Moraxella osloensis

Moraxella osloensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Pseudomonadales
Family: Moraxellaceae
Genus: Moraxella
Species: M. osloensis
Binomial name
Moraxella osloensis

Moraxella osloensis is a Gram-negative oxidase-positive, aerobic bacterium within the family Moraxellaceae in the gamma subdivision of the purple bacteria.[1]

M. osloensis is a mutualistic symbiont of the slug-parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita.[1] In nature, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita vectors M. osloensis into the shell cavity of the slug host in which the bacteria multiply and kill the slug.[1]

Lifecycle

This bacterium has been identified as one of the natural symbionts of a bacteria-feeding nematode, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae), which is an endoparasite of slugs, including the slug Deroceras reticulatum[1] (grey garden slug) which is one of the most serious agricultural and garden slug pests.[2]

In nature, bacteria colonize the gut of nematode-infective juveniles which represent a specialized stage of development adapted for survival in the unfavorable environment.[1] The infective juveniles seek out and enter the slug's shell cavity through the posterior mantle region.[1] Once inside the shell cavity, the bacteria are released, and the infective juveniles resume growth, feeding on the multiplying bacteria.[1] The infected slugs die in 4–10 days, and the nematodes colonize the entire carcass and produce next-generation infective juveniles, which leave the carcass to seek a new host.[1] The bacteria are responsible for killing the slugs; nematodes without bacteria do not cause death.[2]

Biochemistry

The lipopolysaccharide, that is an endotoxin, from M. osloensis is a molluscicide for Deroceras reticulatum when applied by injection.[3]

The lethality of these nematodes to slugs has been shown to correlate with the number of M. osloensis cells carried by infective juveniles.[1] Tan and Grewal (2001)[2] demonstrated that the 72-hour-old M. osloensis cultures inoculated into the shell cavity were highly pathogenic to the slug.[1] They further reported that M. osloensis produced an endotoxin which was identified to be a rough type lipopolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 5300 KD, and the purified lipopolysaccharide was toxic to the slug with an estimated 50% lethal dose of 48 μg when injected into the shell cavity.[1]

Infections of humans

Although M. osloensis rarely infects humans, it can sometimes be found in a variety of tissues, where it sometimes causes disease.[4][5] Antibiotics are usually effective against such infections.[5]

Smelliness

M. osloensis has been found to be the bacterium responsible for locker-room smell or shower-curtain odour.[6]

Classification

The species M. osloensis was proposed in 1967; the bacteria which are now considered to be M. osloensis would previously have been considered to be Moraxella nonliquefaciens or Mima polymorpha (var.) oxidans.[5]

See also

References

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference.[1]

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 An, Ruisheng; Sreevatsan, Srinand; Grewal, Parwinder S (2008). "Moraxella osloensis Gene Expression in the Slug Host Deroceras reticulatum". BMC Microbiology. 8: 19. PMC 2266756 Freely accessible. PMID 18226222. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-8-19.
  2. 1 2 3 Tan, L.; Grewal, P. S. (2001). "Pathogenicity of Moraxella osloensis, a Bacterium Associated with the Nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, to the Slug Deroceras reticulatum". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 67 (11): 5010–6. PMC 93264 Freely accessible. PMID 11679319. doi:10.1128/AEM.67.11.5010-5016.2001.
  3. ↑ Tan L, Grewal PS (2003). "Characterization of the first molluscicidal lipopolysaccharide from Moraxella osloensis". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69 (6): 3646–9. PMC 161526 Freely accessible. PMID 12788774. doi:10.1128/aem.69.6.3646-3649.2003.
  4. ↑ Han, Xiang Y.; Tarrand, Jeffrey J. (2004). "Moraxella osloensis Blood and Catheter Infections During Anticancer Chemotherapy: Clinical and Microbiologic Studies of 10 Cases". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 121 (4): 581–7. PMID 15080311. doi:10.1309/QBB3-AVCM-GWA3-K1XK.
  5. 1 2 3 Sugarman B, Clarridge J (1982). "Osteomyelitis caused by Moraxella osloensis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 15 (6): 1148–9. PMC 272268 Freely accessible. PMID 7107844.
  6. ↑ Kubota, H.; Mitani, A.; Niwano, Y.; Takeuchi, K.; Tanaka, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Kawamura, Y.; Hitomi, J. (2012). "Moraxella Species Are Primarily Responsible for Generating Malodor in Laundry". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 78 (9): 3317–24. PMC 3346475 Freely accessible. PMID 22367080. doi:10.1128/AEM.07816-11.

Further reading

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