Monoacylglycerol lipase

monoglyceride lipase
Identifiers
Symbol MGLL
Entrez 11343
HUGO 17038
OMIM 609699
RefSeq NM_007283
UniProt Q99685
Other data
EC number 3.1.1.23
Locus Chr. 3 p13-q13.33

Monoacylglycerol lipase, also known as MAG lipase, MAGL, MGL or MGLL is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the MGLL gene.[1][2][3] MAGL is a 33-kDa, membrane-associated member of the serine hydrolase superfamily and contains the classical GXSXG consensus sequence common to most serine hydrolases. The catalytic triad has been identified as Ser122, His269, and Asp239.[2][4]

Function

Monoacylglycerol lipase functions together with hormone-sensitive lipase (LIPE) to hydrolyze intracellular triglyceride stores in adipocytes and other cells to fatty acids and glycerol. MGLL may also complement lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in completing hydrolysis of monoglycerides resulting from degradation of lipoprotein triglycerides.[5]

Monoacylglycerol lipase is a key enzyme in the hydrolysis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG).[6][7] It converts monoacylglycerols to the free fatty acid and glycerol. The contribution of MAGL to total brain 2-AG hydrolysis activity has been estimated to be ~85% (ABHD6 and ABHD12 are responsible for ~4% and ~9%, respectively, of the remainder),[8][9] and this in vitro estimate has been confirmed in vivo by the selective MAGL inhibitor JZL184.[10] Chronic inactivation of MAGL results in massive (>10-fold) elevations of brain 2-AG in mice, along with marked compensatory downregulation of CB1 receptors in selective brain areas.[11]

Inhibitors and assay

The enzyme was reported to be inhibited by URB754; however this inhibitor has subsequently been shown to be inactive and its reported activity due to contamination.[12] While the compound N-arachidonoyl maleimide (NAM) inhibits MAGL,[13] NAM is not selective due to its chemically reactive maleimide functional group, which can also react with other thiol-containing small molecules and proteins (e.g., glutathione).

JZL184 is the first efficacious and selective inhibitor of MAGL that can elevate brain 2-AG levels in vivo.[10] JZL184 has >300-fold selectivity for MAGL over other brain serine hydrolases, including FAAH.

MAGL activity is commonly detected by measuring free fatty acid release from a monoacylglycerol substrate using a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry system or the radiolabelled substrate 2-oleoyl-[3H]-glycerol.

Reaction

Reaction catalyzed by MGLL, in which a free fatty acid (FFA) is released from a monoacylglycerol (MAG).

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wall EM, Cao J, Chen N, Buller RM, Upton C (Dec 1997). "A novel poxvirus gene and its human homolog are similar to an E. coli lysophospholipase". Virus Research. 52 (2): 157–67. PMID 9495531. doi:10.1016/S0168-1702(97)00122-6.
  2. 1 2 Karlsson M, Contreras JA, Hellman U, Tornqvist H, Holm C (Oct 1997). "cDNA cloning, tissue distribution, and identification of the catalytic triad of monoglyceride lipase. Evolutionary relationship to esterases, lysophospholipases, and haloperoxidases". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (43): 27218–23. PMID 9341166. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.43.27218.
  3. ↑ "Entrez Gene: monoglyceride lipase".
  4. ↑ Tornqvist H, Belfrage P (Feb 1976). "Purification and some properties of a monoacylglycerol-hydrolyzing enzyme of rat adipose tissue". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 251 (3): 813–9. PMID 1249056.
  5. ↑ Karlsson M, Reue K, Xia YR, Lusis AJ, Langin D, Tornqvist H, Holm C (Jul 2001). "Exon-intron organization and chromosomal localization of the mouse monoglyceride lipase gene". Gene. 272 (1-2): 11–8. PMID 11470505. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00559-5.
  6. ↑ Dinh TP, Carpenter D, Leslie FM, Freund TF, Katona I, Sensi SL, Kathuria S, Piomelli D (Aug 2002). "Brain monoglyceride lipase participating in endocannabinoid inactivation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (16): 10819–24. PMC 125056 Freely accessible. PMID 12136125. doi:10.1073/pnas.152334899.
  7. ↑ Makara JK, Mor M, Fegley D, Szabó SI, Kathuria S, Astarita G, Duranti A, Tontini A, Tarzia G, Rivara S, Freund TF, Piomelli D (Sep 2005). "Selective inhibition of 2-AG hydrolysis enhances endocannabinoid signaling in hippocampus". Nature Neuroscience. 8 (9): 1139–41. PMID 16116451. doi:10.1038/nn1521.
  8. ↑ Cannabinoid Receptors—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition: ScholarlyBrief. ScholarlyEditions. 26 December 2012. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-1-4816-0672-1.
  9. ↑ Blankman JL, Simon GM, Cravatt BF (Dec 2007). "A comprehensive profile of brain enzymes that hydrolyze the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol". Chemistry & Biology. 14 (12): 1347–56. PMC 2692834 Freely accessible. PMID 18096503. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.11.006.
  10. 1 2 Long JZ, Li W, Booker L, Burston JJ, Kinsey SG, Schlosburg JE, Pavón FJ, Serrano AM, Selley DE, Parsons LH, Lichtman AH, Cravatt BF (Jan 2009). "Selective blockade of 2-arachidonoylglycerol hydrolysis produces cannabinoid behavioral effects". Nature Chemical Biology. 5 (1): 37–44. PMC 2605181 Freely accessible. PMID 19029917. doi:10.1038/nchembio.129.
  11. ↑ Savinainen JR, Saario SM, Laitinen JT (Feb 2012). "The serine hydrolases MAGL, ABHD6 and ABHD12 as guardians of 2-arachidonoylglycerol signalling through cannabinoid receptors". Acta Physiologica. 204 (2): 267–76. PMC 3320662 Freely accessible. PMID 21418147. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02280.x.
  12. ↑ Saario SM, Palomäki V, Lehtonen M, Nevalainen T, Järvinen T, Laitinen JT (Aug 2006). "URB754 has no effect on the hydrolysis or signaling capacity of 2-AG in the rat brain". Chemistry & Biology. 13 (8): 811–4. PMID 16931330. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.07.008.
  13. ↑ Burston JJ, Sim-Selley LJ, Harloe JP, Mahadevan A, Razdan RK, Selley DE, Wiley JL (Nov 2008). "N-arachidonyl maleimide potentiates the pharmacological and biochemical effects of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol through inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 327 (2): 546–53. PMC 2605346 Freely accessible. PMID 18682568. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.141382.

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