N'Ko alphabet

N'Ko
Type
alphabet
Languages N'Ko
Creator Solomana Kante
Time period
 1949 to the present
Direction Right-to-left
ISO 15924 Nkoo, 165
Unicode alias
 NKo
U+07C0–U+07FF

N'Ko (ߒߞߏ‎) is both a script devised by Solomana Kante in 1949, as a writing system for the Manding languages of West Africa, and the name of the literary language written in that script. The term N'Ko means I say in all Manding languages.

The script has a few similarities to the Arabic script, notably its direction (right-to-left) and the letters which are connected at the base. Unlike Arabic, it obligatorily marks both tone and vowels. N'Ko tones are marked as diacritics, in a similar manner to the marking of some vowels in Arabic.

History

Kante created N'Ko in response to what he felt were beliefs that Africans were a cultureless people, because before then, no indigenous African writing system for his language existed. N'Ko came first into use in Kankan, Guinea, as a Maninka alphabet and was disseminated from there into other Mande-speaking parts of West Africa. N'Ko Alphabet Day is April 14, relating to the date in 1949 when the script is believed to have been finalized.[1]

The introduction of the alphabet led to a movement promoting literacy in the N'Ko alphabet among Mande speakers in both Anglophone and Francophone West Africa. N'Ko literacy was instrumental in shaping the Mandinka cultural identity in Guinea, and it has also strengthened the Mande identity in other parts of West Africa.[2]

New findings[3] on N'Ko came to light through the investigation of an anecdote by French officer Colonel Malenfant,[4] who spoke of a mysterious script written in June 1791, in Boucassin, (near Port-au-Prince, Haiti) by a Saint Domingue colony slave named Tamerlan. Literate and a former priest in his home country, Tamerlan wrote down the name of his writing in 3 letters that Haitian researcher Rodney Salnave judged to be N'Ko. If this writing was indeed N'ko, it would imply that the N'ko writing was at the very least two centuries older than believed and that Souleymane Kante did not create the N'Ko alphabet in 1949 ; he only revived it from files that his family brought from hometown Segou,[5] Mali. If this is the case, the original inventor of N'ko may have been future Bambara king Ngolo Diarra, who, in his youth, studied in Timbuktu, Mali, in early 1700's, but not as a Muslim, rather as an animist who became priest[6] to Biton Mamari Coulibaly, founding King of the Ségou Bambara Empire.

Current use

As of 2005, it is used mainly in Guinea and the Ivory Coast (respectively by Maninka and Dyula speakers), with an active user community in Mali (by Bambara-speakers). Publications include a translation of the Quran, a variety of textbooks on subjects such as physics and geography, poetic, and philosophical works, descriptions of traditional medicine, a dictionary, and several local newspapers. It has been classed as the most successful of the West African scripts.[7] The literary language used is intended as a koiné blending elements of the principal Manding languages (which are mutually intelligible), but has a very strong Maninka flavour.

The Latin script with several extended characters (phonetic additions) is used for all Manding languages to one degree or another for historic reasons and because of its adoption for "official" transcriptions of the languages by various governments. In some cases, such as with Bambara in Mali, promoting literacy using this orthography has led to a fair degree of literacy in it. Arabic transcription is commonly used for Mandinka in The Gambia and Senegal.

There has also been documented use of N'Ko, with additional diacritics, for traditional religious publications in the Yoruba and Fon languages of Benin and southwest Nigeria.[8]

Letters

The N'Ko alphabet is written from right to left, with letters being connected to one another.

Vowels

ɔ o u ɛ i e a
ߐ‎ ߏ‎ ߎ‎ ߍ‎ ߌ‎ ߋ‎ ߊ‎

Consonants

r d ch j t p b
ߙ‎ ߘ‎ ߗ‎ ߖ‎ ߕ‎ ߔ‎ ߓ‎
m l k f gb s rr
ߡ‎ ߟ‎ ߞ‎ ߝ‎ ߜ‎ ߛ‎ ߚ‎
n' y w h n ny
ߒ‎ ߦ‎ ߥ‎ ߤ‎ ߣ‎ ߢ‎

A tone diacritic is placed above some consonant letters to cover sounds not found in Manding, such as gb-dot for /g/ (a different diacritic produces /ɣ/) and f-dot for /v/.

Tones

N'Ko uses diacritical marks to denote tonality and vowel length. Together with plain vowels, N'Ko distinguishes four tones: high, low, ascending, and descending; and two vowel lengths: long and short. However no mark exists for a short, descending tone.

high low rising falling
short ߫‎ ߬‎ ߭‎
long ߯‎ ߰‎ ߱‎ ߮‎

Numbers

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
߀‎ ߁‎ ߂‎ ߃‎ ߄‎ ߅‎ ߆‎ ߇‎ ߈‎ ߉‎

N'ko and computers

With the increasing use of computers and the subsequent desire to provide universal access to information technology, the challenge arose of developing ways to use N'ko on computers. From the 1990s on, there were efforts to develop fonts and even web content by adapting other software and fonts. A DOS word processor named Koma Kuda was developed by Prof. Baba Mamadi Diané from Cairo University.[9] However the lack of intercompatibility inherent in such solutions was a block to further development.

Pango 1.18 and GNOME 2.20 have native support for the N'ko languages. An iOS calculator in N'ko, N'ko:Calc, is available on the Apple App Store. An iOS app for sending email in N'ko is available: Triage-N'ko. There is a virtual keyboard named virtual-keyboard-nko to type N'ko characters on Windows operating system.

An N’Ko font, Conakry, is available for Windows 8, macOS, and OpenOffice-LibreOffice’s Graphite engine, which was developed by SIL International.[10]

Unicode

N'Ko script was added to the Unicode Standard in July 2006 with the release of version 5.0.

UNESCO's Programme Initiative B@bel supported preparing a proposal to encode N'Ko in Unicode. In 2004, the proposal, presented by three professors of N'Ko (Baba Mamadi Diané, Mamady Doumbouya, and Karamo Kaba Jammeh) working with Michael Everson, was approved for balloting by the ISO working group WG2. In 2006, N'Ko was approved for Unicode 5.0.

The Unicode block for N'Ko is U+07C0–U+07FF:

NKo[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+07Cx ߀‎ ߁‎ ߂‎ ߃‎ ߄‎ ߅‎ ߆‎ ߇‎ ߈‎ ߉‎ ߊ‎ ߋ‎ ߌ‎ ߍ‎ ߎ‎ ߏ‎
U+07Dx ߐ‎ ߑ‎ ߒ‎ ߓ‎ ߔ‎ ߕ‎ ߖ‎ ߗ‎ ߘ‎ ߙ‎ ߚ‎ ߛ‎ ߜ‎ ߝ‎ ߞ‎ ߟ‎
U+07Ex ߠ‎ ߡ‎ ߢ‎ ߣ‎ ߤ‎ ߥ‎ ߦ‎ ߧ‎ ߨ‎ ߩ‎ ߪ‎ ߫‎ ߬‎ ߭‎ ߮‎ ߯‎
U+07Fx ߰‎ ߱‎ ߲‎ ߳‎ ߴ‎ ߵ‎ ߶‎ ߷‎ ߸‎ ߹‎ ߺ‎
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 10.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

The literary language

N'ko
Kangbe
Region Guinea, Mali, etc.
Native speakers
 None[11]
Manding koine
Language codes
ISO 639-2 nqo
ISO 639-3 nqo
Glottolog (insufficiently attested or not a distinct language)
nkoa1234[12]

N'Ko literature is evolving into a literary language, termed kangbe 'clear language', that is based on a compromise dialect of several Manding languages. Mande speakers use kangbe to communicate in writing.[13] For example, the word for 'name' in Bamanan is tɔgɔ and in Maninka it is toh. In written communication each person will write it tô in N’Ko, and yet read and pronounce it as in their own language.

References

  1. ↑ Oyler, Dianne White (November 2005). The History of N’ko and its Role in Mande Transnational Identity: Words as Weapons. Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 0-9653308-7-7.
  2. ↑ Oyler, Dianne White (1994) Mande identity through literacy, the N'ko writing system as an agent of cultural nationalism. Toronto: African Studies Association.
  3. ↑ Salnave, Rodney (February 26, 2017). "Tamerlan wasn't muslim". Bwa Kay Il-Ment. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
  4. ↑ Malenfant, Colonel (1814). Des colonies et particulièrement de celle de Saint-Domingue : mémoire historique. Paris: Audibert, lib. p. 213.
  5. ↑ Amselle, Jean-Loup (1996). "Le N’ko au Mali". Cahier d’études africaines. 36 (144): 823–826.
  6. ↑ Traoré, Samba Lamine (2012). La Saga de la ville historique de Ségou. Paris: L'Harmattan. p. 43.
  7. ↑ Unseth, Peter. 2011. Invention of Scripts in West Africa for Ethnic Revitalization. In The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts, ed. by Joshua A. Fishman and Ofelia García, pp. 23–32. New York: Oxford University Press.
  8. ↑ Àgèlògbàgàn Àgbɔ̀vì, Gànhúmehàn Vodún
  9. ↑ Personal note from the LISA/Cairo conference, in Dec. 2005, Don Osborn
  10. ↑ Rosenberg, Tina (2011-12-09). "Everyone Speaks Text Message". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
  11. ↑ N'ko at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  12. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "N'Ko". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  13. ↑ N'Ko Language Tutorial: Introduction

Sources

See also

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