Mehmandarova — president of Azerbaijan Committee of ICOMOS—International Council on Monuments and Sites.^[20]

Cuisine

Nakchivan’s signature cuisine includes shirin plov (sweet rice with gravy; made with mutton, hazelnuts, almonds and dried fruits), dastana, komba, tendir lavash and galin.^[21]

Sacrificial monument Ashabi-Kahf

Ashabi-Kahf is a sanctuary in a natural cave which is located in the eastern part of the city of Nakhchivan,between the mountains of Ilandag and Nahajir in Azerbaijan.Since ancient times Ashabi-Kahf is considered as a sacred place.It is known not only in Nakhchivan, but also in other regions of Azerbaijan and countries of the Middle East.Each year ten thousands of people make a pilgrimage to this place.

Touristic place of Batabat Lake

Batabat Lake is in the Shahbuz district of Nakhchivan,in the basin of the Nakhchivan River and covers an area of 16.0 hectares.The local climate and landscape are favourable for the creation of tourist and recreation facilities.The existing meadows,clean,life-giving air,natural forests and bushes, fresh water streams (Zorbulag and Sudlubulag)and mineral water springs surely demand the creation of a leisure and tourism zone.Conditions are very favourable for the treatment of cardiac diseases and diseases of the nervous system.https://aristokrat.az/tours-to-azerbaijan/batabat-lake

Museums and galleries

The city also has many historical museums, the literature museum of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Nakhchivan State History Museum, The Nakhchivan State Carpet Museum, and the house museums of Jamshid Nakhchivanski and Bahruz Kangarli.^[22] There is also an archaeological museum found on Istiqlal street. The city has a few interesting mosques, particularly the Juma mosque, with its large dome.

Modern museums in Nakchivan include the Museum under Open Air, Heydar Aliyev Museum and the Memorial Museum (Xatıra Muzeyi), dedicated to the national strife between Armenia and Azerbaijan.^[23]

Music and media

The regional channels Naxçıvan TV and Kanal 35, and newspaper Sharg Gapisi are headquartered in the city.^[24]

Sports

Araz Naxçivan one of the top futsal clubs in the European futsal arena and regularly participates in UEFA Futsal Cup.^[25][26][27]

Nakhchivan had one professional football team, Araz-Naxçıvan, which competed in the top-flight of Azerbaijani football, the Azerbaijan Premier League.^[28]

In 2014, the city hosted Masters Weightlifting World Cup.^[29]

Education

There are 3 professional, 6 musical, 22 secondary schools and a military cadet school in Nakchivan administered by the city council.^[30]

Universities and colleges

Nakchivan is one of the Azerbaijan's main centre of education and home to numerous universities:

• Nakhchivan State University
• Nakhchivan Private University
• Nakhchivan Teachers Institute

Transport

Public transport

Nakhchivan has a large urban transport system, mostly managed by the Ministry of Transportation.In 2013, Ministry of Transportation stated that city, along with Ganja and Sumqayit will have new subway line within the framework of the 20-year subway program.^[31][32]

Nakhchivan's trolleybus system at its height, it consisted of three lines and existed until 2004.^[33]

Air

Nakhchivan Airport is the only commercial airport serving Nakhchivan. The airport is connected by bus to the city center. There are domestic flights to Baku and international service to Russia and Turkey.

Rail

In 2007, a new bridge across the Aras River to Iran opened and a Turkish rail line connected Nakhchivan indirectly to Baku in 2013.^[13]

Currently, light rail line is working from Nakchivan to Ordubad beyond to Sharur.^[34]

Notable residents

Some of the city's many prestigious residents include: president of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, Huseyn Javid — poet and playwright, founder of the progressive romanticism in Azerbaijani literature, writer Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, opera singer Azer Zeynalov, film director Rza Tahmasib, generals Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski and Jamshid Nakhchivanski, artist Bahruz Kangarli and architect Ajami Nakhchivani.^[35]

• 
  Heydar Aliyev, was the longest serving political leader in Azerbaijan.
• 
  Huseyn Javid, was the founder of the progressive romanticism in Azerbaijani literature.
• 
  Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, was an Azerbaijani satirist and writer.
• 
  Abdurrahman Fatalibeyli, was a Soviet army major who defected to the German forces during World War II.
• 
  Khetcho, Armenian activist, combatant and one of key supporter of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution
• 
  Ruben Orbeli, founder of Soviet underwater archeology
• 
  Jamshid Nakhchivanski, was a Russian Imperial, Azerbaijani and Soviet military commander.
• 
  Bahruz Kangarli, the founder of realistic easel painting of Azerbaijan.
• 
  Rza Tahmasib, film director and actor.
• 
  Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski, was the only Muslim to serve as General-Adjutant of the Russian Emperor.
• 
  Ali M. Hasanov, serves as the National Adviser to the President of Azerbaijan.
• 
  Agil Mammadov, footballer.

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Nakhchivan is twinned with various cities.

• Batumi, Georgia, (since 2012)^[36]

Gallery

• 
  Khan Palace of Nakhchivan
• 
  Face Pattern of the Momine Khatun Mausoleum
• 
  Nakhchivan City coat of arms under Imperial Russia (designed in 1843)
• 
  The aerial view of the city 2006
• 
  Monument for the native (Azerbaijani) language

See also

• Nakhichevan Khanate

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nakhchivan (city).

• Nakhchivan Guide
• Nakhchivan Portal
• Nakhchivan (as Naxçıvan) at GEOnet Names Server
• World Gazetteer: Azerbaijan – World-Gazetteer.com