Timeline of audio formats
An audio format is a medium for sound recording and reproduction. The term is applied to both the physical recording media and the recording formats of the audio content – in computer science it is often limited to the audio file format, but its wider use usually refers to the physical method used to store the data.
Music is recorded and distributed using a variety of audio formats, some of which store additional information.
Timeline of audio format developments
| Year | Physical media formats | Recording formats |
|---|---|---|
| 1860 | Phonautogram | Mechanical analog; sound waveform transcribed to paper or glass |
| 1877 | Phonograph cylinder (Edison) | Mechanical analog; hill-and-dale grooves, vertical stylus motion |
| 1878 - 1916 | Ediphone - Dictaphone | Mechanical analog, the Ediphone and subsequent wax cylinders used in Edison's other product lines continued to be sold up until 1929 when the Edison Manufacturing Company folded. |
| 1883 | Music roll | Mechanical digital (automated musical instruments) |
| 1887 | Phonograph disk (Emile Berliner) | Mechanical analog; lateral grooves, horizontal stylus motion |
| 1898 | Wire recording | Analog; magnetization; DC bias |
| 1925 | Electrical cut record | Mechanical analog; electrically cut from amplified microphone signal, lateral grooves, horizontal stylus motion, discs at 7", 10", 12", most at 78 rpm |
| 1930s | Reel-to-reel, magnetic tape | Analog; magnetization; AC "bias" dramatically increases linearity/fidelity, tape speed at 30 ips, later 15 ips and other refined speeds: 7½ ips, 3¾ ips, 1⅞ ips |
| Electrical transcriptions | Mechanical analog; electrically cut from amplified microphone signal, high fidelity sound, lateral or vertical grooves, horizontal or vertical stylus motion, most discs 16" at 33⅓ rpm | |
| 1936 | Tefifon | Electromechanical, vinyl belt housed in a cassette, used an embossing technique using a stylus to imprint the information, was the first audio cassette |
| 1945 | SoundScriber | Analog, 4-6 inch discs, it recorded sound by pressing grooves into soft vinyl discs |
| 1947 | Dictabelt (Memobelt) | Analog, medium consisting of a thin, plastic belt 3.5" wide that was placed on a cylinder and rotated like a tank tread, developed by the Dictaphone company in 1947 |
| 1948 | Vinyl LP record (Columbia) | Analog, with preemphasis and other equalization techniques (LP, RIAA); lateral grooves, horizontal stylus motion; discs 7", 10" and 12" at 33⅓ rpm, 1st LP Columbia ML 4001 Milstein, Mendelssohn Violin Concerto |
| 1949 | Vinyl 45 record (RCA) | Analog 45 rpm vinyl 7" disk, first 45 pressed "PeeWee the Piccolo" RCA 47-0147 Indianapolis |
| 1951 | Minifon P55 | Analog, magnetic wire on reel, 30 cm/s or about 11.8 ips was quickly adopted by many governments as being the ultimate "spy" recorder of its day |
| 1957 | Stereophonic vinyl record | Analog, with preemphasis and other equalization techniques. Combination lateral/vertical stylus motion with each channel encoded 45 degrees to the vertical |
| 1957 | Dictet | Analog, ¼ tape, 2.48 in/s, (3" reels housed 5.875 x 3 x .4375 inch cassette), developed by the Dictaphone Corp, was the very first dictation machine to use magnetic tape cassettes |
| 1958 | RCA tape cartridge (Sound Tape) (Magazine Loading Cartridge) | Analog, ¼ inch wide tape (stereo & mono), 3¾ in/s & 1.875 in/s, one of the first attempts to offer reel-to-reel tape recording quality in a convenient format for the consumer market |
| 1959 | NAB Cart Tape (Fidelipac) | Analog, ¼ inch wide tape in cartridge, 7½ in/s & 15 in/s, Introduced in 1959 by Collins Radio, the cart tape format was designed for use by radio broadcasters to play commercials, bumpers and announcements |
| 1962 | 4-Track (Stereo-Pak) | Analog, 1⁄4-inch-wide (6.4 mm) tape, 3¾ in/s, endless-loop cartridge |
| 1963 | Compact cassette | Analog, with bias. 0.15-inch-wide (3.8 mm) tape, 1⅞ in/s. 1970: introduced Dolby noise reduction |
| 1964 | Sanyo Micro Pack 35 (Channel Master 6546) | ¼ inch wide tape housed in a transparent cartridge measuring 2.6 x 2.9 x 1.9 inches, tape was stored on two reels residing atop one another, keeping the cartridge compact |
| 1965 | 8-Track (Stereo-8) | Analog, ¼ inch wide tape, 3¾ in/s, endless-loop cartridge |
| DC-International system | Analog cassette format introduced by Grundig, Telefunken and Blaupunkt: 120 x 77 x 12 mm cassette with ¼ inch wide tape run at 5.08cm per second. | |
| 1966 | PlayTape | Analog, ⅛ inch wide tape, endless-loop cartridge, introduced by Frank Stanton |
| 1969 | Microcassette | Analog, ⅛ inch wide tape, used generally for note taking, mostly mono, some stereo (developed in the early '80s). 2.4 cm/s or 1.2 cm/s |
| Minicassette | Analog, ⅛ inch wide tape, used generally for note taking, 1.2 cm/s | |
| 1970 | Quadraphonic 8-Track (Quad-8) (Q8) | Analog, ¼ inch wide tape, 3¾ in/s, 4-channel stereo, endless-loop cartridge |
| 1971 | Quadraphonic Vinyl Record (CD-4) (SQ Matrix) | Analog |
| 1975 | Betamax Digital Audio | Digital |
| Analog. Dolby Stereo cinema surround sound | ||
| 1976 | Elcaset | Analog |
| 1978 | Laserdisc | Digital/Analog |
| 1982 | Compact Disc (CD-DA) | Digital. Linear PCM (LPCM) |
| 1985 | Digital. Sound Designer (by Digidesign) (SD and DIG formats) | |
| 1986 | High Definition Compatible Digital (HDCD) | Digital. Redbook compatible physical CD containing 20–24 bit information (uses linear pulse-code modulation (LPCM) |
| 1987 | Digital Audio Tape (DAT) | Digital. |
| 1988 | Digital. Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF) | |
| 1992 | Digital Compact Cassette (DCC) | Digital, ⅛ inch wide tape, 1⅞ in/s, introduced by Philips and Matsushita in late 1992, marketed as the successor to the standard analog compact cassette |
| Digital. WAVEform (WAV) | ||
| Digital. Dolby Digital surround cinema sound (also known as Dolby Stereo Digital until 1994) | ||
| MiniDisc (MD)[1] | Digital. Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding (ATRAC) | |
| 1993 | Digital. Digital Theatre System (DTS), Sony Dynamic Digital Sound (SDDS), MPEG-1 Audio Layer III (MP3) | |
| 1994 | Digital. TwinVQ | |
| 1995 | RealAudio[1] | |
| 1997 | DVD | Digital. Dolby Digital, Digital Theatre System (DTS) |
| DTS-CD | Digital. DTS Audio | |
| 1999 | DVD-Audio | Digital. Including Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP), Linear PCM (LPCM), Dolby Digital (AC-3) and Digital Theatre System (DTS) |
| Super Audio CD (SACD) | Digital. Direct Stream Digital | |
| Digital. Windows Media Audio (WMA) | ||
| Digital. The True Audio Lossless Codec (TTA) | ||
| 2000 | Digital. Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC) | |
| 2001 | Digital. Advanced audio coding (AAC) | |
| 2002 | Digital. Ogg Vorbis codec | |
| 2003 | DualDisc | Digital. Multiple formats encoded onto the same disc |
| 2004 | Digital. Apple Lossless (ALE or ALAC) | |
| 2005 | HD DVD | Digital. Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD Master Audio |
| Digital. OggPCM | ||
| 2006 | Blu-ray Disc | Digital. Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD Master Audio |
| 2008 | slotMusic | Digital. Usually at 320 kbit/s MP3 on microSD or microSDHC |
| Blu-spec CD | Digital. PCM | |
| 2009 | SILK | Digital. Codec developed by Skype, extended into the Opus codec. |
| 2010 | DCP (Digital Cinema Package) | Digital. Auro-3D codec |
| 2012 | Opus | Digital. Opus codec |
| 2014 | Opus | Digital. Opus Spotify |
References
- 1 2 Cornell University Library (2003). "Digital Preservation and Technology Timeline". Digital Preservation Management. USA. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
See also
External links
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