Biarritz
| Biarritz | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Commune | |||
|
Beach and casino | |||
| |||
  Biarritz | |||
|
Location within Nouvelle-Aquitaine region  Biarritz | |||
| Coordinates: 43°29′N 1°34′W / 43.48°N 1.56°WCoordinates: 43°29′N 1°34′W / 43.48°N 1.56°W | |||
| Country | France | ||
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine | ||
| Department | Pyrénées-Atlantiques | ||
| Arrondissement | Bayonne | ||
| Canton | Biarritz | ||
| Intercommunality | CA Pays Basque | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor (since 2014) | Michel Veunac | ||
| Area1 | 11.66 km2 (4.50 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2009)2 | 25,397 | ||
| • Density | 2,200/km2 (5,600/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| INSEE/Postal code | 64122 /64200 | ||
| Elevation | 0–85 m (0–279 ft) | ||
|
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once. | |||
Biarritz (French pronunciation: [bjaʁits]; Basque: Biarritz [biarits̻] or Miarritze [miarits̻e]; Gascon Occitan: Biàrritz [ˈbjarits]) is a city on the Bay of Biscay, on the Atlantic coast in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the French Basque Country in southwestern France. It is located 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the border with Spain. It is a luxurious seaside tourist destination known for the Hôtel du Palais (originally built for the Empress Eugénie circa 1855), its casinos and its surfing culture.
Geography
Biarritz is located in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It is adjacent to Bayonne and Anglet and 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the border with Spain. It is in the traditional province of Labourd in the French Basque Country.
Etymology
In Basque, its name is Biarritz or Miarritze. Its current Occitan Gascon name is Biàrrits. The name for an inhabitant is Biarrot; Biarriztar ou Miarriztar in Basque. The suffix -itz (cp. Isturitz) is a Basque locative. The name appears as Bearriz in 1170, Bearids in 1186, and Bearritz in 1249.
Biarritz appears as Bearids and Bearriz in 1150, Beiarridz in 1165, Bearriz and Beariz in 1170, Bearidz (1186), Bearriz and Beariz (12th century), lo port de Beiarriz and Bearridz in 1261, (cartulaire de Bayonne). Other forms include Beiarid (1199), Bearritz (1249), Beiarriz and Beiarrids (1261), Bearridz (1281), Bearrits (1338), (rôles gascons), Bearritz (1498, chapitre de Bayonne38), Sanctus Martinus de Biarriz (1689, collations du diocèse de Bayonne39), mearritcen (1712), Biarrits (1863, dictionnaire topographique Béarn-Pays basque) et Biarritze et Miarritze au XIXe siècleNote 10.
History
Prehistory
Analysis of stones from the Middle Paleolithic show that the Biarritz area was inhabited at that time.
Middle Ages
The oldest mention appears in a cartulary, Baiona’s Golden book, from 1186, where it is named Bearids; some years later the name used was Beiarrids. The first urban town was to the south, at the top and at the interior, where the church of San Martin is located. This church is the oldest in Biarritz.
In 1152, Eleanor of Aquitaine married Henry II of England, who became suzerain of the Duchy of Aquitaine. Prince Edward, oldest son of Henry III of England, was invested with the duchy, and betrothed to Eleanor of Castile, who brought him rights over Gascony.
Two population centers are attested in the Middle Ages. On the one hand, the église Saint-Martin was active in the neighborhoods in the territory's interior, which were:[1]
- Gardague (mentioned en 1233)
- Legure (lac Mouriscot)
- Larrepunte and the domains of Silloete-de-Bas and Silloete-de-Haut,
- Arretegui,
- Chabiague,
- Castera,
- Suhy,
- Itçar (mentioned in 1342),
- Monsegur (1335),
- Martin Petit,
- Chohy,
- Maron,
- Catalina
- Harausta (which would become La Négresse).
On the other hand, the château of Belay (first mentioned in 1342), also called château de Ferragus, protected the coast and the current Port-Vieux (old port), while religious life and community assemblies took place at Notre-Dame-de-Pitié (a chapel mentioned in 1498), dominating the Port-des-Pêcheurs, or fishing port.
A document dated May 26, 1342 attested to this fishing activity, authorising les Biarrots to "(…) remit to Bayonne all the fresh fish that we and succeeding inhabitantsof Biarritz can fish from the salt sea".
Construction of the château de Ferragus was decided by the English, on the foundations of a Roman work, at the summit of the promontory overlooking the sea, named Atalaye, used as a whale-observation post. This château had a double crenulated wall two meters thick, a drawbridge and four towers. Mentions of this château occur as late as 1603, in the letters patent of Henry IV. One tower remained as of 1739, when a daymark was established there, called de la Haille, then de la Humade. The tower disappeared in 1856.
Whaling
Most of the documents, records and official agreements gathered in the archives from Biarritz mention whaling. This was the principal local industry. Consequently, the town's coat of arms features the image of a whale below a rowing boat manned by five sailors wearing berets, one of whom is preparing to throw a harpoon. This inscription is written on it: Aura, sidus, mare, adjuvant me (The air, the stars and the seas are helping me).
Biarritz has long made its living from the sea: from the 12th century onwards, it was a whaling town. In the 18th century, doctors claimed that the ocean at Biarritz had therapeutic properties, inspiring patients to make pilgrimages to the beach for alleged cures for their ailments. After the 7th century, Biarritz had many confrontations with Baiona, with the Kingdom of England – Lapurdi was under its control – and with the Bishop of Baiona. Almost all of the disputes were about whale hunting. In 1284, the town's right to hunt whales was reinstated by the authorities of Lapurdi and the Duchy of Aquitaine.
From the Middle Ages and Early modern period a watchtower has looked down over the sea at Biarritz, from “La Humade”, waiting for the sight of a whale. Whenever those keeping watch saw a whale, they would burn wet straw, to create a large amount of smoke and thus communicate the news to their fellow countrymen. Eventually, however, the tower disappeared.
In the 16th century, as a consequence of the attacks suffered in this area, or for other reasons, the whales migrated to other places. Whale hunters from Lapurdi therefore crossed the Atlantic Ocean in pursuit of them, and they spent some time in the Labrador Peninsula and in Newfoundland (island). Later, instead of hunting whales, they started cod fishing in Newfoundland. A century later, due to the ban on fishing off the coasts of America and the steely competence of English and Dutch fishermen, the number of fishing boats from Biarritz diminished and nowadays, the Biarritz fishing industry in these areas has come to an end.
Even though the population from Biarritz was originally Basque, it is hard to assert whether the main language of the village was Basque or French.
The first lighthouse of the village was built in 1650.
18th century
Biarritz was an independent municipality, until 1784, a clergyman, four sworn and the city was governed by twelve deputies. Deputies were democratically chosen: there were four neighbourhoods (Portua, Bustingorri, Hurlaga and Alto), and three deputies has to be chosen from each of them. However, deputies were chosen by the abbot and sworn. Since they had no Town House, they gathered in a ward near the church. As they did not have place for all the attending people, they made their meetings in the cemetery. That time, Biarritz was composed of around 1,700 citizens.
In the mid-18th century, the city began to change into a worldwide known bath-city.
19th century
From 1784 onwards, after the French Revolution, taking a bath at the sea was no longer a behaviour of those who were fools; sea-baths were fashionable. In 1808, Napoleon himself broke prejudices and took a bath on the Basque Country’s coastal water.
In 1840, the Town House or Municipality of Biarritz started to organize an initiative in order to promote and attract those who loved most the sea.
From the 11th century, Biarritz was a village dedicated to whale hunting, until Victor Hugo, found it in 1843. This writer made to Biarritz the following compliments on his book “Alpeak eta Pirinioak” :
« I have not met in the world any place more pleasant and perfect than Biarritz. I have never seen the old Neptune throwing joy and glory with such a force in the old Cybele. All this coast is full of humming. Gascony’s sea grinds, scratches, and stretches on the reefs its never ending whisper. Friendly population and white cheerful houses, large dunes, fine sand, great caves and proud sea, Biarritz is amazing. My only fear is Biarritz becoming fashionable. Whether this happens, the wild village, rural and still honest Biarritz, will be money-hungry. Biarritz will put poplars in the hills, railings in the dunes, kiosks in the rocks, seats in the caves, trousers worn on tourists. »
Either for good or for bad, Victor Hugo’s prophecy was fulfilled. Biarritz planted poplars, tamarinds, hydrangeas, roses and pitosforuses on the slopes and the hills, set railings on the dunes, covered moats with elegant stairs… and polluted with the speculation of the land and the money-hunger.
Humble and proud tourists praise Biarritz’s coast, from the beach at the limit of Bidarte (Plage des Basques), to the cape of San Martin. There it can be found a white lighthouse 44 metres (144 feet) tall, built in 1834 replacing the one Louis XIV ordered to build. Various hotels were made, as well as a municipal casino, the club Belleuve and the casino were opened in 1857, the thalassotherapy house, and wonderful luxury houses. Luxurious store shops from London and Paris were also set up in Biarritz, and 36 small newspapers were published in the village.
.JPG)
Biarritz became more renowned in 1854 when Empress Eugenie (the wife of Napoleon III) built a palace on the beach (now the Hôtel du Palais). European royalty, including British monarchs Queen Victoria and King Edward VII (who caused a minor scandal when he called H. H. Asquith to kiss hands at Biarritz in 1908 rather than return to London for the purpose),[2] and the Spanish king Alfonso XIII, were frequent visitors.
Biarritz's casino (opened 10 August 1901) and beaches make the town a notable tourist centre for Europeans and East Coast North Americans. The city has also become a prime destination for surfers from around the world, developing a nightlife and surf-based culture.
Originally, there were two settlement sites: the neighbourhood that was around the church of San Martin, and the fishing-port defended by Belay or Ferragus Castle. The coat of arms was a whaler, which was a symbol of the town.
Opened in June 1893, Biarritz’s salt-baths were designed and built by the architect Lagarde. From the gatzagas of Beskoitz and after passing through a 20-kilometre (12 mi) pipe, water ten times saltier than the sea was used. The baths were closed in 1953 and demolished in 1968.
The presence of French Republic’s authorities and the fact of having launched the Paris-Henday train, led Biarritz to become one of the most outstanding tourist areas all over Europe. The queen of the beaches became the beach of the kings: Oskar II from Sweden, Leopoldo from Belgium, tireless traveller, the empress of Russia, Nikolas II’s mother, Elisabeth from Austria, Natalia from Serbia, and her ill son Alexandro, Jurgi V from England, Eduardo VII and England’s Queen Victoria, Alfonso XIII from Spain, aristocrats, rich people, actors, from Europe and South America… In the summer-time, high-status people gathered in Biarritz. Therefore, the number of population remarkably increased, from 5,000 to 18,000. At the end of the 19th century, 50,000 vacationers were gathering in Biarritz.
Belle Époque
The big store named Biarritz Bonheur, created in 1894, enlarged twice (in 1911 and 1926), and still operating, became the temple of luxury and fashion. At the start of the 20th century, most of its workers spoke in English.
After World War II
At the end of World War II in Europe, the U.S. Army's Information and Educational Branch was ordered to establish an overseas university campus for demobilized American service men and women in the French resort town of Biarritz. Under General Samuel L. McCroskey, the hotels and casinos of Biarritz were converted into quarters, labs, and class spaces for U.S. service personnel. The University opened 10 August 1945 and about 10,000 students attended an eight-week term. This campus was set up to provide a transition between army life and subsequent attendance at a university in the USA, so students attended for just one term. After three successful terms, the G.I. University closed in March 1946 (see G. I. American Universities).[3]
The arrival of surfing in Europe
In 1957, the American film director Peter Viertel was in Biarritz with his wife Deborah Kerr working on the film The Sun Also Rises. One of his Californian friends came for a visit, and his use of a surfboard off Biarritz is recognized as the first time surfing was practised in Europe. Biarritz eventually became one of the most popular European surfing spots.
Main sights
Sights in Biarritz include:
- The Asiatica Museum houses a significant collection of Asian art primarily from India, Nepal, Tibet, and China.
- The Museum of the Sea has 24 aquaria containing sharks and seals.
- The annual Biarritz Surf Festival, founded in 1993 at the Côte des Basques, is one of the premier surf events in Europe and longboarding events in the world.[4]
- St-Martin's Church, constructed in the 12th century, restored in the mid-16th century.
- The Russian Orthodox Church, built in the 19th century for visiting Russian aristocrats, has a famous blue dome.
- The Chapelle Imperiale built for Empress Eugenie has an intricately decorated roof interior and elegant wall tiling. She also built a palace on the beach which is now the Hôtel du Palais.
- The Museum of Chocolate explains the history and manufacture of chocolate.
- Two large casinos, the Barrière and the Bellevue, sit on the waterfront near the Grande Plage.
Cliffs and lookouts lie to the west of the main beach.
Climate
Biarritz has a temperate oceanic climate, Cfb in the Köppen climate classification.
Les baigneuses à Biarritz
Biarritz from the Pointe Saint-Martin.
La Grande Plage, the town's largest beach.
Sainte-Eugénie church.
Outdoor cafés.
Notre Dame du Rocher.
Plage Miramar
Railway poster
| Climate data for Biarritz-Anglet (altitude 69 metres (226 feet), 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 23.4 (74.1) |
28.9 (84) |
29.7 (85.5) |
32.1 (89.8) |
34.8 (94.6) |
39.2 (102.6) |
39.8 (103.6) |
40.6 (105.1) |
37.0 (98.6) |
32.2 (90) |
27.8 (82) |
25.1 (77.2) |
40.6 (105.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 12.0 (53.6) |
12.8 (55) |
15.0 (59) |
16.2 (61.2) |
19.6 (67.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
24.1 (75.4) |
24.7 (76.5) |
23.2 (73.8) |
20.0 (68) |
15.1 (59.2) |
12.5 (54.5) |
18.1 (64.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 4.8 (40.6) |
5.0 (41) |
7.0 (44.6) |
8.5 (47.3) |
11.6 (52.9) |
14.6 (58.3) |
16.7 (62.1) |
17.0 (62.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
11.9 (53.4) |
7.7 (45.9) |
5.5 (41.9) |
10.4 (50.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −12.7 (9.1) |
−11.5 (11.3) |
−7.2 (19) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
3.3 (37.9) |
5.3 (41.5) |
9.2 (48.6) |
8.6 (47.5) |
5.3 (41.5) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−8.9 (16) |
−12.7 (9.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 128.8 (5.071) |
111.5 (4.39) |
103.5 (4.075) |
129.7 (5.106) |
113.9 (4.484) |
87.8 (3.457) |
69.3 (2.728) |
98.4 (3.874) |
119.6 (4.709) |
152.1 (5.988) |
185.9 (7.319) |
150.4 (5.921) |
1,450.9 (57.122) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 13.4 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 13.6 | 12.9 | 10.4 | 8.8 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 12.5 | 13.0 | 12.6 | 140.5 |
| Average snowy days | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 3.0 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 77 | 75 | 73 | 77 | 78 | 81 | 80 | 81 | 80 | 78 | 79 | 78 | 78.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 100.2 | 114.1 | 164.4 | 169.4 | 193.7 | 203.3 | 209.0 | 206.8 | 192.8 | 141.7 | 103.8 | 88.3 | 1,887.3 |
| Source #1: Météo France[5][6] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days, 1961–1990)[7] | |||||||||||||
Politics
Mayors
| Mandate | Name |
|---|---|
| 1788-1789 | Pierre Moussempès |
| 1813-1814 | Pierre Moussempès |
| 1864-1881 | Pierre-Paul Jaulerry |
| 1881-1884 | Alcide Augey |
| 1884-1888 | Alexandre Larralde-Diustegi |
| 1888-1895 | Alcide Augey |
| 1895-1904 | Félix Moureu |
| 1904-1919 | Pierre Forsans |
| 1919-1929 | Joseph Petit |
| 1929-1941 | Ferdinand Hirigoien |
| 1941-1944 | Henri Cazalis |
| 1945-1977 | Guy Petit |
| 1977-1991 | Bernard Marie |
| 1991-2008 | Didier Borotra |
| 2008-2014 | Didier Borotra |
| 2014-2020 | Mixel Veunac |
Demography
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Economy
Although Biarritz’s economy was based on fishing before, nowadays it has a modern economy due to the metropolitan location of Baiona-Anglet-Biarritz. Together with Baiona and Anglet, Biarritz takes part in the management of the BAB Airport. The most important economic activities are:
- Spa tourism
- Sport (golf, surf and rugby)
- Thalassotherapy
- Industry. The most important industries are the following:
- Séguier, French publishing house
- Dassault Aviation, manufacturer of fuselage for Falcon planes.
Culture
Languages
As Anglet and Baiona, since they are located in the limit of Gascony and Basque Country, it is in doubt if in the Middle Age and the Modern era was Basque or Gascon the main language of the city. According to the book Atlas Linguistique de Gascogne, Biarritz is considered a Gascon town. But in 1863, Luis Luciano Bonaparte located the frontier of Basque in Biarritz, which in some neighborhoods was without any doubt the most used language. However, in the 20th-century French was the official and main language. From the 90th decade on, the Townhall of Biarritz has taken the Basque culture and the Basque language, and also it has promoted it. Nevertheless, the Gascon has been promoted by private institution, for instance the group of Gascon culture Ací Gasconha [19]
Museums
- Sea Museum. Constructed in 1993 in the rock of Atalaia, it is an Art Déco building. It has a huge collection of sea animals and birds.
- Museum of Chocolate
- Asiatica, museum of the Eastern art. Art from India, Tibet, Nepal and China can be found
- Museum of the History of Biarritz. Located in the Angelican Church of Saint Andrew in the 1980 decade
- Cité de l’Ocean et du Surf, opened in 2011.
Music and dance
The city has the Ballet of Biarritz, which is the choreography location of France. Furthermore, it has the cultural centre Atabal and the chorus Oldarra, created in 1946.
Theatre
The emperors Napoleon III and Eugene of Montijo pusieron de moda the sea-theater on the Old Port neighborhood. Nowadays, the light works made by Pierre Bideau can be seen at night in the clift.
Cinema
Two film festivals of cinema are celebrated in Biarritz:
- Festival of Latinoamerican Cinema of Biarritz.
- International Festival of Audio-Visual Programs (FIPA)
Civil buildings
- Hôtel du Palais or Eugénie House
- Building of the Hotel of England, built in 1870 by Louis Moussempés
- Natasha House
- Sacchino or Castel Biarritz, house of Natalia of Serbia
- Plaza Hotel
- Cassino of Biarritz, from Art déco style
- Lighthouse, built in 1834 in San Martin cape
- Villa Black or Black House. Built by Alphonse Bertrand between 1880 and 1895
- Goëland House, which from 2003 on is a hotel
- Françon Castle
- Boulard Castle
- Pavilion of England
- Fishermen House, in the port
- The formerly health resort in the Old Port
- Miremont sweet shop
Religious buildings
- Imperial Chapel
- Saint Martin church
- Saint Eugene church, built between 1898 and 1903
- San Alexandro Nevski and God’s Mother Protection Church
- Synagogue of Biarritz
Parks
Rocks
- Rocks of Biarritz. Every year they have an erosion of 70 centimeters
Beaches
- Biarritz has six beaches: Miramar, Big, Old Port, Coast of the Basque, Marbella and Milady
Gardens
- Biarritz has 120 hectare and two lakes (Marion and Muriskot)
- In the centre, in front of the Midi station, apart from the public garden, there are Lahuze and Mazon gardens can be find
Infrastructures
Sport
Surfing in Biarritz is of a world-class standard and first appeared in 1957.[8] The town has a strong surfing culture,[9] and is known worldwide for its surfing scene and the competitions it hosts yearly, including the Quiksilver/Roxy Jam tournament. In July 2011, Biarritz also hosted the Roxy Pro event, a tournament part of the ASP Women's World Tour.
The town is home to a prominent rugby union club, Biarritz Olympique.
Basque pelota is a very popular sport of the Basque country. Several local and international competitions take place in Biarritz.
The golf course near the lighthouse (Le Phare) was created in 1888 by British residents. In addition, the town has a large circular golf range area on the border with illbaritz.
Education
Schools
The city has two public schools (Villa Fal and Jean Rostand) and one private (Immaculée-Conception).
High Schools
Malraux High Schools is the only one in Biarritz. There is also a tourism high school in the border of the Western neighborhood of La Négresse.
Transport
Biarritz is easily accessible from Paris by France's high-speed train, the TGV, and more regionally from Bordeaux, by TGV or TER. Trains are also available to travel east towards Nice. Night trains regularly depart from Irun, south of Biarritz and pass through the city before heading to Paris during an overnight trip. Many tourists and regulars to the city have begun using the night train to take weekend trips to Biarritz and saving travel time by traveling at night. The Biarritz – Anglet – Bayonne Airport is located about four kilometres (2.5 miles) from the city. It is near N10 road towards Anglet and is served by airlines from France, the United Kingdom, Spain, Ireland and Germany.
Notable people and popular culture
Biarritz was the birthplace of:
- Ernest Fourneau (1872–1949), chemist
- Arnaud Massy (1877–1950), professional golfer
- Maurice Hankey, 1st Baron Hankey (1877–1963), British civil servant
- Jean Borotra (1898–1994), tennis player
- Maurice Journeau (1898–1999), composer
- Jacques Bergerac (1927 - 2014), actor
- Léopold Eyharts (born 1957), astronaut
Other:
- Eugénie de Montijo (1826–1920), the wife of Napoléon III, built the villa Eugénie, today the Hôtel du Palais.
- Aaron Bank (1902–2004), World War II Office of Strategic Services (OSS) agent and co-founder of the U.S. Army's Special Forces Group (later, Green Berets), was a lifeguard and medical (physical) therapist's aide at Biarritz before he enlisted in the army in the late 1930s.
- Aimée de Heeren, born Soto-Maior de Sá[10] (1903–2006) mistress of President Getúlio Vargas, owned the villa La Roseraie, 12 rue Martias, where she spent summers for half a century, receiving kings, heads of state, and many famous guests.
- Pablo de Sarasate (10 March 1844 – 20 September 1908), who was a well known Romantic Era Spanish composer born in Pamplona, Spain, died in this city.
- In 1959, Cadillac Motor Car introduced an upper level trim variant of its Eldorado model, marketed as the Eldorado Biarritz, which remained in production through 1985.
International relations
Twin towns/sister cities
|
.svg.png){kind=small}
Festivities
The major festivities are celebrated in November 11, for Saint Martin. That day, the new gentleman of the Confrérie de l’Operne de Biarritz are proclaimed. Barnacle is their logotype and people who work in favor of ecology are chosen Since Biarritz is a city based in tourism, there are acts during the whole summer, such as pelota festivity, equestrian competition, concerts and recitals, folklore festivals, water acrobatic ski, sea trips, performances, rugby competitions, bullfights and night parties.
References
- ↑ Eugène Goyheneche (1979). Le Pays basque : Soule, Labourd, Basse-Navarre (in French). Pau: Société nouvelle d’éditions régionales et de diffusion. p. 590.
- ↑ Lee, Sidney (1927). King Edward VII: A Biography. London: Macmillan. pp. 581–582.
- ↑ George P. Schmidt and J. G. Umstattd. "The American Army University at Biarritz, France." Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors. Vol. 32, No. 2 (Summer, 1946): 303-316.
- ↑ Encyclopaedia of Surfing. Books.google.com.au. Retrieved 2013-05-11.
- ↑ "Données climatiques de la station de Biarritz" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
- ↑ "Climat Aquitaine" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
- ↑ "Normes et records 1961-1990: Biarritz-Anglet (64) - altitude 69m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
- ↑ Last Updated: 5:28PM BST 13 Aug 2007 (2007-08-13). "Biarritz: summer nights – Telegraph". Telegraph. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ↑ "News from Biarritz – France". Biarritz.fr. Archived from the original on 2008-11-19. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ↑ Aimee de Heeren Archived 2015-01-10 at the Wayback Machine..
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Twin towns, Biarritz official website". Biarritz.fr. Archived from the original on 2013-07-29. Retrieved 2013-05-11.
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Biarritz. |
-
Biarritz travel guide from Wikivoyage - Official website(French)
- Tourist Information Office Biarritz (English)
- Biarritz Real Estate (in French) (in English)
Municipalities in Labourd (Lapurdi) | ||
|---|---|---|
|  | |
