Nagana szlachectwa

Nagana szlachectwa (Latin: Vituperatio nobilitatis), literally reprobation/reprimand/censure of nobility, also translated by Norman Davies as Test of Nobility[1] was a legal procedure of the revocation of nobility in the history of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Due to the absence of formalized heraldry laws and lineage in early Poland, nobility of a person was tested in a regular court.[2] The confirmation of nobility was based on calling for a certain number of witnesses. In Poland this was in accordance with a 1633 statute,[3] in Lithuania by Chapter 3, Article 22 of a 1588 Statute.[4] The latter demanded two witnesses each from the maternal and paternal side. The penalty for perjury was being stripped of own szlachta status by 1601.[5]

In case of the successful nagana, the accuser earned up to half of the property of the accused,[6] the other half going to the state.[7] The justice was highly prone to miscarriage, in particular, to abusive ennoblement[8] Therefore, this procedure was gradually restricted in various ways. After 1581, the procedures took place before either the Crown Tribunal or the Lithuanian Tribunal.[9]

Norman Davies conjectures that this practice was among the factors leading to the establishment of a unique Polish practice of heraldic families (Polish: ród heraldyczny, "heraldic clans", by Davies).[1] It is also asserted that this practice led to development of extensive personal archiving and archive research among Polish nobility.[6]

See also

Bibliography

References

  1. 1 2 Norman Davies, God's Playground,
  2. ↑ Semkowicz, W. (1900). Nagana i oczyszczenie szlachectwa w Polsce XIV i XV wieku. 1. Z druk. W. Łozińskiego. p. 15. Retrieved 2015-06-25.
  3. ↑ "Volumina legum. Book 3". Ohryzko Jozafat.
  4. ↑ "Statut Wielkiego Xięstwa Litewskigo naprzód, za Naiaśnieyszego Hospodara Króla Jegomości Zygmunta III. w Krakowie w Roku 1588... teraz zaś piąty raz, za szczęśliwie panuiącego Naiaśnieyszego Krola jegomości Augusta Trzeciego przedrukowany" (in Polish). Drukarnia Akademicka Soc. Jesu. 1744.
  5. ↑ "Volumina legum. Book 2.". Ohryzko Jozafat. 1859.
  6. 1 2 Robert Degen, Wies�aw Nowosad. "Archiwa - Kancelarie - Zbiory. Pierwszy polski rocznik archiwozoficzny". home.umk.pl. Retrieved 2015-06-25. replacement character in |author= at position 19 (help)
  7. ↑ Smoleński, Władysław (1919). Dzieje narodu polskiego. Warsaw.
  8. ↑ Instytut Sztuki (Polska Akademia Nauk) (1991). Polish Art Studies. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. ISSN 0208-7243. Retrieved 2015-06-25.
  9. ↑ Pawlikowski, Michał (2012). Sądownictwo grodzkie w przedrozbiorowej Rzeczypospolitej. Strzałków. ISBN 978-83-933262-1-1.


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